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MIDTERM REVIEW Name: ______________________________

Biology Date: __________________ Period: ______

I. Chapter One - Introduction 1. List the eight characteristics that all living things share.

2. What is the independent variable?

3. What is the dependent variable?

4. Write a conclusion based on the graph above (be specific).

II. Chapter Two – Inorganic Chemistry

In the diagram to the right use dotted lines to draw in the bonds that form between water molecules.

1. What is the name of this type of bond?

2. List two properties of water that result from these bonds.

3. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion and give an example of each

property of water.

4. What makes water polar?

5. Is human blood acidic or basic? How can you tell?

6. Which acid is the least acidic? Which base is the least basic?

7. Which of the solutions on the pH scale would have the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?

8. A higher concentration of which ion is found in basic substances? Identify the most basic

substance on the pH scale above.

= no fertilizer

= chemical fertilizer

= organic fertilizer

Change in plant height over time

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9. How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond?

10. Define the following terms:

Enzyme-

Catalyst-

Activation energy-

11. Does the energy diagram to the right represent an endergonic or exergonic

reaction? How can you tell?

12. If the reactants in a chemical reaction have 35 kJ of free energy and the products

have 80 kJ of free energy, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

13. How would the energy diagram change if a catalyst was added to the reaction?

14. Label the enzyme, substrate and active site in the diagram to the right. Describe what is happening in each step of

this diagram:

Step 1 -

Step 2 -

Step 3 -

15. True or False: All enzymes are proteins.

16. True or False: All catalysts are enzymes.

17. True or False: Enzymes lower the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.

18. What three factors affect the function of enzymes? Explain how they affect the enzymes.

19. A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme

catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?

A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape.

B. A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme.

C. A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme.

D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.

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20. Which graph best shows how enzyme activity changes as the temperature is adjusted above and below the enzymes

optimum temperature?

III. Chapter Two – Organic Chemistry

1. In polymerization, monomers / polymers (circle one) join to form monomers / polymers (circle one).

2. What makes carbon unique as compared to other elements?

3. How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?

4. What kind of bond(s) do carbon atoms readily form?

5. The following diagrams show the process of . This process breaks apart/synthesizes

(circle one) larger molecules.

6. The following diagrams show the process of . This process breaks apart/synthesizes

(circle one) larger molecules.

7. Explain each of the processes in #5 and #6.

8. Match each class of organic compounds with their appropriate function.

A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Nucleic Acids

_________ Stores and transmits genetic information

_________ Stores energy

_________ Help fight disease

_________ Move substances in and out of cells

_________ Quick energy

_________ Control the rate of reactions

9. The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called?

Chemical Reaction

HO – 1 – 2 – 3 – H + HO – 4 - H HO – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – H + H2O

a) Dehydration Synthesis b) Glycolysis c) Photosyntheisis d) Hydrolysis

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10. Complete the following table:

Organic

Compound Monomer(s) Function Example

Monosaccharide

(simple sugar)

Lipid

Amino acid Catalase/enzymes

Nucleic Acid Stores genetic information

Label each diagram using the following terms (they can be used more than once):

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, glycerol, fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, water

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IV. Chapter Seven – Cells a

1. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

2. List four differences between plant and animal cells.

3. Use the diagram to complete the table of cellular organelles.

4. Identify the function of each of the organelles listed below:

Organelle Function

Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes

Chloroplast

Cell Membrane

Structure

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

H

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Mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Nucleolus

Centrioles

5. Trace the correct path of a protein in a cell using all of the organelles listed: ER, Nucleolus, Ribosome, Golgi

Apparatus

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

6. The functions of which cell structure are described in this list?

A) A lysosome

B) A mitochondrion

C) The plasma membrane

D) The endoplasmic reticulum

7. Which statement best explains why these cells have structural differences?

A) The cells have different functions.

B) The cells evolved in different organisms.

C) One of the cells develops into the other type of cell.

D) One of the cells is more primitive than the other cell.

Bacteria and Antibiotics - Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. The cell walls

of these microorganisms serve as barriers to chemicals that might affect the processes

that occur within a bacterial cell. Antibiotics are a type of substance used to stop

bacterial growth. Some antibiotics cause the bacterial cell wall to rupture.

8. The function of which human organ is most like the cell walls of bacteria?

A. skin

B. liver

C. heart

D. pancreas

9. Which statement best describes how antibiotics affect cellular homeostasis?

A. Antibiotics remove chloroplasts from plant cells to cause starvation.

B. Antibiotics interfere with the transport of intracellular and extracellular materials.

C. Antibiotics increase the rate of DNA replication in human cells by forming nucleotides.

D. Antibiotics decrease the rate of cellular respiration in animal cells by producing oxygen.

10. Which statement best describes a difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A. The presence of both DNA and ribosomes in prokaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than

eukaryotic cells.

B. The larger size of prokaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than eukaryotic cells.

C. The presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than

prokaryotic cells.

D. The larger size of eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

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11. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the

rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus?

A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers.

B. It breaks down old damaged macromolecules.

C. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles.

D. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.

12. Circle which diagram best represents the relationship of the items in the list below?

1. cell

2. organ

3. organelle

4. organ system A) C)

5. tissue

6. organism

B) Z. D)

V. Chapter Seven – Cellular Transport

1. How is diffusion different from osmosis?

2. How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis?

3. Distinguish between active and passive transport.

4. Complete the table.

Types of Transport

Type Description Active/Passive Transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

Diffusion

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5. Which class of organic compounds makes up the channels and pumps that help move materials from one side of the

cell membrane to the other?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic Acids

6. How does facilitated diffusion differ from diffusion?

7. What is a contractile vacuole and how can it be used to maintain homeostasis?

8. How are proteins transported from the Golgi apparatus during exocytosis?

9. Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the

alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?

A. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood.

B. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation.

C. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.

D. They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.

10. Define the following terms and describe what would happen if you put a red blood cell in each type of solution.

a) Hypertonic-

b) Hypotonic-

c) Isotonic-

11. The cell in this beaker is bathed in a 2% NaCl solution. The membrane is permeable to water but not to NaCl.

a. What type of solution is this? hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic

b. In which direction is the net movement of water here?

c. How will this affect the cell?

12. Complete the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis Exocytosis

3.7% NaCl

2% NaCl

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13. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What

determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?

A.) Orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane.

B.) Concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.

C.) Configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

D.) Location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane.

14. A researcher noticed that a similar CH2 molecular structure was also located in the plasma membrane of an animal

cell. This CH2 molecular structure contained a negatively charged phosphate group. Which statement best describes

the primary function of the CH2 and phosphate molecular structure located in the plasma membrane?

A) It contains the genetic information needed for protein production.

B) It catalyzes specific chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell.

C) It stores the energy that a cell needs to perform various life processes.

D) It allows a cell to regulate the movement of materials into and out of a cell

15. Which type of organic molecule was most likely formed by the scientist in the laboratory?

A.) lipid

B.) protein

C.) nucleic acid

D.) carbohydrate

16. The diagram shows the movement of ions against a concentration gradient to an

area of higher concentration. Which molecule provides the energy needed for this

movement to occur in a cell?

A) ATP

B) mRNA

C) protein

D) lipid

VI. Chapter Eight & Nine – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

1. Write the balanced equation for Photosynthesis:

2. Write the balanced equation for Cellular Respiration:

3. Which organelle converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

4. What is the chemical energy in #4?

5. What is the name of the energy currency molecule of the cell?

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6. Complete the table.

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Function

Location

Reactants

Products

7. Label each part of the diagram of an ATP molecule below.

8. Which two statements above correctly describe one similarity and one difference between cellular respiration and

photosynthesis?

A. Statements 1 and 2

B. Statements 1 and 4

C. Statements 2 and 3

D. Statements 3 and 4

9. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Which

statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A. Both occur in animal and plant cells.

B. Both include reactions that transform energy.

C. Both convert light energy into chemical energy.

D. Both synthesize organic molecules as end

products.

10. Which statement best compares the energy transformations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A. Only photosynthesis uses oxygen to create energy.

B. Only photosynthesis causes an increase in kinetic energy.

C. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both store energy in chemical bonds.

D. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both require chemical energy to make food.

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11. The diagram shows an energy transformation that typically occurs in plant cell plastids. Which statement best

describes this role of plastids in the plant cell?

A. Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy

B. Mitochondria transform light energy into chemical energy

C. Chloroplasts transform chemical energy into electromagnetic energy

D. Mitochondria transform chemical energy into electromagnetic energy

VII. Chapter Twelve – DNA

DNA Replication – copying of DNA

o Ensures that each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA

molecule

o During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands,

then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base

pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template

against which the new strand is made called semiconservative

replication

1. What do we call the monomers of nucleic acids?

2. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid monomer?

3. What do we call the process where DNA makes a copy of itself?

4. Write the complimentary strand of DNA for the sequence below:

A A T G A C T C T A T A C G T

___________________________________________

5. How do the percentages of bases differ with one strand compared to two strands?

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Replicated

DNA

Original

DNA

6. Circle the DNA strands below that would represent the new DNA molecules that would result from replication.

7. Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?

A.) The replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil.

B.) Enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds.

C.) The synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide

D.) Nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules.

8. Which of the following best describes the way that genes, chromosomes, and DNA are related?

a. Chromosomes contain several genes, which are made up of sequences of DNA.

b. Genes contain several chromosomes, which are made up of sequences of DNA.

c. Genes contain several sequences of DNA, which are made up of chromosomes.

d. Sequences of DNA contain several genes, which are made up of chromosomes.

A B C