Chapter 2: The Renaissance

Introduction Task: Use prior knowledge to respond to the following three questions:

1. What was the Renaissance?2. Where did it occur first?3. Why did it occur?

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WHERE AND WHY FIRST

A. ______________________ of Italian States a. Many Italian City-States enjoyed tremendous wealth and prosperityb. Why?

i. Muslims sack _____________________ 1453ii. Italy becomes Commercial Hub of European Trade with the East

Economic Prosperity Shapes A New Outlook on Life (FOR THOSE WHO HAD MONEY)

o More possessions LIFE IS TO BE ENJOYED MORE Not a “painful pilgrimage” to God

o Increase in Individualism (individual accomplishments and personal credit)

o EXAMPLE: ____________________ SYSTEM Financial support of artists/writers/architects work to produce in a specific style Prior to Renaissance, Church was only Patron Now Those who Have Money are Patrons

o Creation of ___________________ Areas to conduct business Beautified to glorify individual/family and show off prestige, wealth, and power

B. Inter

nal and External Political Tension Stirs Up Creative Energya. Emergence of Wealthy Merchants who often controlled city governments

i. ________________ Family in Florence1. Extremely Wealthy Banking Family

ii. ________________ Family in Milan

b. Italy is _________________________i. There is no central government, there is no Italian State

ii. 5 Major City States Compete with one another1. Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, and Kingdom of Naples

iii. Italy will not become unified until 1870

C. Geographic Location-Location of Italy lies center (East of Greece and Home to Ancient Rome)-Trade Routes and Trade bring an influx of ancient works to Italy.

How did the Renaissance come to be?

Humanism Program of Study Focusing on Ancient Greek and Roman Works

Development of Humanism increased trade brings a re-emergence of Greek and Roman Literature Humanists study these values and use them to reshape their culture

Father of Humanism: _________________ Lawyer who was dissatisfied with his life

In Love with “Laura”o Wrote 300+ Poems about her for 20 yearso May have never talked to her

Wanted to get back to cultural pinnacle of Greece and Rome that was lost in DARK MIDDLE AGES!

QUESTION: Why would people of the Renaissance refer to the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages?

OBSESSED WITH classical Greek and Roman manuscripts

o Searched, collected, copied, and promoted these works

o Advocated writing in classical Latino Study of these works and subjects became the

humanities

The Effect of Antiquity on Humanist Views Humanists Stressed:

o Secularism:________________________________ __________________________________o Free Will and Self-Relianceo Individualismo Present World is Destination and Not Painful Pilgrimage to Heaven

TASK 1: Analyze the meaning of the following Excerpt from Pico Della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man concerning humans:

“O supreme generosity of God the Father, O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills. Beasts as soon as they are born bring with them from their mother's womb all they will ever possess. Spiritual beings, either from the beginning or soon thereafter, become what they are to be for ever and ever. On man when he came into life the Father conferred the seeds of all kinds and the germs of every way of life. Whatever seeds each man cultivates will grow to maturity and bear in him their own fruit. If they be vegetative, he will be like a plant. If sensitive, he will become brutish. If rational, he will grow into a heavenly being. If intellectual, he will be an angel and the son of God. And if, happy in the lot of no created thing, he withdraws into the center of his own unity, his spirit, made one with God, in the solitary darkness of God, who is set above all things, shall surpass them all.”

Meaning:__________________________________________________________________________________________

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Thus HUMANISTS ADMIRE VIRTU’ Virtu:___________________________________________________________

Man is special and has no limits to what he can accomplish

EMPHASIZE and GLORIFY GREAT INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENTs

Therefore, Humanists became fascinated with those who exceeded expectations and rose to greatness.

Humanist Education and the Humanist Neoplatonism: revival of Plato’s philosophy of learning and imagining the ideal/perfect form An Ideal Humanist is Well Rounded in Numerous Knowledge and Skills Therefore, education should correlate Well Rounded Individuals Should Perform Civic Service

TASK 2: 1. Whom were the pupils of this thought? Wealthy Urban Males

2. Whom were specifically excluded?_____________________________________________________________________________________

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Products of Humanist Thought: Pisan, Castiglione, and MachiavelliChristine de Pisan: The Book of the City of Ladies 1405

Thus, not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did. Your father, who was a great scientist and philosopher, did not believe that women were worth less by knowing science; rather, as you know, he took great pleasure from seeing your inclination to learning. The feminine opinion of your mother, however, who wished to keep you busy with spinning and silly girlishness, following the common custom of women, was the major obstacle to your being more involved in the sciences. But just as the proverb already mentioned above says, No one can take away what Nature has given,'your mother could not hinder in you the feeling for the sciences which you, through natural inclination, had nevertheless gathered together in little droplets. I am sure that, on account of these things, you do not think you are worth less but rather that you consider it a great treasure for yourself; and you doubtless have reason to.

Task: After analyzing the following, what are Christine de Pisan’s greatest concerns?

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Baldassare Castiglione: The Courtier 1528

Courtier: person who attends court and advises a leader

How to manual to be the IDEAL GENTLEMAN and IDEAL LADY

*EX: Men’s Health or Seventeen Magazine today*

Task 3: Read the following excerpt and describe the characteristics that make up the IDEAL Men and Women Courtiers

Task 3 Part AMale Courtier

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Female Courtier_______________________________________________

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I am of the opinion that the principal and true profession of the Courtier ought to be that of arms; which I would have him follow actively above all else, and be known among others as bold and strong, and loyal to whomsoever he serves. And he will win a reputation for these good qualities by exercising them at all times and in all places, since one may never fail in this without severest censure…. And….I would have him well built and shapely of limb, and would have him show strength and lightness and suppleness, and know all bodily exercises that befit a man of war: whereof I think the first should be to handle every sort of weapon well on foot and on horse, to understand the advantages of each, and especially to be familiar with those weapons that are ordinarily used among gentlemen…. [The Courtier should] avoid affectation to the uttermost….and, to use possible a new word, to practice in everything a certain non-challance that shall conceal design and show that what is done and said is done without effort and almost without thought…. Our Courtier then will be esteemed excellent and will attain grace in everything, particularly in speaking, if he avoids affectation; into which fault many fall, and often more than others, some of us Lombards, who, if they have been a year away from home, on their return at once begin to speak Roman, sometimes Spanish or French, and God know how. And all this comes from overzeal to appear widely informed…. I think that what is chiefly important and necessary for the Courtier in order to speak and write well is knowledge…. Nor would I have him speak always of grave matters, but of amusing things, of games, jests, and waggery, according to the occasion; but sensibility of everything, and with readiness and lucid fullness; and in no place let him show vanity or childish folly…. I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with the Greek, for the sake of the many different things that have been admirably written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose, especially in this vulgar [vernacular] tongue of ours…. You must know that I am not content with the Courtier unless he be also a musician and unless, besides understanding and being able to read notes, he can play upon diverse instruments. For if we consider rightly, there is to be found no rest from toil or medicine for the troubled spirit more becoming and praiseworthy in time of leisure than this…. I wish to discuss another matter, which I deem of great importance and therefore think our Courtier ought by no means to omit: and this is to know how to draw and to have acquaintance with the very art of painting. And do not marvel that I desire this art, which today may seem to savor of the artisan and little to befit a gentleman; for I remember having read that the ancients, especially throughout Greece, had their boys of gentle birth study painting in school as an honorable and necessary thing…. The game of tennis….is nearly always played in public, and is one of those sports to which a crown lends much distinction. Therefore, I would have our Courtier practice this, and all the others except the handling of arms, as something that

is not his profession, and let him show that he does not seek or expect praise for it, nor let him seem to devote much care or time to it, although he may do it admirably…. There are certain other exercises that can be practiced in public and in private, like dancing; and in this I think the Courtier ought to have a care, for when dancing in the presence of many and in a place full of people, it seems to me that he should preserve a certain dignity…. Besides daily showing everyone that he possesses the worth we have already described, I would have the Courtier strive, with all the thoughts and forces of his mind, to love and almost to adore the prince whom he serves, above every other thing, and mold his wishes, habits, and all his ways to his prince’s liking…. Our Courtier….will not be a bearer of evil tidings; he will not be thoughtless in sometimes saying things that offend instead of pleasing as he intends. He will not be obstinate and disputatious, as some are who seem to delight in nothing but to be troublesome, and disagreeable like flies, and who make a point of spitefully contradicting everyone…. Let him above all take care not to weary his lord, and let him wait for favors to be offered him rather than angle for them so openly as many do, who are so greedy that it seems as if they must die if they do not get what they seek…. I would that our Courtier….might love, honor, and respect others according to their worth and merits, and always contrive to consort [mingle] more with such as are in high esteem and noble and of known virtue, than with the ignoble and those of little worth; in such ways that he may be loved and honored by them also. And he will accomplish this if he be courteous, kind, generous, affable, and mild with others, zealous and active to serve and guard his friends’ welfare and honor both absent and present, enduring such of their natural defects as are endurable without breaking with them for slight cause, and correcting in himself those that are kindly pointed out…. I do not care at present to go more into detail in speaking of things that are too well know, such as that our Courtier ought not to avow himself a great eater or drinker, or given to excess in any evil habit,…because a man of this kind not only may not hope to become a good Courtier, but can be set to no more fitting business than feeding sheep…. If our Courtier excels in anything besides arms, I would have him get profit and esteem from it in fine fashion; and I would have him so discreet and sensible as to be able with skill and address to attract men to see and hear what wherein he thinks he excels, always appearing not to do it from ostentation, but by chance and at others’ request rather than by his own wish….Then, in that of which he knows he is wholly ignorant, I would never have him make any pretense or seek to win any fame; nay if need be, let him frankly confess his ignorance…. I wish our Courtier to guard against getting the name of a liar or a boaster, which sometimes befalls even those who do not deserve it…. Let it suffice to say, besides the things already said, that he should be of such sort as never to be without something to say that is good and well suited to those with whom he is speaking, and that he should know how to refresh the minds of his hearers with a certain sweetness, and by his amusing witticisms and pleasantries to move them cleverly to mirth and laughter….

Many faculties of the mind are as necessary to woman as to man; likewise gentle birth, to avoid affectation, to be naturally graceful in all her doings, to be mannerly, clever, prudent, not arrogant, not envious, not slanderous, not vain, not quarrelsome, not silly, to know how to win and keep the favor of her mistress and of all others, to practice well and gracefully the exercises that befit women….Beauty is more necessary to her than to the courtier, for in truth that woman lacks much who lacks beauty. Then, too, she ought to be more circumspect and take greater care not to give occasion for evil being said of her…. Let him obey, please and honor his lady with all reverence, and hold her dearer than himself, and prefer her convenience and pleasures to his own, and love in her not less the beauty of mind than of body. Therefore, let him take care not to leave her to fall into any kind of error, but by admonition and good advice let him always seek to lead her on to modesty, to temperance, to true chastity…. In such fashion will our courtier be most acceptable to his lady, and she will always show herself obedient, sweet and affable to him, and as desirous of pleasing him as of being loved by him.

Task 3 Part B:1. Evaluate the Continuity and Change of the ideal expectations of both men and women today in relation to the

expectations outlined by Castiglionea. _____________________________________________________________________________________

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A Renaissance in Political Thought: Niccolo Machiavelli

Task 4: Research the meaning of the word “Machiavellian” and then use that information to create a Generalization of the political thoughts of Niccolo Machiavelli

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The Prince 1513Purpose:

Treatise on attaining and maintaining power

Overall Thesis: The job of The Prince is to preserve the State with Whatever Means Necessary

“The End Justifies The Means”

Task 5 Analysis of Excerpt from the Prince: Whether it is Better to be Loved than Feared?

Upon this a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you successed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or greatness of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails.

Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women

1. Why does Machiavelli prescribe fear over adoration and what influences do you suspect shaped his political views?

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2. How does this excerpt fit Machiavelli’s thesis?

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3. This text was dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici, a powerful politician in Florence from the powerful banking Medici family, thus, what does this excerpt and text as a whole indicate about the state of Italian Politics during the Renaissance Era?

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NORTHERN HUMANISM: Christian Humanism Different Subject, Same Process

o Northern Humanists studied original and early texts of Christianityo Synthesized Christian and Classical Traditions

Focused on Church Reform to deepen spiritual understanding

Christian Humanist #1: _______________________ 2 Main Themes that attacked corruption and superstition in the church:

1. Christianity is demonstrated by inner faith, not outer worship

2. Education is the key to reform and the church

Book: Praise of Folly

Erasmus “The Praise of Folly” (1509, Excerpts) The merchants are the biggest fool of all. They carry on the most sordid business and by the most corrupt

methods. Whenever it is necessary, they will lie, perjure themselves, steal, cheat, and mislead the public. Nevertheless, they are highly respected because of their money. There is no lack of flattering friars to kowtow to them, and call them Right Honorable in public. The motive of the friars is clear: they are after some of the loot. . .

After the lawyers come the philosophers, who are reverenced for their beards and the fur on their gowns. They announce that they alone are wise and that the rest of men are only passing shadows. . . The fact that they can never explain why they constantly disagree with each other is sufficient proof that they do not know the truth about anything. They know nothing at all, yet profess to know everything. They are ignorant even of themselves, and are often too absentminded or near-sighted to see the ditch or stone in front of them. . .

Perhaps it would be wise to pass over the theologians in silence. That short-tempered and supercilious crew is unpleasant to deal with. . .. They will proclaim me a heretic. With this thunderbolt they terrify the people they don't like. Their opinion of themselves is so great that they behave as if they were already in heaven; they look down pityingly on other men as so many worms. A wall of imposing definitions, conclusions, corollaries, and explicit and implicit propositions protects them. They are full of big words and newly-invented terms. . .

Next to the theologians in happiness are those who commonly call themselves the religious and monks. Both are complete misnomers, since most of them stay as far away from religion as possible, and no people are seen more often in public. They are so detested that it is considered bad luck if one crosses your path, and yet they are highly pleased with themselves. They cannot read, and so they consider it the height of piety to have no contact with literature.... Most of them capitalize on their dirt and poverty by whining for food from door to door. . .. These smooth fellows simply explain that by their very filth, ignorance, boorishness, and insolence they enact the lives of the apostles for us. It is amusing to see how they do everything by rule, almost mathematically. Any slip is sacrilege. each shoe string must have so many knots and must be of a certain color. . .. They even condemn each other, these professors of apostolic charity, making an extraordinary stir if a habit is belted incorrectly or if its color is a shade too dark. . .. The monks of certain orders recoil in horror from money, as if it were poison, but not from wine or women. They take extreme pains, not in order to be like Christ, but to be unlike each other. Most of them consider one heaven an inadequate reward for their devotion to ceremony and traditional details. They forget that Christ will condemn all of this and will call for a reckoning of that which He has prescribed, namely, charity.

Task 6: Use the information above to shed light on the specific concerns that Desiderius Erasmus has concerning the Catholic Church and record your information in the space below:

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Christian Humanist #2: ____________________________ Lawyer, Statesmen, Member of English Parliament

Very Critical of English society

Book: Utopia- depicted a perfect societyo void of political/economic injusticeo property held in commono education for allo religious tolerationo Church led by Pope and not King

Was decapitated by King Henry VIII

Excerpt from Utopia Concerning Politics“On Laws and Government If a man aspires ambitiously to any office, he loseth it for certain. They live in loving

intercourse with each other, the magistrates never behaving either insolently or cruelly to the people. They affect rather to be called fathers, and by really being such, well merit the appellation. The people pay them all marks of honour, the more freely because none are exacted from them. The prince himself hath no distinction either of garments or a crown; a sheaf of corn only is carried before him, and a wax-light before the high-priest. They have few laws and such is their constitution, they require not many. They much condemn other countries, whose laws, with the commentaries on them, swell so many volumes; esteeming it unreasonable to oblige men to obey a body of laws so large and intricate, as not to be read and understood by every subject. On Religion Though there be many different forms of religion among them, all agree in the main point of worshipping the divine essence. Therefore, there is nothing to be seen or heard in their temples, in which the several persuasions among them may not agree. For every sect performs the rites peculiar to it in their private houses, and there is nothing in the public worship which contradicts their peculiarities. There are no images of God in their temples, therefore every one may represent him to his thoughts in his own way; nor do they use for him any other name than Mithras, their term in common for the divine essence, whatever otherwise they think of it; nor have they any forms of prayer, but such as every one of them may use without prejudice to his private opinion.”

TASK 7: Compare and Contrast the political thoughts of Sir Thomas More and Niccolo Machiavelli

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HOW DID THE RENAISSANCE SPREAD SO FAST AND SO FAR?Answer:___________________

The What Machine with moveable metal type Johannes Gutenberg 1440

Impact of the Printing Press Easier access to knowledge Encouraged literacy among public

o Books were more affordable and available Fostered the distribution of information

Conclusion to Section 1:1. Describe the factors that caused the Renaissance to occur in Italy:

2. Construct a definition of humanism and explain the role it played in the Renaissance:

3. Identify you favorite humanist discussed in the notes above and briefly provide reason as to why you chose that individual:

Section 2 Art and the Artist

Introductory Task 1: Respond to the Following Question: Why do historians study artistic trends?

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__________________________________________________________________________________________Art/Music Are Mirrors of Historical Time Periods

The Patron and the Artist Prior to the Renaissance, who was the only patron of art? _________________________________ Wealthy individuals began sponsoring artists Why?______________________________________________________________________________________

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o To glorify self and family Some patrons were heavily involved in the work Without the Patron there would be no Renaissance

Not only did Patrons of the Art change but also subjects and style

Change in Artistic Subjects

Task 2: Analyze the following picture to find the three main subject areas found in Renaissance Art.

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Change in Artistic Style

Task 3: Analyze the painting from the Gothic period and the Renaissance period below and report on stylistic differences that you notice:

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Renaissance Architecture

Gothic Architecture Gothic is very pointed and protruding

Renaissance ArchitectureFilippo Brunelleschi

Church of San Lorenzo in Florence Structures are more rounded and functional

Task 4: Explain how an architect would exhibit the ideal qualities of a humanist and renaissance man?

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Italian High Renaissance Masters1. Leonardo Da Vinci

THE “Renaissance Man” Inventor, Sculptor, Painter, Poet, Architect, Scientist Even dissected corpses to study anatomy of body Mona Lisa, Last Supper

2. Raphael Sanzio One of the best painters in Italy Painted many beautiful Madonnas (paintings of the Mother of Jesus)

The School of Athens

3. Michelangelo Buonarroti  Painter, Sculptor, Architect Sistine Chapel, Statue of David, Pieta Emphasized the ideal person with perfect proportions

The Northern Renaissance Different (PERFECTION) Important artist Jan Van Eyck Key Changes

o Oil Paints, no frescos o Tried to portray details as accurately as possible.o Subjects were normal people and normal situations

Concluding Renaissance Investigation Activity

Directions: Evaluate whether or not the following are examples of the Renaissance and justify your answer in a three to five sentence explanation. Also, if it is a piece of renaissance art, explain why it is Italian or Northern.

Example 1Explanation:

Example 2"I would have him more than passably learned in letters, at least in those studies which we call the humanities. Let him be conversant not only with the Latin language, but with Greek as well, because of the abundance and variety of things that are so divinely written therein. Let him be versed in the poets, as well as in the orators and historians, and let him be practiced also in writing verse and prose, especially in our own vernacular; for, beside the personal satisfaction he will take in this, in this way he will never want for pleasant entertainment with the ladies, who are usually fond of such things

Explanation:

Example 3Explanation:

Example 4Explanation:

Example 5

Explanation:

Example 6

Explanation: