Comparative Anatomy Urogenital System Kardong Chapter 14 Part 14.
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Transcript of Comparative Anatomy Urogenital System Kardong Chapter 14 Part 14.
Comparative AnatomyComparative AnatomyUrogenital SystemUrogenital System
KardongKardongChapter 14Chapter 14
Part 14 Part 14
Urogenital SystemUrogenital System Ducts of excretory and reproductive Ducts of excretory and reproductive
systems are intimately associated systems are intimately associated with each otherwith each other
Figure 14.2. Evolutionary development of kidneys in vertebrates.
Figure 14.1. Embryonic origin of the kidneys (book figure 14.4).
Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney Archinephros- primitive excretory kidney Archinephros- primitive excretory kidney
organorgan Holonephric concept - (3 kidneys are a part Holonephric concept - (3 kidneys are a part
of one organ)of one organ) Filtration systemFiltration system Archinephric duct- drains to cloaca or Archinephric duct- drains to cloaca or
bladderbladder
Figure 14.3. Hypothetical archinephros.
Primitive Kidney Primitive Kidney (cont.)(cont.) Pronephros Pronephros
11stst tubules to appear tubules to appear Anteriorly located; head kidneyAnteriorly located; head kidney Involutes to form lymphoidal massInvolutes to form lymphoidal mass Only functions temporarily Only functions temporarily
All tubules associated with pronephrosAll tubules associated with pronephros Pronephric (archinephric) duct drains pronephrosPronephric (archinephric) duct drains pronephros
Figure 14.5. Pronephros – anterior region of primitive kidney.
Figure 14.4. Three-part kidney (book figure 14.5).
Figure 14.6. Fate of nephrogenic mesoderm (red).
Kidney Structure Kidney Structure (cont.)(cont.)
Figure 14.7. Pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric system relationships (see book figure 14.6).
Kidney Structure Kidney Structure (cont.)(cont.) Mesonephros (opisthonephros)- kidney Mesonephros (opisthonephros)- kidney
mass caudal to pronephric regionmass caudal to pronephric region Functional adult kidney of fish and Functional adult kidney of fish and
amphibiansamphibians Opisthonephros - in most adult Opisthonephros - in most adult
amphibians and fishes.amphibians and fishes. Drained by mesonephric Drained by mesonephric
(archinephric) duct(archinephric) duct
Figure 14.9. Mesonephric duct of opossum embryo.
Figure 14.8. Mesonephros of urodeles (see book figure 14.8)
Urogenital Anatomy Urogenital Anatomy Ductus efferens:Ductus efferens:
Pronephric ductPronephric duct Mesonephric ductMesonephric duct Archinephric duct (= Archinephric duct (=
wolffian duct)wolffian duct) Anterior portion of Anterior portion of
mesonephric tubules used in mesonephric tubules used in male reproductive systemmale reproductive system
Figure 14.10. Urogenital system and adrenal glands of male frog.
Figure 14.11. Mesonephric kidneys with mesonephric duct (black) carrying sperm and/or urine (see book figure 14.24).
Urogenital Anatomy Urogenital Anatomy (cont.)(cont.)
Urogenital Anatomy Urogenital Anatomy (cont.)(cont.) Accessory urinary ductsAccessory urinary ducts
Tubules also in reproductive sys.Tubules also in reproductive sys. Path for sperm to enter mesonephric duct (sperm duct)Path for sperm to enter mesonephric duct (sperm duct)
Figure 14.12. Mesonephric kidneys with separate sperm duct (red) (see book figure 14.24).
Urogenital Anatomy Urogenital Anatomy (cont.)(cont.) Pronephros Pronephros
LostLost Mesonephros Mesonephros
Mainly an embryonic kidneyMainly an embryonic kidney Involutes at birthInvolutes at birth
Metanephric kidney Metanephric kidney Takes over functions of mesonephros Takes over functions of mesonephros Ureter- new duct drains meta. kidneyUreter- new duct drains meta. kidney
Figure 14.13. Metanephric kidney assuming superior position to remainder of urogenital system.
Urogenital Anatomy Urogenital Anatomy (cont.)(cont.)
Mesonephric ductMesonephric duct Sperm duct in malesSperm duct in males Ductus deferens in amphibiansDuctus deferens in amphibians Vas deferens in mammalsVas deferens in mammals
Terminate at cloacaTerminate at cloaca Most amniotesMost amniotes Not in higher vertebratesNot in higher vertebrates
Figure 14.14. Male teleost, caudal end of urogenital system.
Summary of Embryonic Amniote Summary of Embryonic Amniote Urogenital AnatomyUrogenital Anatomy
Pronephros involutesPronephros involutes Mesonephros involutesMesonephros involutes Metanephric kidney developsMetanephric kidney develops
Vas deferens (sperm duct in Vas deferens (sperm duct in mammals)mammals)
Table 1. Terminology ofthe urogenital system (bookFigure 14.21).
Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder Found in most vertebratesFound in most vertebrates Formation variesFormation varies
Fish- terminal segment of mesonephric ductFish- terminal segment of mesonephric duct Large bladders- turtles and lizardsLarge bladders- turtles and lizards
Turtles- accessory bladderTurtles- accessory bladder
Figure 14.15. Evolution of the urinary bladder (book figure 14.53).
GonadsGonads
Elevated ridges medial to kidneysElevated ridges medial to kidneys Gonads enlarge, suspended by Gonads enlarge, suspended by
mesenteriesmesenteries Mesorchium- malesMesorchium- males Mesovarium- femalesMesovarium- females
Figure 14.16. Urogenital ridge in developing embryo (book figure 14.18).
Figure 14.17. Ovary of hagfish (book figure 14.23).
GonadsGonads (cont.)(cont.)
Bidder’s organBidder’s organ Rudimentary ovary of toads (genusRudimentary ovary of toads (genusAnaxyrusAnaxyrus—formerly —formerly BufoBufo))
If testes removed, become If testes removed, become functional ovaryfunctional ovary
Ovotestes in fishOvotestes in fish Both ovary and testis in lizardsBoth ovary and testis in lizards Multi-lobed testis in some species of Multi-lobed testis in some species of
salamanders (genus salamanders (genus DesmognathusDesmognathus))
Figure 14.18. Left bidder’s organ of male Anaxyrus.
Male Urogenital System (cont.)
Figure 14.20. Urogenital anatomy of tetrapod males (book figure 14.35).
Copulatory OrgansCopulatory Organs
Claspers in cartilagenous fishClaspers in cartilagenous fish Gonopodium in teleostGonopodium in teleost Intromittent organ Intromittent organ
HemipenesHemipenes Single penisSingle penis
Figure 14.23. Gonopodium of a male guppy.
Figure 14.24. Intromittent organs in the chondrichthyans(book figure 14.38).
Copulatory Organs (cont’d.)
Copulatory Organs (cont.)
Figure 14.25. Intromittent organs in the turtles and crocodylians (book figure 14.42).
Copulatory Organs (cont.)
Figure 14.26. Intromittent organs in birds—domestic turkey (book figure 14.44).
Copulatory Organs (cont.)
Figure 14.27. Penis in the dog (book figure 14.45).
No copulatory organsNo copulatory organs Sperm pocket- Sperm pocket-
Spermatheca in most Spermatheca in most salamanderssalamanders
Rudimentary copulatory Rudimentary copulatory organorgan Some amniotes Some amniotes
(tuatara)(tuatara) Cloacal appositionCloacal apposition
Male and female Male and female cloacae come togethercloacae come together
CloacaCloaca Receives digestive, reproductive, and Receives digestive, reproductive, and
urinary products and tractsurinary products and tracts No cloacaNo cloaca
Fish – may have three separate openingsFish – may have three separate openings Lost in mammals above monotremesLost in mammals above monotremes
Cloaca subdivisions:Cloaca subdivisions: CoprodaeumCoprodaeum UrodaeumUrodaeum ProctodaeumProctodaeum
Figure 14.28. Cloacal cavities and urogenital structures in a salamander.
Cloacal SubdivisionsCloacal Subdivisions CoprodeumCoprodeum
Receives alimentary canalReceives alimentary canal Simple columnarSimple columnar
UrodeumUrodeum Receives urinary and Receives urinary and
reproductive productsreproductive products Transitional epitheliumTransitional epithelium
ProctodeumProctodeum Associated with excretoryAssociated with excretory Stratified squamousStratified squamous
Figure 14.29. Subdivisions of cloaca shown in a lizard.
Urogenital papilla
Cloacal gland
Ductus deferens
Ureter
Cloacal cavity
Sperm
Urogenital Papilla
Figure 14.30. Urogenital papilla in snakes.
• Typically found in chondrichthyans and squamates.
Bird Cloaca Bird Cloaca (cont.)(cont.)
Bursa of FabriciusBursa of Fabricius Lymphoid evagination off cloacaLymphoid evagination off cloaca
Figure 14.32. Bursa of Fabricius on young bird. Figure 14.33. Histology of
Bursa of Fabricius and cloaca.
Urogenital System Urogenital System (cont.)(cont.)
Figure 14.34. Urogenital systems of female tetrapods (book figure 14.28).
Urogenital System Urogenital System (cont.)(cont.)
Muellarian ductsMuellarian ducts In males, ducts are nonfunctionalIn males, ducts are nonfunctional In females, ducts give rise to female In females, ducts give rise to female
reproductive tractreproductive tract Only left reproductive tractOnly left reproductive tract
Birds and crocodiles Birds and crocodiles Raptors have vestigial right Raptors have vestigial right
reproductive tractreproductive tract
Figure 14.35. Book figures 14.25 and 14.27.
Reproductive Tracts of Mammals Reproductive Tracts of Mammals Duplex uterusDuplex uterus
Monotremes and marsupialsMonotremes and marsupials Separated female reproductive tractsSeparated female reproductive tracts
Bipartite uterusBipartite uterus RabbitRabbit Body of uterus seems unpaired, yet Body of uterus seems unpaired, yet
has two lumenshas two lumens Bicornuate uterusBicornuate uterus
CatCat Two uterine horns and single lumenTwo uterine horns and single lumen
Figure 14.36. Morphology of uteri (book figures 14.51-52).
Reproductive Tracts of Mammals Reproductive Tracts of Mammals (cont.)(cont.)
Bicornuate uterusBicornuate uterus CatCat Two uterine horns and single Two uterine horns and single
lumenlumen Simplex uterusSimplex uterus
PrimatesPrimates Large body and hornsLarge body and horns
Figures 14.37-38. Mammalian uteri; fused muellerian ducts (blackened regions) and cloaca (red).
ReproductionReproduction
Most vertebrates require both sexesMost vertebrates require both sexes Some vertebrates are asexualSome vertebrates are asexual
Reproduce parthenogeneticallyReproduce parthenogenetically Some fish and lizardsSome fish and lizards
Embryonic humans are asexualEmbryonic humans are asexual Until differentiation of sexual structuresUntil differentiation of sexual structures
Differentiation of Sexual StructuresDifferentiation of Sexual Structures
Figures 14.39-40. Mesonephros contributions to male and female reproductive tracts.
Differentiation of Sexual Structures in Differentiation of Sexual Structures in Mammals Mammals (cont.)(cont.)
Genital tubercleGenital tubercle Male - penisMale - penis Female - clitorisFemale - clitoris
Genital foldsGenital folds Male - penis contributionMale - penis contribution Female - labia minoraFemale - labia minora
Genital swellingsGenital swellings Male - scrotumMale - scrotum Female - labia majoraFemale - labia majora
Figure 14.41. External genitalia of bisexual stage of human embryo.
Differentiation of Sexual Structures in Differentiation of Sexual Structures in Mammals Mammals (cont.)(cont.)
Mesonephric ductMesonephric duct Male - vas deferensMale - vas deferens Female - Gartner’s ductFemale - Gartner’s duct
Muellerian ductMuellerian duct Male - portions are retainedMale - portions are retained Female - reproductive tractFemale - reproductive tract
Figure 14.42. Changes in female, mammalian urogenital system.
Mesonephric tubuleMesonephric tubule Male - vasa efferentiaMale - vasa efferentia Female - epoophoran and paraophoranFemale - epoophoran and paraophoran
Genital ridgeGenital ridge Male - testesMale - testes Female - ovariesFemale - ovaries
Differentiation of Sexual Structures in Differentiation of Sexual Structures in Mammals Mammals (cont.)(cont.)
Homologous Urogenital StructuresHomologous Urogenital Structures
Figure 14.43. Homologous urogenital structures in male and female mammals.