Life and Chemistry: Life and Chemistry: Large MoleculesLarge Molecules

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

monomers are linked together to monomers are linked together to form polymersform polymers dehydration synthesis (condensation)dehydration synthesis (condensation) broken apart via hydrolysisbroken apart via hydrolysis

function is related to structurefunction is related to structure

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

4 classes of biological 4 classes of biological macromoleculesmacromolecules proteinsproteins carbohydratescarbohydrates nucleic acidsnucleic acids lipidslipids

ProteinsProteins

polymers of amino acidspolymers of amino acids

functions include functions include structural supportstructural support catalysiscatalysis transporttransport defensedefense movementmovement regulationregulation

Proteins Proteins

each amino acid contains the each amino acid contains the followingfollowing carboncarbon H atomH atom amino groupamino group carboxyl groupcarboxyl group side chainside chain

provides unique chemical propertiesprovides unique chemical properties

Amino Acids to ProteinsAmino Acids to Proteins

peptide bondpeptide bond joins two amino acids joins two amino acids carboxyl group of one bonds with carboxyl group of one bonds with

amino group of anotheramino group of another

20 used to make every protein20 used to make every protein each distinguished by its side chaineach distinguished by its side chain

Protein StructureProtein Structure

4 structural levels4 structural levels type, position, and number of amino type, position, and number of amino

acids determine function and acids determine function and structurestructure

1.1. primary structureprimary structure sequence of amino acids comprising sequence of amino acids comprising

the proteinthe protein huge variation possiblehuge variation possible

Protein StructureProtein Structure

2.2. secondary structuresecondary structure regular, repeating patterns as a result of regular, repeating patterns as a result of

H-bondsH-bonds helix helix pleated sheet pleated sheet

Protein StructureProtein Structure

3.3. tertiary structure tertiary structure results from interactions between R results from interactions between R

groupsgroups final 3-D structure of a single proteinfinal 3-D structure of a single protein

4.4. quaternary structure quaternary structure arrangement of protein subunits into arrangement of protein subunits into

a large macromoleculea large macromolecule

Environmental Effects on Environmental Effects on ProteinsProteins

structure affected by:structure affected by: pHpH temperaturetemperature

denaturationdenaturation

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

primarily C, H, and Oprimarily C, H, and O 1:2:1 (CH1:2:1 (CH22O)O)

functionsfunctions energy sourceenergy source structurestructure

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

4 categories:4 categories: monosaccharidesmonosaccharides disaccharidesdisaccharides oligosaccharidesoligosaccharides polysaccharidespolysaccharides

LipidsLipids

no polymersno polymers nonpolar hydrocarbons nonpolar hydrocarbons hydrophobichydrophobic

Fats and oilsFats and oils

triglyceridestriglycerides composed of fatty acids and glycerolcomposed of fatty acids and glycerol fats vs. oilsfats vs. oils saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated vs. unsaturated energy storageenergy storage

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

compositioncomposition 2 fatty acids2 fatty acids phosphate containing polar headphosphate containing polar head

forms biological membranesforms biological membranes

SteroidsSteroids

composed of 4 fused carbon ringscomposed of 4 fused carbon rings

functionsfunctions part of membranespart of membranes hormoneshormones developmentdevelopment ion balanceion balance

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

nucleotide structure nucleotide structure 5-C sugar5-C sugar phosphate groupphosphate group nitrogenous basenitrogenous base

functionfunction storage, transmission, and use of storage, transmission, and use of

genetic materialgenetic material

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

2 types2 types DNADNA

information storageinformation storage RNARNA

transmission transmission