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Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change Part 1
NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a VieW to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series IS published by an International board of publishers In conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences B Physics
C Mathematical and Physical Sciences
D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology
Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York
Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London
Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 243
Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change Part 1
edited by
M. E. Schlesinger Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change (Part 1) Erice, Italy 11-23 May 1986
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
PhysIcally-based nlodel11ng and slIlIulatlon of cl1mate and cl1matlc change proceedIngs of the NATO Advanced Study InstItute held In Erlce, Italy. 11-23 May 1986 I edIted by ME SchlesInger.
p em. -- {NATO AS! serIes SerIes C, Mathelllatlcal and phYSIcal sCIences, no. 243)
Papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Inst 1 tute on Pnyslcal1y-Based ModellIng and SImulation of ClImate and [Ilmatlc Change.
:::ncludEs bibliographies and Index
(v 2 I
1 CllmatcioQy --MathernatTC;]: Is--Corgresses 2 Cllmat.c changes--rcta~hE:mat lea I 'liode IS--CO'lgresses 3 Atmospnerlc
Clrc,J 1 11 tiD n--Ma thema t 1 C1I I n'.ode 1 s --Co ng r ess es £I Dc e 11 n -a t III as phere lnteractlon--Mathematlcal models--Congresses I SchleSinger, M E (Mlchael E I II NATO Advanced Study Ir;stltute on PhYSically -Based Mooel1lng and Slmu~at1on of Climate anc ClimatiC Change 11986
Er1ce, $lcll\,) III Series OC980 P4B 1988 55~ 6'072 4--dc19 88 13468
CIP
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7867-2 e-ISBN: 978-94-009-3041-4 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3041-4
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk, and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
All Rights Reserved © 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
ALL ASI SERIES BOOKS PUBLISHED AS A RESULT OF ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL PROGRAMME ON
GLOBAL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE GEO-SCIENCES
This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Worlcshop held within the programme of activities of the NATO Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences running from 1983 to 1988 as part of the activities of the NATO Science Committee.
Other books previously published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are
BUAT·MENARD, P. (Ed.) - The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (CI8S) 1986
CAZENAVE, A. (Ed.) - Earth Rotation: Solved and Unsolved Problems (CI87) 1986
WIllEBRAND, J. and ANDERSON, D. L. T. (Eds.) - Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere (CI90) 1986
NICOllS, c. and NICOllS, G. (Eds.) - Irreversible Phenomena and Dynamical Systems Analysis in Geosciences (CI92) 1986
PARSONS, 1. (Ed.) - Origins of Igneous Layering (C 196) 1987
LOPER, E. (Ed.) - Structure and Dynamics of Partially Solidified Systems (E12S) 1987
VAUGHAN, R. A. (Ed.) - Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology (C201) 1987
BERGER, W. H. and LABEYRIE, L. D. (Eds.) - Abrupt Climatic Change - Evidence and Implications (C216) 1987
VISCONTI, G. and GARCIA, R. (Eds.) - Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere (C213) 1987
SIMMERS, 1. (Ed.) - Estimation of Natural Recharge of Groundwater (C222) 1987
HELGESON, H. c. (Ed.) - Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes (C218) 1987
CUSTODIO, E., GURGUJ, A. and LOBO FERREIRA, J. P. (Eds.) - Groundwater Flow and Quality Modelling (C224) 1987
ISAKSEN, 1.S.A (Ed.) - Tropospheric Ozone (C227) 1988
Chiesa San Giovanni, EPioe by David Warrilow
To the memory of Fred Luther
TABLE OF roNTENTS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
LIST OF LECTURERS
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
VOLUME I
PART I - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Section 1 - Introduction
xiii
xv
xix
xx].
GATES, W. L. - Climate and the Climate System 3
SIMMONS, A. J. and L. BENGTSSON - Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Their Design and Use for Climate Studies 23
Section 2 - Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamics
ARAKAWA, A. - Finite-Difference Methods in Climate Modeling
BOURKE, W. - Spectral Methods in Global Climate and Weather Prediction Models
Section 3 - Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Physical Processes
FOUQUART, Y. - Radiative Transfer in Climate Models
LAVAL, K. - Land Surface Processes
SELLERS, P. J., Y. MINTZ, Y. C. SUD and A. DALCHER - A Brief Description of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB)
SOMMERIA, G. - Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary Layer in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models
79
169
223
285
307
331
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
TIEDTKE, M. - Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models
SUNDQVIST, H. - Parameterization of Condensation and Associated Clouds in Models for Weather Prediction and General Circulation Simulation
PART II - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE OCEAN AND SEA ICE
HAN, Y.-J. - Modelling and Simulation of the General
375
433
Circulation of the Ocean 465
HIBLER, W. D. - Modelling Sea Ice Thermodynamics and Dynamics in Climate Studies 509
PART III - METHODS OF COUPLING ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN AND ICE MODELS
BRYAN, K. - Efficient Methods for Finding the Equilibrium Climate of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models 567
HASSELMANN, K. - Some Problems in the Numerical Simulation of Climate Variability Using High-Resolution Coupled Models 583
INDEX 615
VOLUME II
PART IV - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SIMPLIFIED CLIMATE MODELS
NORTH, G. R. - Lessons from Energy Balance Models 627
SCHLESINGER, M. E. - Quantitative Analysis of Feedbacks in Climate Model Simulations of CO2-Induced Warming 653
SALTZMAN, B. - Modelling the Slow Climatic Attractor 737
MACCRACKEN, M. C. and S. J. GHAN - Design and Use of Zonally-Averaged Climate Models 755
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART V - VALIDATION OF CLIMATE MODELS
OORT, A. H. - Climate Observations and Diagnostics
WIGLEY, T. M. L. and B. D. SANTER - Validation of General Circulation Climate Models
PART VI - APPLICATION OF GENERAL CIRCULATION CLIMATE MODELS
xi
813
841
CROWLEY, T. J. - Paleoclimate Modelling 883
BRYAN, K. and S. MANABE - Ocean Circulation in Warm and Cold Climates 951
PHILANDER, S. G. H. and N.-C. LAU - Predictability of El Nino 967
CHERVIN, R. M. - Predictability of Time-averaged Atmospheric States 983
MITCHELL, J. F. B. - Simulation of Climate Change due to Increased Atmospheric C02 1009
CHERVIN, R. M. - On the Relationship Between Computer Technology and Climate Modelling 1053
INDEX 1069
POREWORD
The Geo-Sciences Panel is a synonym for the Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences. This Programme is one of the special programs established by the NATO Science Committee to promote the study of a specific topic using the usual NATO structures, namely, Advanced Research Workshops, Advanced Study Institutes, Conferences, Collaborative Research Grants, Research-Studies and Lecture Visits. The aim of the Programme is to stimulate and facilitate international collaboration among scientists of the member countries in selected areas of global transport mechanisms in the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and asthenosphere, and the interactions between these global transport processes.
Created in 1982, the Geo-Sciences Panel followed the Air SeaInteractions Panel which was very successful in reviewing mechanisms at the air-sea-ice interface. Initially the Geo-Sciences Panel recognized the importance of magma chambers, ore deposits, geochemical cycles, seismic activity and hydrological studies. However, the Panel was rapidly convinced that the climate system is one of the most important systems in which to promote research on global transport mechanisms. Consequently, the Panel welcomed the organization of a course on Physically Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change. This course was launched in Belgium in 1984 during both the Liege colloquium on Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models and the Louvain-laNeuve General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society. Rapidly scientists recognized that this course was timely and would be wellreceived by the climate community, especially by junior researchers in this multi- and inter-disciplinary field.
The Panel then asked Professor M. E. Schlesinger to organize the course. On behalf of the Panel, I am pleased to thank him for accepting this time-consuming task, and for succeeding in having the best lecturers in this field and the most active and bright young scientists as participants.
The Geo-Sciences Panel is proud that this course was a real success owing to the efforts of the Director, the Organizing Committee, the lecturers and all the participants. The Panel is grateful to the Ettore Majorana Centre for the local organization and for the marvelous environment, including the weather.
xiii
A. Berger Representative of the
NATO Geo-Sciences Panel
PREFACE
This book is the culmination of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change which was held at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Italy during 11-23 May 1986. The motivation for this Advanced Study Institute (ASI) originated from the fact that a hierarchy of physically-based mathematical models of the Earth's climate has been and is being developed to quantitatively investigate the Earth's past, present and potential future climates. These models have and are being applied, for example, to understand the causes of the ice ages which have occurred with a period of about 100,000 years during the last two million years, to study the predictability of climate on the timescale of 1 to 3 months with particular attention on the worldwide El Nino phenomena, and to project the potential climatic consequences of the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. These studies have shown a great potential toward the development of a comprehensive theory of climate. However, the development, testing and application of the necessary physically-based mathematical climate models requires the dedicated efforts of an increasing number of specially trained and highly motivated scientists. Thus the objective of the ASI was to provide this training and motivation through a course taught by internationally recognized experts on physically-based modelling and simulation of climate and climatic change.
This book contains 26 chapters within its two volumes. Each volume is divided into three parts. Volume I contains "Design and Development of Physically-Based Models of the Atmosphere," "Design and Development of Physically-Based liodels of the Ocean and Sea Ice," and "Methods of Coupling Atmosphere, Ocean and Ice Models." Volume II contains "Design, Development and Application of Simplified Climate Models," "Validation of Climate Models," and "Application of General Circulation Climate Models." Twenty-four of the chapters are based on the lectures presented at the ASI. Each of these chapters is followed by the discussion which ensued following the lecture. The remaining two chapters were solicited after the ASI to increase the completeness of this book.
xv
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Andre Berger, Bo Doos, Lawrence Gates, Abraham Oort and Robert Sadourny for their guidance and assistance as members of the ASI Organizing Committee. I also thank the staff of the Ettore Majorana Centre, Diana Gibson and Jennifer Santer for their help in the planning and conduct of the ASI. I express special graditude to Naomi Weidner for her efforts in retyping all of the chapters and in maintaining the high quality of this book.
The Advanced Study Institute was sponsored by NATO under the auspices of the Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, and the Sicilian Regional Government.
Michael E. Schlesinger 23 December 1987
PARTICIPAM1'S OF THE ADVAliCED STUDY INSTITUTE xvii
LECTURERS
AIlAKAWA, A. Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
BENGTSSON, L. European Cent.re for Medium Range
Weather 'Forecasts Shinfield Park Reading, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9AX
BERGER, A. Inst.ltute 0' Aatronollie et de Geophyalque Universite Cnholique de Louvain Chemin du eye lot ron. 2 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, BELGIUM 11-1348
BOURKE, W. P. Bureau of Meteorology Research Cent re G.P.O. Box 1289 K Melbourne, Victoria AUSTRALIA 3001
BRYAN, K. Geophysical Fluid Dynallics Laboratory/NOAA Princeton University P.O. Box 308 Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
CHERVIN, R. M. National Center for Atmospheric Research P.O. Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307, USA
CROWLEY, T. J. Laboratory for AtllOspheres NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 613 Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
FOUQUART, Y. UnlYeraite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille U • E. R. de Physique Fondamenule BaUaent P.5 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex, FRANCE 59655
GATES, W. L. OepartaeDt of AtllOspberlc SCiencel Oregon State University CorvalliS, OR 97331, USA
HASSELllANN, K. Max Planck Institute fur Heteorologla Bundesstrasse 5S 2 Hamburg 13, PRe
HIBLER, W. D. Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755, USA
LAVAL, K. Laboratoire de Heteorologie Dynaaique Ecole Normal Superieure 24 Rue Lhomond Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE 75231
HACCRACKEN, M. C. Atmosphere Geophysical Seiencea Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808 Livermore, CA 94550, USA
MINTZ, Y. Laboratory for AtlDOspheres NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 611 Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
KITCHELL, J. F. B. Me~eorological Office, Ket. 0.20 London Road Bracknell, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOM RG122SZ
OORT, A. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA Princeton Unlvers1t.y P.O. Box 308 Princeton, NJ 08542, USA
SALTZMAN, B. DeptartBent of Geology & Geophysics Yale Unlversity Box 6666 New Haven, CT 06511, USA
SCHLESINGER, M. E. Department of Ataospheric SCiences Oregon St.ate Unlverslty CorvalUs, OR 97331, USA
SOMMERIA, G. European Centre for "ediult Range
Weat.her Poreeast.. Shinfield Park Reading, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9AX
SUNDQVIST, H. Unlversltetet I Bergen Geofya1ak Institutt Avdeling B Bergen, NORWAY 5000
xx LIST OF LECTURERS
TIEDTKE, M. European Centre for Mediull Range
Weather Forecasts Shin! ield Park Reading, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9AX
WIGLEY, T. M. L. CUIDuic Research Unit University of East AngUa Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM NR4 7TJ
PARTICIPANTS
ADRIAN 1 , A. lostieuta Flstes dell' Atmosfera C.N .R. Via G. GaHlei C.P. 27 00044 FrascaU, ITALY
ALBERTAZZl, E. Department. of Meteorology University of lIaryland College Park, liD 20742, USA
ALEXANDER, II. Depart.ment of Heteorology University of Wisconsin-Madison 1225 West Dayton Street lIadlson, WI 53706, USA
ALMEYDA, G. F. Desert Research Institute University of Nevada P.O. Box 60220 Reno, NY 89506, USA
ARNAULT, S. LPDAfORSTOII UPMC T15-5e 4 Place JUBsteu 75230 Pari. Cedex OS, FRANCE
AVILA, L. Rosentlel School of Marine & Atmospheric SCience University of Hlam1, K.P.D Division 4600 Rlckenbacker Causeway lIialli, FL 33149, USA
BATTISTI, D. S. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, AK-40 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA
BENTILLO, 1. G. Department of Heteorology and Oceanography University of the Philippines DllillUln, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
BIGG, G. R. Hooke Institute for Atmospheric Research University of Oxford Park. Road Oxford, UNITED KINGDOII OXI 3PU
BRAINE-BONNAIRE, T. Laboratolre de Heceorologle Dynamlque Ecole Normal Superleure 24, Rue Lnomond Pari. Cedex OS, FRANCE 75231
BRANKOVIC, C. European Centre for Medium Range
Weather Forecasts Shlnfleld Park Reading, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOII RG2 9AX
BRIGGS, P. Department. of Geography Trent. University Peterborough Ontario, CANADA K9J 7B8
BRUHL, C. Max-Planck-Institut. fUr Chemie Postfach 3060 0-6500 lIainz, FRG
BUDIN, G. R. Department of At.m.ospheric Physics Clarendon Laborat.ory Parks Rd. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOII OXI 3PU
CHAN, E. Department of Geography Division of lIeteorology University of Alberta
xxi
Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2H4
CONGEDUTI, F. CHRtlFA c.p. 27 00044 Frascati Rome, ITALY
DA CUNHA, L. V. NATO SCientific Affairs Division North Aclantic Treuy Organization BOlllO Bruxelles, BELGIUII
DALFES, N. Laboratolre de Heteorologle Dynallllque Ecole Poly technique Rout.e Depart.mentale 36 Palai.eau Cedex, FRANCE 91128
DAVEY, II. K. Meteorology Office Unit Hooke Inst.itute Clarendon Laborat.ory OXford, UNlTm KINGDOM OXI 3PU
DELECLUSE, P. Laboratolre d' Ocean. Dynamlque at de CllIIAt: Unlverslt:e Paria 6 Tour 14.15 - 5e etage 4, Place JU881eu 75230 Pari. Cedex OS, FRANCE
xxii
DELUISI, J. J. GMCC ERL/NOAA 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80303, USA
DEROME, J. Department of Meteorology McGill University 805 Sllerbrooke St. Wen Montreal, Quebec, CANADA H3A 2K6
DIREN, A. Valldecesme Kassambasi Sokak No: 9, Dalre: 6 Beslktas, Istanbul, TURKEY
FENNESSY, M. J. Department of Meteorology University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
FICHEFET, T. Inatitut D1Aatronomie at de Geophyslque Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 Louvain-La-Neuve, BELGIUM 11-1348
FORTELIUS, C. Depart~nt of Meteorology University of Helsinki Hallltuokatu 11-13, FINLAND
FRANCHITO, S. H. Inn. de Pesqulsas Espaciais Av. dos Astronautas, 1758-CP 515 Sao Jose Dos Campos-SP, BRAZIL 12200
FREI, A. New York University Department of Applled SCience Barney Building 26-36 Stuyvesant St. New York, NY 10003, USA
FUJII, H. Institute of Computer Science Kyoto Sangyo University Kyoto 603, JAPAN
GASPAR, P. A. Centre National de Recherches Heteorologiques UDC 42 Ave. G. Coriolls 31057 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE
GENTHON, C. CEN/SACLAY IRDl/DESICP Dept. de Physlco-Chlmle/LODYC Glf-Sur-Yvette Cedex, FRANCE 91191
GHAN, S. J. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory L-257 Li vermore, CA 94550, USA
GIESE, B. S. NOAA/PMEL/OCRD 7600 Send Pt. Way NE Seattle, WA 98105, USA
GOBBI, G. P. CNR
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Inst. Di nSica Dell'Atmosfera Casella Postale 27 00044 Frascatl, ITALY
GOODMAN, B. M. Center for Cllmatic Research University of Wisconsin-Madison 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706, USA
GRIFFITHS, C. 1 Towyn Rd. Blaenau FFESTINIOG Gwynedd N. Wales, UNITED KINGDOM
HAMRUD, M. European Centre for Medium Range
Weather Forecasts Shinfleld Park Reading, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOM RG2 9Al1:
HARVEY, D. Department of Geography University of Toronto 100 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, CANADA M5S lAl
HENDERSON-SELLERS, A. Department of Geography The University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Li verpool, UNITED KINGDOM L69 3BX
HENDON, H. H. CSIRO, Division of Atmospheric Research Privat.e Bag No. 1 Mordlalloc, Victoria, AUSTRALIA 3195
HIRST, A. C. Depart.lDent of Meteorology Universit.y of Wiaconsin-Madison 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706, USA
INCECIK, S. Department. of Met.eorology Istanbul Technical Unlvers1ty Ucak ve Uzay B1l1mlerl Fukult ... l Haslak-Istanbul, TURKEY
JIANG, X. Depart. ... nt. of Atmospheric SCiences Oregon St.at.e Univerait.y Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
JUNG, H. J. Cent.er for Applied Climat.e
& Environment.al St.udiea Uni vera 1 ty of Munster Robert Koch Str. 26 0-4400 Muns ter, FRe
KARACA, II. Depart.lDent of AtlDOspheric SCiences University of California, Los Angeles Loa Angeles, CA 90024, USA
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
KATrENBERG, A. Department of Oceanographic Research Royal Netherlands Heteor. Inst. P.O. Box 201 3730 AE de B11t, NETHERLANDS
KAYHAZ, Z. Istanbul Teknlk Universiteai Ucak ve Uzay Bll1m1erl Fakulteai "sslak, Istanbul, TURKEY
KRISTJANSSON, J. E. Geophysical Inatitute, Dept. B University of Bergen Bergen, NORWAY 5000
LAGOS, P. Joint Institute for the Study of the
Atmos. & Oeean University of Washlngt.on Seattle, WA 98195, USA
LE TREUT, H. Laborltolre de Heteorologle Dynamlque 24 Rue LholDond 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE
HAROTZKE, J. Instltut fur Heereskunde an der Unlveralry Kiel Dusternbrooker Weg 20 D2300 Klel 1, FRG
HARSHALL, S. E. Campus Box 260 Department of Geography University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, USA
MARSIAT, I. Inst1tut D' Astronomle et de Geophysique Unlvlverslte Cathollque de Louvaln Chemin du eyelocron, 2 11-1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, BELGIUH
MARX, L. Department of Meteorology University of Maryland College Park, HD 20742, USA
HCGUFFIE, K. Department of Geogrpahy The Univ. of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOH L69 3BX
HEAD, C. T. Department of Oceanography UnIversIty of Southa.peon Southampton, UNITED KINGDOII 509 5NH
1I0RCRETrE, J .-J • NCAR-ASP RID. 503 P.O. Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307, USA
HUREAU, R. Royal Netherlands lIeteorological Institute P.O. Box 201 3730 AE de Bll t, NETHERLANDS
IIURPHREE, T. Atmospheric Science Group Department of Land, Air, & Water Research Hoagland Hall University of Californla Davis, CA 95615, USA
KYSAR, L. A. Climate Research Group Department of Meteorology McGill Uni versl ty Hontreal, Quebec, CANADA H3A 2K6
O'BRIEN, E. Universit.y of Miami HPO Division 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Hlami, FL 33149, USA
OH, J.-H. Department of AtlDOspherlc Sclences Oregon St.ate University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
OWEN, J. A. Heteorologlcal Office, Met 0.13 Loadon Road
xxiii
Bracknell, BerkShire, UNITED KINGDOH RG12 2SZ
PITARI, G. Instituto de Pislca Univ. Degli Studi Dell'Aquila 67100 L'Aqulla, ITALY
PITIIAN, A. J. Department of Geography University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM L69 3BX
PNEUHATICOS, J. D. University of Patras Department. of Physics Atmospheric Physics Lab Rioa-Patras, GREECE
ROBERTSON, A. W. Laboratoire de Physique at Chimi Harines Unlversite P. & II. Curie 4, Place JU8s1eu Tour 24-25 5 Etage Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE 75230
ROCKWITZ, K.-D. Institut fur Geophys. und lIeteorologle Der Univ. zu Koeln 0-5000 Koeln 41, FRG
ROTACH, M. GeographischeB !nBt. ETH Wlnterhurerlt.ra... 190 Zurich, SWITZERLAND CH-8057
xxiv
SANCHO, P. Department.o de Fislca Facultad de Qulmlca Universldad de la Laguna, Tenerlfe Canary Islands. SPAIN
SANTER, B. Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglla Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM NR4 7TH
SANTER, J. 21 Woodland Rd. Auburn, MA 0150 I, USA
SAUSEN, R. Meteorologisches Institur. Unlversltat Hamburg Bundesstrasse 55 2 Hamburg 13, FRG
SCHUHMACHER, P. Geog. lost. ETH Wlnterthurerstrasse 190 Zurich, SWITZERLAND CH-8057
SIMONOT, J .-Y. Laboratoire de Meteorologle Dynamlque Ecole Normale Superleure 24, Rue Lhomond Paris Cedex OS, FRANCE 75231
SMITH, L. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Foothills Campus Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
TEIXEIRA, M. E. Rua de Dlas Cainarlm Esguelra A vei ro, PORTUGAL 3800
THOMAS, G. Department of Geography University of Liverpool P.O. Box 147 Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM L69 3BX
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
THOMAS, K. J. H. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Brook Road Wormley, Godalming Surrey, UNITED KINDGOM GU8 SUB
TRICOT, C. Institut d 'Astronomie et de Geophysique Universite Cathollque de Louvain Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, BELGIUM
VAN YPERSELE, J .-P. Instftut d I Astronomfe et de Geophyslque Universite Catholique de Louvain Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 B-I348 Louvain-La-Neuve, BELGIUM
WAJSOWICZ, R. Hooke Institute for Atmospheric Research Claredon Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM OXI 3PU
WARRILOW, D. A. Meteorological Office, Met 0.20 London Road Bracknell, Berkshire, UNITED KINGDOM RG122SZ
WILLIAMS, R. G. School of Environmental Science University of East Anglia Norwich, Norfolk, UNITED KINGDOM NR4 lTJ
ZHANG, K. Institute of Atmospheric Physics Academia Sinica P.O. Box 2718 Beij lng, CHINA
ZHOU, Z.-C. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
ZIMMERMAN, P. Max Planck Institute fur Chemie Postfach 3060 D-6500 Mainz, FRG