Macromolecules & Monomers

Monomer Polymer(Building Block) (Macromolecules)

Amino acid Protein

MonosaccharidePolysaccharide

(simple sugar)

Nucleotides Nucleic acids

Lipids

Synthesis & Degradation

Synthesis & DegradationDehydration Reactions

Monomer Monomer MonomerMonomer

Monomer Monomer Monomer MonomerH

PolymerizationHydrolysis Reactions

Monomer Monomer MonomerMonomer

Monomer Monomer Monomer MonomerH

Polymerization & Degradation

Monomer

H

Monomer

Monomer

Monomer

Monomer

Monomer

Monomer

Monomer

Protein Functions• Enzymes

– 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate• Transport

– Transmembrane, systemic, intracellular• Structural

– Collagen, keratin, fibroin, cytoskeletal components

• Mechanical– Muscle contraction, dynein & kinesin, cilia &

flagella• Protection

– Antibody, fibrinogen, keratin• Killing

– Complement, toxins• Information processing

– Signal transduction, rhodopsin, RNA & DNA polymerase

Peptide Functions• Glutathione

– 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate• Oxytocin

– Lactation & Uterine contractions• Neuropeptide Y & Galanin

– Appetite stimulating• Cholecyostokinin & -melanocyte

– Appetite suppression• Vasopressin & Atrial natriuretic factor

– Increases / Decreases blood pressure• Met-enkephalin & Leu-enkephalin

– Opioid peptides• Substance P & Bradykinin

– Pain perception

-Carbon–Hydrogen atom–Amino group–Carboxyl group–One of 20 R-groups (side chains)

Amino Acids

Am

ino

Aci

ds

CODES & SYMBOLS• Each amino acid has a trivial

name, a 3-letter code, and a 1-letter symbol

–The code is usually the first three-letters of the trivial name

– Exceptions: asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), isoleucine (Ile), & tryptophan (Trp)

Peptide Bond

• Short amino acid polymers– 2 residues -- dipeptide

– 3 residues – tripeptide

– 6 residues -- hexapeptide

– 12 - 20 residues -- oligopeptide

– Many residues – polypeptide

– Functional -- protein

Amino Acids & Proteins

Protein

Primary Structure

Primary Structure

Primary structure determine folding

Secondary Structure

Secondary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Proteins

• One or more polypeptide chains– Monomer, dimer, trimer, oligomer,

multimer– Homodimer, heterodimer, homotrimer,

etc.• Subunits often designated as , , , ,

Amino Acids & Proteins

Disulfide Bonds

Amino Acids & Proteins

Quaternary Structure

Fibrous proteins

Quaternary Structure

Globular proteins

Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n

Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n

3 carbons -- triose 4 carbons – tetrose

5 carbons -- pentose

6 carbons -- tetrose

Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n

2 monosaccharides - disaccharide

3 monosaccharides trisaccharide

several monosaccharides - oligosaccharide

many monosaccharides - polysaccharide

Starch & GlycogenCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Lipids – Fatty Acids

Lipids – Fatty Acids

LipidsTriglycerides

LipidsPhospholipids

Lipids – Sterols

Lipids – Sterols

Lipids – Fatty Sterols

Lipids – Waxes

Lipids

Nucleotides

Nucleotides

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides & Nucleic acids

Nucleotides & Nucleic acids