Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when...

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Nucleic Acids Ch 12

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Transcript of Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when...

Page 1: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Nucleic Acids Ch 12

Page 2: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Macromolecules Macromolecules

– “giant molecules”– Formed when monomers join together to form

polymers• Monomer = molecules, sm. Unit that can join to form

polymers• Polymer = multiple monomers (large molecules)

– There are 4 types of macromolecules• Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (we will be

talking about these today), and proteins

Page 3: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Monomers vs. Polymers

Think of monomers like blocks. Each monomer is one block.– How many monomers

are in this picture?

A polymer is what

you build from those monomers.

They are linked together by bonds.

Page 4: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Nucleic Acids

Contain H, O, N, C, and P Polymers made from monomers known as

nucleotides Consist of: a nitrogenous base ( there are 4),

a phosphate group, and a 5-carbon sugar (ribose and deoxyribose)

Nucleotides join by covalent bonds (sharing of e-) to form a nucleic acid

These nucleotides form to create DNA or RNA

Page 5: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Nucleic Acids are complex macromolecules composed of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information.

Page 6: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Searching for Genetic Material Mendel: modes of heredity in pea plants Morgan: genes located on chromosomes Griffith: bacterial work; transformation: change in genotype

and phenotype due to assimilation of external substance (DNA) by a cell

Avery: transformation agent was DNA

Page 7: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Searching for Genetic Material

Hershey and Chase√ bacteriophages (phages)

√ DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material √ Expt: sulfur(S) is in protein, phosphorus (P) is in DNA; only P was found in host cell

Page 8: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Structure Chargaff

ratio of nucleotide bases (A=T; C=G)

Watson & Crick (Wilkins, Franklin)

The Double Helix (sometimes called a twisted ladder)

nucleotides: nitrogenous base (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine); sugar deoxyribose; phosphate group

Page 9: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Nucleotides are composed of:1. A sugar 2. A phosphate group3. A nitrogenous base

Page 10: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Types of Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid)

Page 11: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Structure

Page 12: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Bonding Purines: ‘A’ & ‘G’ Pyrimidines: ‘C’ & ‘T’

(Chargaff rules) ‘A’ H+ bonds (2) with ‘T’ ‘C’ H+ bonds (3) with

‘G’ Notice the number of H-bonds

between G-C and A-T. What do you think this means?

Page 13: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Replication Watson & Crick strands are complementary; nucleotides line up

on template according to base pair rules (Watson)

Meselson & Stahl replication is semiconservative; Expt: varying densities of radioactive nitrogen

Page 14: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Replication: a closer look Origin of replication (“bubbles”): beginning of replication Replication fork: ‘Y’-shaped region where new strands of DNA are

elongating Helicase:catalyzes the untwisting of the DNA at the replication fork DNA polymerase:catalyzes the elongation of new DNA

Page 15: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Replication

Antiparallel nature: • sugar/phosphate backbone runs in opposite directions (Crick); • one strand runs 5’ to 3’, while the other runs 3’ to 5’; • DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides at the free 3’ end, forming new DNA strands in the 5’ to 3’

direction only

Page 16: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Replication Leading strand:

synthesis toward the replication fork (only in a 5’ to 3’ direction from the 3’ to 5’ master strand)

Lagging strand: synthesis away from the replication fork (Okazaki fragments); joined by DNA ligase (must wait for 3’ end to open; again in a 5’ to 3’ direction)

Initiation: Primer (short RNA sequence~w/primase enzyme), begins the replication process

Page 17: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Replication: the leading and lagging strands

Page 18: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA Repair

Mismatch repair: DNA polymerase

Excision repair:Nuclease

Telomere ends:telomerase

Page 19: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

RNA

A messenger between DNA and ribosomes

“Decodes” the genetic message contained in the DNA molecule

Page 20: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

3 Types of RNA:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) - copies information from DNA and carries it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - makes up the major part of the ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA) - carries amino acids to the ribosomes where the amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide

Page 21: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Transcription

Information in a DNA molecule is transferred to an mRNA molecule (DNA RNA).

Guanine pairs with Cytosine Adenine pairs with Uracil Thymine pairs with Adenine

Page 22: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Practice Transcribing DNA

CUAGGA

Page 23: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Translation

Decoding mRNA into a chain of amino acids (RNA proteins)

Groups of 3 RNA nucleotides, called codons are “decoded” into amino acids

Page 24: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

TranslationSection 12-3

Page 25: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

TranslationSection 12-3

Page 26: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

DNA RNA

Deoxyribose (sugar)

Double stranded Nitrogenous bases:

– Guanine– Cytosine– Adenine– Thymine

Ribose (sugar) Single stranded Nitrogenous bases:

– Guanine– Cytosine– Adenine– Uracil

Page 27: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Codon

Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

Page 28: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

The Genetic Code

Page 29: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

The Genetic Code

Page 30: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Mutation

Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Page 31: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Genetic Mutations

Point Mutations – change involving one or a few nucleotides– Substitution of one base for another– Insertion or deletion of a base

• Frameshift Mutations – shifts the reading of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a mucleotide

Page 32: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Substitution InsertionDeletion

Genetic Mutations: Substitutions, Insertions, Deletions

Section 12-4

Page 33: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Chromosomal Mutationsinvolve a change in the number or structure

Deletion – loss of chromosome Duplication – produce extra copies of

parts Inversions – reverse direction of parts Translocations – part breaks off and

attaches to another part

Page 34: Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

Deletion

Duplication

Inversion

Translocation

Chromosomal MutationsSection 12-4


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