Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in Italy

Stalin’s Soviet UnionLast Major Decisions of Lenin Lenin’s New Economic Policy

Use the information at the bottom of page 301 to complete the following: o Synthesize the information and explain Lenin’s New Economic Policy and its purpose:

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o If this plan is successful, how might Lenin’s New Economic Policy cause problems for Communism’s future?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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1922, Lenin and the Communists create the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1924 Lenin Dies with No “heir”

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in ItalyCommunist Successor:

__________________________ -Inspirational Hero -Planned 1917 Take over -Leader of Victorious Red Army in Russian Civil War -Promoted Necessity of Continental Revolution against Capitalism

-OR-__________________________

VICTORY- Support of Communist Party through patronization (jobs and promises)- Aligned with Trotsky’s enemies- Abandon the New Economic Policy (Institute True Socialism)- Promoted National not Continental development of Socialism

o Many feared Trotsky’s goal would lead to war with Capitalist Europe.

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in Italy

Joseph Stalin Industrialization of the Country, 1928The question of a fast rate of development of industry would not face us so acutely as it does now if we had such a highly developed industry and such a highly developed technology as Germany, Say, and if the relative importance of industry in the entire national economy were as high in our country as it is in Germany, for example. If that were the case, we could develop our industry at a slower rate without fearing to fall behind the capitalist countries and knowing that we could outstrip them at one stroke. But then we should not be so seriously backward technically and economically as we are now. The whole point is that we are behind Germany in this respect and are still far from having overtaken her technically and economically.

The question of a fast rate of development of industry would not face us so acutely if we were not the only country but one of the countries of the dictatorship of the proletariat, if there were a proletarian dictatorship not only in our country but in other, more advanced countries as well, Germany and France, say.

If that were the case, the capitalist encirclement could not be so serious a danger as it is now, the question of the economic independence of our country would naturally recede into the background, we could integrate ourselves into the system of more developed proletarian states, we could receive from them machines for making our industry and agriculture more productive, supplying them in turn with raw materials and foodstuffs, and we could, consequently, expand our industry at a slower rate. But you know very well that that is not yet the case and that we are still the only country of the proletarian dictatorship and are surrounded by capitalist countries, many of which are far in advance of us technically and economically.

Internal conditions. But besides the external conditions, there are also internal conditions which dictate a fast rate of development of our industry as the main foundation of our entire national economy. I am referring to the extreme backwardness of our agriculture, of its technical and cultural level. I am referring to the existence in our country of an overwhelming preponderance of small commodity producers, with their scattered and utterly backward production, compared with which our large-scale socialist industry is like an island in the midst of the sea, an island whose base is expanding daily, but which is nevertheless an island in the midst of the sea.

External conditions. We have assumed power in a country whose technical equipment is terribly backward. Along with a few big industrial units more or less based upon modem technology, we have hundreds and thousands of mills and factories the technical equipment of which is beneath all criticism from the point of view of modem achievements. At the same time we have around us a number of capitalist countries whose industrial technique is far more developed and up-to-date than that of our country. Look at the capitalist countries and you will see that their technology is not only advancing, but advancing by leaps and bounds, outstripping the old forms of industrial technique. And so we find that, on the one hand, we in our country have the most advanced system, the Soviet system, and the most advanced type of state power in the world, Soviet power, while, on the other hand, our industry, which should be the basis of socialism and of Soviet power, is extremely backward technically. Do you think that we can achieve the final victory of socialism in our country so long as this contradiction exists?

What has to be done to end this contradiction? To end it, we must overtake and outstrip the advanced technology of the developed capitalist countries. We have overtaken and outstripped the advanced capitalist countries in the sense of establishing a new political system, the Soviet system. That is good. But it is not enough. In order to secure the final victory of socialism in our country, we must also overtake and outstrip these countries technically and economically. Either we do this, or we shall be forced to the wall.

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in ItalyAfter Reading the Passage Above, Comment on Stalin’s Assessment of the Soviet Union’s Current State:

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Stalin’s 5 Year Plans: “Break a Few Eggs to make an Omelet” 50-100 Years Behind, Must Catch up in 10 Years Forcibly Transform Russia into an Industrialized Society with a Powerful Army

Here’s How:

Step 1________________________________________________ VIDEO Forceful consolidation of small farms to large state run enterprises Liquidate any peasant who refuses

Kulaks (Successful Peasant Land Owners) Kicked off, starved or “re-educated” in labor camps Heavy Peasant Resistance Resulted in Widespread Starvation

o By 1933 6 Million Ukrainians Starved Total of 10 Million Peasants Died

o But By 1938 93% of Peasants were on Collective Farms

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in Italy

Step 2: ___________________________________________ VIDEO Gosplan- State Planning Commission

Set production goals and decisions Heavy Industry (Steel)

Controlled all resources Manipulated workforce Assigned workers to any job anywhere Police restricted all unauthorized movement

All Must Get On Board With These Goals,

If You Are Not On Board, Then You Will Not Exist.

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in Italy

Terror and the Great Purges VIDEO : From 27:35-41:45

The Great Purge of Communist Party (8 Million Threats Eliminated) -Party Leaders, union officials, army officers, ordinary citizens, Stalin’s Wife -Arrested, Tortured for Confessions, Executed or Labor Camps -Replaced with 1.5 million new loyal party members

o -MESSAGE: Warning nobody is secure and every serves the party and its leader!

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in ItalyChapter 15 Section 3 Notes: Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

1914-1919 Italy: A Liberal State Resembled Western Democracy Constitution and Civil Rights for People Universal Male Suffrage Proportional Representation in Parliament

Post War Problems in Italy:1. _________________________

a. National Unity was weak, more regionalb. Conservative Catholics, Landowners, Big Business vs. Liberal Middle Class Lawyers/Politicians

2. _________________________a. 148 Billion Lireb. 700,000 Diedc. Veterans Were Unemployedd. Worker Class Riots

3. Cheated ___________________ ?a. War was Costly and Received

Little from Treaty of Versailles

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in ItalyEmergence of Benito Mussolini

WHO: Socialist who supported the War (Expelled from Party) Fought and injured in WWI Started Fascist Party with other embittered veterans

Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in Italy

Leader of Italian Fascist Party:-Became Conservative, appealed to the “Right” (landowners, business, etc)-Blackshirts

Paramilitary THUG group Attacked and created disorder/fear against Socialists Appealed greatly to Conservatives: O R D E R Made the left’s job impossible

Benito Mussolini, “What is Fascism” 1932“Fascism is the doctrine best adapted to represent the tendencies and the aspirations of a people, like the people of Italy, who are rising again after many centuries of abasement and foreign servitude. But empire demands discipline, the coordination of all forces and a deeply felt sense of duty and sacrifice: this fact explains many aspects of the practical working of the regime, the character of many forces in the State, and the necessarily severe measures which must be taken against those who would oppose this spontaneous and inevitable movement of Italy in the twentieth century, and would oppose it by recalling the outworn ideology of the nineteenth century - repudiated wheresoever there has been the courage to undertake great experiments of social and political transformation; for never before has the nation stood more in need of authority, of direction and order. If every age has its own characteristic doctrine, there are a thousand signs which point to Fascism as the characteristic doctrine of our time. For if a doctrine must be a living thing, this is proved by the fact that Fascism has created a living faith; and that this faith is very powerful in the minds of men is demonstrated by those who have suffered and died for it.”

What is Fascism to Italy according to Mussolini?

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Chapter 15 Section 2: Stalin’s Soviet Union and the Rise of Mussolini in Italy

Mussolini’s March on Rome 1922 VIDEO Mussolini demanded government positions

-OR- 1,000,000 Blackshirts will storm Rome King Victor Emmanuel III Appoints Mussolini to Prime Minister

-Rise of the Fascist Party was celebrated

Consolidating Power into a Dictatorship Not Complete Totalitarian

A. Eliminate Oppositiona. Assassinated Leading Socialistsb. Strict Control Over Press and Mass Propaganda

i. Promised a “Resurgence of Rome”ii. Cult of Il Duce (Leader)

a. Mussolini embodied ideal Italianiii. Arrest and imprison Enemies (NO DUE PROCESS)iv. Dissolve/Disband all conflicting groups

B. Dictatora. New Head of State: Prime Minister Mussolinib. Rule by decree (NOT PARLIAMENT)

C. Economicsa. Imperialism Sign of Strengthb. Barely able to Conquer Ethiopiac. Corporate State: NATIONAL SOCIALISM

D. LIMITS TO POWERa. Cooperate with Conservative Elites (Military, Business, Landowners)b. Lateran Agreement with Pope

i. Catholic Religion is Officialii. Vatican City is Independent

iii. Financial Support of Pope1. Pope publicly supports Fascists

*Conservative Elites’ Power Prevents Totalitarianism*