Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter Outline

Chapter 14: European Cultural and Religious Transformations: 1300–1600

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I. Late Medieval Background

II. Italian Renaissance Art

III. The Northern Renaissance

IV. Crises of the Catholic Church: 1300–

1517

V. Luther and the Reformation

VI. Impact of the Reformation

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 14: European Cultural and Religious Transformations: 1300–1600

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I. Late Medieval Background

A. Economic Depression and the

Bubonic PlagueDrought > famine >

weakness1347–50 — Plague

“Black Death”B. Impact

End of medieval economic system

serfdom > wage labor

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 14: European Cultural and Religious Transformations: 1300–1600

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II. Italian Renaissance Art

A. The SettingItalian City-States — 5

major:MilanNaplesPapal StatesVeniceFlorence

BankersMedicirule Florence (1434–94)

B. Literary PrecedentsvernacularsDante Alighieri (1265–

1321)Divine Comedy

Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340–1400)

Canterbury TalesChristine de Pizan (1365–

c.1430)The Book of the City of

Ladies

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 14: European Cultural and Religious Transformations: 1300–1600

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II. Italian Renaissance Art

A. The SettingItalian City-States — 5

major:MilanNaplesPapal StatesVeniceFlorence

BankersMedicirule Florence (1434–94)

B. Literary PrecedentsvernacularsDante Alighieri (1265–1321)

Divine ComedyGeoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340–

1400)Canterbury Tales

Christine de Pizan (1365–c.1430)

The Book of the City of Ladies Ignazio Danti, The Lagoon of

Venice

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 14: European Cultural and Religious Transformations: 1300–1600

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II. Italian Renaissance Art

C. HumanismDefinitionFrancesco Petrarca (1304–74)

“Father of Humanism”Latin poetry

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–75)Decameron

Classical Revival“The Academy”

Marsilio Ficino (1433–99)Pico della Mirandola (1463–94)

D. Art

EarlyGiotto (c.1266–1337)Masaccio (1401–28)Sandro Botticelli (1447–1510)Donatello (1386–1466)

High (1500–1530)Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 14: European Cultural and Religious Transformations: 1300–1600

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III. The Northern Renaissance

A. The Influence of PrintingJohann Gutenberg, 1440s

movable type

B. Northern Europe

François Rabelais (c.1483–1553)

Gargantua and Pantagruel

Michel de Montaigne (1533–92)essays

Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523)National Literatures

Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616)

Don Quixote de la ManchaWilliam Shakespeare (1564–

1616)

EnglandElizabeth I (1588–1603)

C. Northern PaintingJan van Eyck (c.1395–1441)

e.g. The Arnolfini Wedding

Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543)

Hieronymus Bosch (1480–1516)The Garden of Delights

Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525–69)

D. Northern Humanism

Desiderius Erasmus (c.1466–1536)The Praise of Folly, 1511

Sir Thomas More (1478–1535)Utopia

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

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IV. Crises of the Catholic Church: 1300–1517

A. PapacyBoniface VIII (1294–1303)

Unam Sanctam (1302)

Avignon Papacy (1302–1377)

The Great Schism (1378–1417)Rome v. Avignon

B. Wycliffe and HusJohn Wycliffe (c.1320–84)

John Hus (c.1369–1415)Bohemiaexcommunicated> Council of Constance, 1415> Hussite wars (1419–37)

C. The Conciliar Movement1395, University of Paris

1417—Schism ended

D. Political ChallengesItalian City-States

e.g., Milan

Gallican Church

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V. Luther and the Reformation

A. The Search for Salvation

Augustinians

Treasury of Merit

> Indulgences

First Crusade, etc.

> Sales of Indulgences

1517 — Mainz Indulgence

Archbishop Albert of Mainz—50%

Pope Leo X — 50% for St. Peters

Johan Tetzel, Dominican monk

> Ninety-Five Theses, 1517

B. Luther’s Challenge

Infallibility of the Pope

Authority of church fathers

Role of the clergy

“priesthood of all believers”

1521 — Imperial Diet, at Worms

Peasant revolts

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VI. Impact of the ReformationA. The Anglican Church

Henry VIII (1509–47)Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536)annulment

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Edward VI (154753)Somerset v. Northumberland

Mary Tudor

B. Protestantism on the Continent

Anabaptism

1499 — Swiss Independence

Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531)

John Calvin (1509–64)

Geneva — ConsistoryInstitutes of the Christian

Religion (1536)

C. Catholic ReformationSavonarola (1452–98)Cardinal Ximenes (1437–1517)St. Teresa of Avila (1515–82)

Interior Castle, The Ladder of PerfectionSociety of Jesus (Jesuits)

Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556)

Pope Paul III (1534–49)Council of Trent (1545–63)

Catholic Church LutherSacraments 7 2Authority Bible, traditionsBible onlyIndulgences upheld deniedWorks upheld faith alone

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Fifteenth-century map of Canterbury