Chapter Outline Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 Brummett, et al,...

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter Outline

Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500

I. The African EnvironmentII. African Cultural PatternsIII. Peopling of AfricaIV. The Bantu DispersionV. Ethiopia and Northeastern AfricaVI. Empires of the Western SudanVII. West African Forest KingdomsVIII. Swahili City-States in East AfricaIX. Kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins


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I. The African Environment

A. Physical Environment Savanna

B. Cultivation Patternsshifting cultivation, clear land, use,

move onBush fallow lets field rest, restores

fertilityIntercropping, growing

complementary plants Rain forest areas: root crops (yams,

cassava)Savanna (grasslands): cereals

(sorghum, millet)



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II. African Cultural Patterns

A. Family, Gender Rolesbride wealth polygyny Lineage, Women often rulersQueen mothers could represent lineages

B. Land — held in trust by community

C. ReligionSome more complex

Yorubafour levels of spiritual beings

Oludumare — pinnacleSubordinate godsPriestsAncestors — Shango

D. ArtsCire perdue (“lost wax”)



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III. The Peopling of Africa

A. Agriculture

Ethiopian grasslands, 3000 B.C.E.teff, finger millet, noog (oil plant),

sesame, mustard, forests, ensete (bananalike

plant), coffeeAfter 1000 B.C.E., wheat, barley imported

Central Sudan, 4000 B.C.E., sorghum, millet, rice, cowpeas, root crops

West African savannaintroduced cattle, sheep, goats, pigs

West African Forests

B. Iron TechnologyEgypt, Nubia by 6,000 B.C.E., Meroë Nok (central Nigeria), 700–400 B.C.E.



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IV. Bantu Dispersion

Bantu (“people”)languages: Niger-Congo

A. OriginsCameroon movement out from 3000

B.C.E.why?

South to Angola, NamibiaEast to Lake Victoria,

south to Congo, Zambia

B. Interactionsbananas and yams

from Malaysia, Polynesia, via

Madagascarintermarried with hunter-

gatherers



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V. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa

A. Early Contacts Egyptian traders to Ethiopia (“Land

of Punt”) from Fifth Dynasty (c. 2494–2345

B.C.E.)frankincensemyrrharomatic herbsebonyivorygoldwild animals

Saba’ (Yemen) traders to Eritrean coast

from 800 B.C.E.Ge’ez develops> Kingdom of Da’amat, ivory trade



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B. AksumRed Sea trade, from 4th centuryties with Egypt, Roman Empire, Sri LankaExports: ivory, tortoise shells, rhinoceros

horns, slaves

Imports: cloth, glassware, wineAksumAdulis

Meroë

Coinage

Christianity, by 4th centuryKing Ezana (320–350)

Frumentius and Aedisius, SyriansOld and New Testaments > Ge’ez

language of the Church"Nine Saints,” Syrian Monophysite

monksKiing El-Asham, 615

refuge for fleeing MuslimsYemen, 6th century



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C. Zagwe DynastyAksumites and Agaws (Cushitic)

descent from MosesKing Lalibela (1185–1225)

cathedrals at Roha

D. Solomid DynastyYikunno-Amlak

leads rebellion, 1270negus (“king of kings”)Kebre Negast ("Glory of the Kings")Royal chronicle

claimed ties to Aksum, Makeda (Queen of Saba’):

Makeda visited Solomon, bore son, Menelik

Menelik brought Ark of Covenant to Ethiopia



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(D. Solomid Dynasty)Emperor Amde-Siyon (?–1344)

(“Pillar of Zion”) Zara Yakob (1434–1468)

(“Seed of Jacob”) Alliance with pope against

Muslims

gults (fiefs)

Decline after 15th century Oromo Muslim states 1527–43

Ahmad al-Ghazi, Ahmad Gran of Adal



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VI. Empires of the Western Sudan

A. Camel Caravans and Trade

Salt for goldVillages from 9th century

B.C.E.

Jenne-jeno

B. Ghana (Aoukar or Wagadu)

Soninke farmersTrade

salt

Kola nuts

KingKumbi-Saleh, capital



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VI. Empires of the Western SudanB. Mali

Sumaguru (1200–1235), of the Sosso, conquers Ghana

SundiataMalinke Keita clan

overthrew SumaguruControl of gold mining and trade

Wangara, Bambuk

Mansa Musa (1307–1337pilgrimage to Mecca, 1324–1325

Arabic cultureIbn Battuta

praises MaliDecline after 1400

successionraids, Tuaregs, Sanhaja



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VI. Empires of the Western SudanB. Mali

Sumaguru (1200–1235), of the Sosso,

conquers Ghana Sundiata

Malinke Keita clanoverthrew Sumaguru

Control of gold mining and trade

Wangara, Bambuk

Mansa Musa (1307–1337pilgrimage to Mecca, 1324–

1325 Arabic cultureIbn Battuta

praises MaliDecline after 1400

successionraids, Tuaregs, Sanhaja

The Catalan Atlas of 1375



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VI. Empires of the Western Sudan

C. Songhai Sunni Ali (1464–1492)

Takes Timbuktu, Walata, Jenne-Jeno

Askia Muhammad (1493–1528) slave officer in Sunni Ali’s

army

King Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco

invaded Songhai, 1591 victory over Songhai



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VI. Empires of the Western Sudan D. Kanem-Bornu and the Hausa States

KanemMuslim, Sayfuwa Dynasty

Controlled Saharan trade: ivory, ostrich feathers for

horses Built large cavalry, raided

neighbors Mai (king) Dunama Dibalemi

(1210–1248)

Bornu Hausa city-states: Kano, Katsina,

Zazzau, Gobir

Villages built wooden stockades for protection

Queen Amina of Zazzau military leaderconquers Kano, Katsinaearthen walls



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VII. West African Forest KingdomsA. Ife

Yoruba city-state in southwestern Nigeria

Oduduwaemissary of sky godfounder of dynasty

B. BeninEdo kingdom

Oba (king)advised by ozama (council)

Oba Ewuare usurper

new capital

C. OyoAlafin (king)

Basoru (minister)Oyo mesi (council of ministers)

D. Art



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VIII. Swahili City-States in East AfricaA. East African Swahili Coast

Bantus from 100 B.C.E. to 300 C.E.Swahili (Bantu)The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea

Early Greek DescriptionDhows

Arab boatslateen sails2000-mile journey — one month

City-States100sMogadishu, Sofala, Malindi, Pemba,

Pate, Mombasa, Mafia, KilwaKilwagold tradematrilineal: queen’s brother inherits

Husuni Kubwa palace and trade emporium



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VIII. Swahili City-States in East Africa

B. Political features

C. Trade with Europe, Asia Exports: gold, ivory, slaves Imports: cloth, beads, porcelain, incense, glass,

cloth Chinese Admiral Zheng visited in 1400s

Porcelain, silk, lacquerware for ivory, wood, animals



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IX. Kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa

A. Early developmentsBantus from 3rd century B.C.EStone building150 political centers

Mapungabwe

B. Great Zimbabwe, 1290–1450“houses of stone”

60 acresLimpopo RiverGreat Enclosure

12-foot walls Collapse

causes?Torwa, Mutapa

C. Kongo Wene, petty prince

Manikongo (“lord of the Kongo”)By 1400

centralized state

Chapter Outline Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 Brummett, et al,...

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