Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Transcript of Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Page 1: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Page 2: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Monomers

• Glucose• Amino acids• Nucleotides • Fatty acids

Page 3: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Polymers

• Carbohydrates • Nucleic acids• Lipids • Proteins

Page 4: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

• The word carbohydrate literally means “watered carbon.”

• Do you remember the chemical formula for glucose? How does that remind us of the formula for water?

• C6H12O6

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Page 5: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrate Definition

• Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen – they are polymers of glucose. – They are polysaccharides.

• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells.

• They are a major part of plant cell structure (our producers).

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Page 6: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates: Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen

• Cellulose is a rigid, straight polysaccharide, which makes up the cell walls of plants.– it is tough and fibrous (a good source of your fiber).

• Starch is a polysaccharide made and stored by plants.– It is broken down for energy by both plants and animals.

• Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose– It serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. – The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage

form of glucose in the body.

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Page 7: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Lipids

• Lipids are nonpolar, uncharged, molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.– Fats and oils are made up of fatty acids

bonded together.– Fatty acids are the monomers for lipids.– Fatty acids are made up of carbon chains

bonded with oxygen and hydrogen.

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Page 8: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Lipid Functions

• Lipids have several different functions. They are:– broken down as a source of energy (triglycerides).

– make up cell membranes (phospholipids)– used to make hormones (see structure below).

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Page 9: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Fats and Oils Are Made Up of Triglycerides

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Triglycerides are made when three fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule.

Fats and oils are made up of fatty acids bound together as triglycerides. The fatty acids can be either saturated or unsaturated (see next slide).

Glycerol Fatty acid tails

Page 10: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Fatty Acids: Saturated and Unsaturated

• A saturated fatty acid has no C-C bonds. Unsaturated does.

• Olive oil is high in unsaturated fat while butter is very high in saturated fat.

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Page 11: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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The more the oil is unsaturated (has more carbon-carbon double bonds) the lower its melting temperature.

Page 12: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Lipids make cell membrane

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Page 13: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Proteins

• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers – the polymers are created in the cell as part of DNA translation process.

• Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

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Page 14: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Def. of Amino Acid• Amino acids are molecules that contain C, H,

O, N, and sometimes sulfur.– Our bodies are able to make 12 of the 20 amino acids, the

rest come from what you eat. – The amino acid monomers are linked together by peptide

bonds to form protein polymers.

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Page 15: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Amino acids give proteins shape

• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.• Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape, which

determines its biological function(s).

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Page 16: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

• Nucleotide – is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule called a base (we will talk a lot more 2nd semester about these).

• DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids.

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Page 17: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Example: Nucleotide Monomer

A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base

deoxyribose (sugar)

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Page 18: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Nucleic Acids - PolymersThis shows the two strands of DNA that connect, via hydrogen bonds, and twist to form a double helix. RNA is single stranded.

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Page 19: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Nucleic Acids•DNA stores genetic information.

•RNA builds proteins.

DNA

RNA

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Page 20: Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Entrance Ticket

• Name the monomers for these polymers:– Protein– Carbohydrate – Nucleic acid– Lipid

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