Chapter 5 Conflict and Absolutism

Section 1 Europe in Crisis

Much of the Crisis and Violence stems from Protestants and Catholics

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SPAIN-Spain is die hard Catholic-Spain is extremely Aggressive and Militant about Catholicism

Spain’s Militant Catholicism-run by King Phillip II-Spanish Reconquista

-Catholics “reconquered” Muslim areas in Spain-Banned all Heretics- those who didn’t conform to Catholicism

-Believed Spain was destined to return Europe to Catholicism

Spanish Conflict with Protestant Areas1. Netherlands- Richest part of Spanish Empire- Autonomous and Diverse Merchant Society

-Large numbers of Calvinists-Phillip increases Control - Taxes - Council of Blood - Suppressed Calvinists beliefs - Executes 1500 Calvinist Men -Calvinists Respond Militantly

-Aggressively oppose all that’s ungodly

-Iconclasm -attack icons in Catholic Church -destroy stained glass, statues,

paintings, etc.http://www.saburchill.com/history/images01/044.jpg

Civil War Ensues-Spain is able to recapture south-North forms Union of Utrecht-Wins independence United Provinces of

Netherlands, with English help.

2. England

-Run by Protestant Moderate Queen Elizabeth Tudor

-She preached moderation in domestic and foreign policy to keep the peace

-Elizabeth executes her Catholic Cousin Mary Queen of the Scots

-Mary conspired with Phillip II to overthrow Elizabeth and return England to Catholicism

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg

SPAIN tries to invade and overthrow ElizabethWHY?

-Queen Elizabeth Executed Catholic Mary Queen of the Scots- England assisted the Netherlands in their rebellion against Spain- Phillip wanted England, and turn England back to Catholicism

3. Failed Spanish Invasion of England-King Phillip sends the Spanish Armada (mighty navy) to invade England

130 Spanish Ships traveled to attack England English ships were lighter, faster, more maneuverable, and better armed England crushes Armada as only 65 ships return home

o 20,000 Spanish Sailors and Soldiers were killedo England lost no ships and only 100 men

Prevents Catholicism returning to England England is recognized as a Naval power and focuses its resources into that direction

French Wars on Religion-primarily Catholic country-However, growing number of French Huguenots (French Calvinists)

-VIOLENCE and CONFLICT-due to weak monarchical leadership-Baptisms, Marriages, Funerals TRIGGER Riots, Vandalism, and Violence

-St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre -wedding of Henry of Navarre to King’s sister

-Supposed to reconcile differences between groups

-Huguenot guests to wedding are slaughtered

-Sparks a 15 year civil war

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King Henry IV and the Politiques-Saved France-Politiques- Religious Moderates who

want to restore strong monarchy to end civil war

Edict of Nantes-Henry of Navarre eventually

becomes King Henry IV of France-Moderates a peace between groups:1. Official Religion Catholicism2. Converts to Catholic3. Officially recognizes Huguenots

right to worship in France.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/King_Henry_IV_of_France.jpg

Other Religious Conflict: European Witchcraft TrialsEuropean Witchcraft Trials- During the 1500 and 1600’s witchcraft hysteria broke out.- Mostly like 100,000 people were executed and as more were executed the hysteria got worse.- Women made up 3/4ths of all executions.

o Accused of making pact with devil for special powerso Natural Disasters, weather changes, sickness, animals, crops, etc.

- Confessions were taken under intense torture and interrogation methods

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-Process-Accusation-Torture/Trial/Confession- all done at same time mostly-Execution

http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/g201405/european-witch-hunts/

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-Mass panics also ensued and ended when people realized they went too far.

Further Crises in EuropeEconomic Problems

-New World causes increase in population-Influx of Spanish Silver causes tremendous inflation

-Inflation- sharp rise in prices

30 Years War

- Originally started out as a religious war between Catholics and Protestants in the Germans states over the rights of protestants

- Turned into a political war Holy Roman Empire and Spain vs Danish, Dutch, France, and Sweden.o England was only major power not involved in fighting

- The Treaty of Westphalia ended the fighting in the 30 years War.

Treaty of Westphalia-Peace of Augsburg was expanded to include the Calvinists-Broke apart the Holy Roman Empire into 300 independent small states-Left Spain Isolated-Formally recognized the independence of Sweden and Netherlands

-Left France as the dominant power in Europe.

BEFOREhttp://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh05_0618377115_p35_f1.jpg

AFTER 30 Years War

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