Chapter 8 Section 1: The Scientific RevolutionWhat is a Revolution?

Scientific Revolution is a big change in the way Europeans looked at THEMSELVES and the PHYSICAL WORLD.

Comparison: Its like the day when you are 18 and you go off to college or move out of your parents house and start to experience and learn about the world on your own for the first time as opposed to being told about the world and living under strict rules by your parents and school etc.

Ancient Knowledge

-All knowledge and understanding is passed down

-New knowledge is not created

-simple, observable explanations

-Ancient knowledge Melds with Christianity

So why THE BIG CHANGE?Causes of the Scientific Revolution/ Origin

1. Renaissance Sparks Interest in Learning2. New Technologies

a. Navigational Technology Improvements-Telescope, Barometer, Thermometer, Pendulum Clock, Microscope-Better and more accurate observations.

3. Printing Press: allowed for new ideas to spread, be read, and critiqued by many4. Reformation

-Caused people to question medieval Christianity and society.

* WHEN USING THESE NEW TOOLS PEOPLE BEGIN TO REALIZE THAT THE ACIENTS KNOWLEDGE WAS NOT QUITE ACCURATE

THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE: MATHEMATICS-Absolutely Critical to Scientific Revolution-It is seen as the language of science and the tool to decode and explain the natural laws of the

Earth.

Beginnings: AstronomyTRADITIONAL ASTRONOMY: Ancient Greek Ptolemy

Geocentric Theory- planets, stars, sun, moon (heavenly bodies) are perfect orbs of light and revolve around the Earth.

-There are a total of 10 Spheres, Heavens outside of 10th Sphere.-ALL GOD’S ATTENTION IN THE UNIVERSE IS FOCUSED ON EARTH AND MAN *ABSOLUTELY PERFECT FOR THE CHURCH VIEWS*

THE BIG CHANGE: Nicholas Copernicus-Mathematician-Questioned that the Earth was the center of the universe-Heliocentric Theory = NOT PUBLISHED TIL YEAR OF DEATH?

- The Sun is at the center - Earth and other planets revolved around sun

-Groundshaking Implications- Earth Rotates?- Universe is how big?- Earth is just like any other planet- That’s Preposterous, Condemned by many Church Leaders

o Including Luther and Calvin

Tyco Brahe and Johanes Kepler: Proving Copernicus Right

Brahe -Leading Astronomer of Time -Compiled extensive and detailed data on subject, sudden death.Johnanes Kepler -Assistant of Brahe, finishes his work 1. Orbits are Elliptical 2. Planets orbit at different speeds 3. Orbit is related to distance from Sun

FURTHER ASTRONOMICAL QUESTIONS NEEDED ANSWERED-What are these heavenly bodies made of-Why do they move?

Galileo GalileeA. Experiment, Not Speculate

-Mathematician- Experimented with gravity and law of inertia- Telescope Observation

DISCOVERED:-landforms on the moon- sunspots, rings around Saturn, and 4 moons around Jupiter

-Heavenly Bodies made up of same material as EarthB. Publication and Promotion: The Starry Messenger

-Book by Galileo that published his findings and promoted Copernicus’s Theory-Continues teaching his students about Copernican theory

C. Church Response-Church was threatened by views of Galileo-If people begin questioning church views, they will begin questioning the church altogether-The Church holds an Inquisition- religious trial for heresy

RESULT:-Immediately stop promoting Copernican Theory-Galileo is forced on his knees and admit Copernicus was wrong (RECANT)-Spend remainder of his life in house arrest

Sir Isaac Newton-Mathematician-Answered the Question “Why does motion exist in the Universe”?

Universal Law of Gravity- every object is attracted to every other object in the universe by a force called GRAVITY.WHICH CAUSES MOTION

Principia Mathematica

1. Law of Inertia

2. Force = Mass x Acceleration

3. For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

With the invention of science and questioning and proving wrong traditional ideas about astronomy SCIENTISTS BEGIN LOOKING AND DOING THE SAME WITH EVERYTHING IN THE PHYSICAL WORLD

Medicine, Anatomy, Chemistry

Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius Before: Galen (Dissected Pigs to Study Humans)

Vesalius (Dissected Humans to Study Humans)

http://www.nndb.com/people/270/000085015/andreas-vesalius-2-sized.jpg

Discoveries in Chemistry and other SciencesBlasé PascalPascal’s Law- pressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted

equally in all directions - Syringe and the Hydraulic Press

Robert Boyle-Boyles Law- The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to

the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.

Antoine Lavoisier-Father of Modern Chemistry-Aristotle- Four Elements: Earth, Wind, Fire, Water- He considered 33 substances as elements

http://www.dailydesktop.eu/data/media/822/Earth%20%20fire%20%20water%20%20air%20by%20Joffi.jpg http://s3.amazonaws.com/rapgenius/1371846764_periodic_table_of_elements.jpg

Philosophy, Reason and The Scientific Method

How do you know you exist?

Rene Descartes-brought a philosophical approach to science-ENTIRE EDUCATION WAS FLAWED AND WRONG-THEREFORE EVERYTHING SHOULD BE DOUBTED UNTIL PROVED BY REASON INCLUDED MYSELF

DO I EXIST?-Wrote Discourse on Method

1. First principle do I exist? – I THINK THEREFORE I AM!2. Second Principle Mind and Matter (and body) are separate from one another

-The Mind and Body/Matter are separate (spiritual and physical world)

-Father of Rationalism -emphasized the importance of Reason in learning-HOW GOOD IS YOUR REASONING????

http://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/tests/sequences.htm

Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method

-Believed scientists should abandon ancient knowledge and should learn by inductive reasoning.-Inductive Reasoning- proceed from specific detailed facts to general themes.

From Bacon and Descartes The Scientific Method Forms

*Now the scientific world has a TOOL to measure and analyze the physical world forever changing science*