Peter Troxler

Research Professor, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences

Fab Lab — Open Design — Distributed Digital Manufacturing

OPEN DESIGN AND THE IMPACT OF THE 3RD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

•  starting point •  open source—the freedoms •  infrastructure—the third industrial revolution •  open source—the practice •  outlook

STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS

© 2005, Lee Kindness

FREEDOMS

1.  Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

2.  Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

3.  Work towards zero tolerance of infringement. This requires legislative revision, through the inclusion of a ‘Duty of Care’ for shared responsibilities on IPR protection across the digital value chain. Set up a specific EU Tribunal /Court for European IP cases and promote and increase the training of judges in national courts, in relation to the protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the physical world and online.

8.  Create guidelines, codes of practice, legal frameworks and experimental spaces to promote the use of Open Design.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

•  Karl Marx (1867) Das Kapital

•  Frank B. Gilbreth (1911) Motion Study

•  Frederic W. Taylor (1911) Principles of Scientific Management

•  Henry Ford (1922) My Life and Work (The Autobiography of Henry Ford)

1st Industrial Revolution Rifkin:

Automatic printing press Steam-powered technology

•  David F. Noble (1984) Forces of Production. A Social History of Industrial Automation

•  James R. Beniger (1986) Control Revolution. Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society

•  Shoshana Zuboff (1988) In the Age of the Smart Machine. The Future of Work and Power

2nd Industrial Revolution Rifkin:

Electrical communication Oil-powered combustion engine

•  Jeremy Rifkin (2011) The Third Industrial Revolution. How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World

•  Umar Haque (2011) The New Capitalist Manifesto: Building a Disruptively Better Business

•  Yochai Benkler (2011) The Penguin and the Leviathan. How Cooperation Triumphs over Self-Interest

3rd Industrial Revolution Rifkin:

Internet Communication (Distributed) renewable energy production

VIDEO

1st revolution Automatic printing press Steam-powered technology 19th century

3rd revolution Internet Renewable energy 21st century

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•  The 3rd industrial revolution scales laterally •  New chapter for the SMEs, the producer co-ops, the

consumers •  Scaling laterally requires different forms of working

together, which include •  rules •  practices

PRACTICE

“… the Linux community seemed to resemble a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches (aptly symbolized by the Linux archive sites, who’d take submissions from anyone) out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles.”

Raymond, Eric (1999). The Cathedral and the Bazaar.

Zanetti et al. (2013). Categorizing bugs with social networks

Peer-production

•  “It would be naïve to believe that open source software practices could be simply copied and applied to the manufacturing domain without any alteration or adaptation, ignoring the constraints and opportunities that the materiality of hardware entails.”

Troxler, Peter (2011). Libraries of the Peer-Production Era. In: Open Design Now, p. 89

Eric S. Raymond, Wednesday July 03 1996: Merged hostrec and option structures.

Abraham Bosse (1604-1676): Voici la représentation d'un sculpteur dans son atelier.

Tacit knowledge

to

Explicit knowledge

Tacit knowledge

Socialization: Sympathized Knowledge

Externalization: Conceptual Knowledge

from

Explicit knowledge

Internalization: Operational Knowledge

Combination: Systemic

Knowledge

Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995, The Knowledge Creating Company, Oxford. p. 72

•  “[The] isolation from others is the necessary life condition for every mastership which consists in being alone with the ‘idea’, the mental image of the thing to be.”

•  “Action, as distinguished from fabrication, is never possible in isolation; to be isolated is to be deprived of the capacity to act.”

Arendt, Hannah (1958). The Human Condition. p. 161 | p. 188

•  Ostrom, Elinor (1990). Governing the Commons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

•  Ostrom, Elinor and Charlotte Hess (2003). “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Information as a Common- Pool Resource.” Law and Contemporary Problems 66, Winter/Spring: 111–145.

•  Ostrom, Elinor and Charlotte Hess (2007). Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. From Theory to Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

0"10"20"30"40"50"60"70"80"

2002"+"Fab1"

2006"+"Fab2"

2007"+"Fab3"

2008"+"Fab4"

2009"+"Fab5"

2010"+"Fab6"

2011"+"Fab7"

2012"+"Fab8"

2013"+"Fab9"

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© 2012, 2013, stadslab Rotterdam

Hexagonal Paper Dress Hexacopter

© 2012, nachetz, cc-by-nc-sa design Goof van Beek, 2009

photo © 2009, Ton Zijlstra, cc-by-nc-sa

FabLab Solar House FabFi

© 2008, Fabfolk Inc., cc-by-sa © 2010, FabLab Barcelona, cc-by-nc-sa

OUTLOOK

•  How to build effective forms of (collective) action and (self-)organisation in lateral environments?

•  How to protect the interests and creative freedom of makers while also ensuring wide access to new knowledge, processes and products?

•  How to appropriately and effectively create and capture value?

•  …we need a central repository… •  …we need a centrally maintained list… •  …we need one place to go where we find all the

information…

“Some day that creation may become something that many people want and as such may develop into an extremely valuable commercial asset.”

from WIPO Magazine, June 2013 © stockCharts.com, 5 July 2013

•  inverse infrastructures •  take responsibility •  participative research & concurrent development •  emergent (organization) design

Destruction of icons in Zurich 1524.

A (?) new epistemic culture(s):

"amalgams of arrangements and mechanisms – bonded through affinity, necessity and historical coincidence – which in a given field, make up how we know what we know."

Knorr-Cetina, Karin (1999). Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. p.

“We might miss the chance to benefit from a distinctive socio-technical system that promotes not only cultural and intellectual production but constitutes a venue for human character development.”

Benkler, Yochai, and Helen Nissenbaum (2006). Commons-based Peer Production and Virtue

On this journey we have to be prepared to get surprised, we must dare to fail, and we will have to disagree, but constructively.