Riverbank Filtration In Riverbank Filtration In Columbia River AreaColumbia River Area

Henry C. HuntHenry C. HuntRanneyRanney Collector WellsCollector Wells

A Layne Christensen CompanyA Layne Christensen Company

Presented at the 2009 Pacific Northwest Section Presented at the 2009 Pacific Northwest Section AWWA ConferenceAWWA Conference

Salem, OregonSalem, Oregon

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

What is Riverbank Filtration?What is Riverbank Filtration?

General U.S. ExperienceGeneral U.S. Experience

Riverbank Filtration Examples in Riverbank Filtration Examples in Columbia River Valley & VicinityColumbia River Valley & Vicinity

Riverbank Filtration (RBF)Riverbank Filtration (RBF)Natural filtration process using alluvial Natural filtration process using alluvial depositsdeposits

Induced Infiltration (original terminology) Induced Infiltration (original terminology)

Bank Filtration / RBFBank Filtration / RBF

Riverbed Filtration (Korea)Riverbed Filtration (Korea)

Filtered Seawater Filtered Seawater –– Beach WellsBeach Wells

Basic RBF PrinciplesBasic RBF Principles

Groundwater recharges river

Gradient Reversed

Source: USGS

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Historically used in Europe since the Historically used in Europe since the 18001800’’s (first known s (first known –– Glasgow 1810)Glasgow 1810)

References in the Bible to the River Nile References in the Bible to the River Nile ((ExedusExedus))

Primates in Senegal (Africa)Primates in Senegal (Africa)

Distance bank to well in m

10

15

20

25

16171819

21222324

26272829

14131211

567

9

4321

8

Was

terw

ork

no.

3031323334

10 100 10001

Distance from bank and flow time

Flow time in d

10

15

20

25

16171819

21222324

26272829

14131211

567

9

4321

8W

ater

wor

k no

.

3031323334

10 100 10000

USA

Europe

RBF Processes – Multi-dimensional

Several reaction processes (filtration, biodegradation, ion exchange, precipitation, sorption, dilution, and dampening of shock loads)

Removal of NOM, biodegradable compounds, microbes, taste and odors, and other contaminants

Possible sequential aerobic and anaerobic reactions (affecting more exotic contaminants)

Recognition of RBF as a Pretreatment Step (US EPA)

Proposed to help meet the LT2ESWTR25 feet of ground passage from surface water is eligible for 0.5

log removal credit50 feet of ground passage from surface water is eligible for 1.0

log removal creditMust meet siting and monitoring requirementsAquifer must be unconsolidated and granular (clay, silt, sand, or

pebbles) >10% finesOnly horizontal or vertical wellsCan petition for more removal credit with studies

Increased interest for microbial compliance

Benefits of RBF Benefits of RBF vsvs Surface WaterSurface Water

Eliminates intake of aquatic organisms (zebra mussels)

Natural filtration of suspended particulates, turbidity, NOM, TOC, microbials

More consistent water qualityReduced temperature extremesEasier to permit than intakesDampening of shock loads

and spill protectionFish protection

Benefits of RBF Benefits of RBF vsvs GroundwaterGroundwater

Typically lower in hardness, specific conductance and TDS

Lower in other minerals (e.g. Fe)

Closer to source of recharge ~ means higher individual well capacities often possible

Can simplify treatment (less chemicals?)

DowncuttingDowncutting / Sustainability/ Sustainability

Original River Elevation

More Recent River Elevation

Insufficient Submergence

Due to on-going erosion

RBF GoalsRBF Goals –– First BarrierFirst Barrier

Provide natural preProvide natural pre--treatment treatment

Improve raw water quality (more Improve raw water quality (more

consistent)consistent)

Reduce solids generationReduce solids generation

Reduce risk to facility (automate WTP)Reduce risk to facility (automate WTP)

Fish protectionFish protection

Intake Placement Affects WQIntake Placement Affects WQGround -water Blended RBF

RBF InvestigationRBF InvestigationHydrogeological Investigation

• Data review (paper study)• Exploratory test drilling• Hydraulic interval testing• Detailed aquifer pumping test• Flow modeling• Streambed studies• In-river drilling – sampling • Water quality analysis• Data analysis – well design

Largest RBF/Alluvial Well Largest RBF/Alluvial Well –– 55 55 mgdmgd

Missouri

River

Riverbank Filtration (RBF)

Radial Collector Well

Construction of a RBF Collector WellConstruction of a RBF Collector Well

Vertical WellsVertical Wells

Courtesy of Johnson Screens

Angled / Slant wellAngled / Slant well

Infiltration GalleriesInfiltration Galleries

RBF Historic Progression (U.S.)RBF Historic Progression (U.S.)

Capacity Issue: the closer to the rechargeCapacity Issue: the closer to the recharge……....

Physical Benefits (Turbidity, Temp, Dilution)Physical Benefits (Turbidity, Temp, Dilution)

Bacteriologic Bacteriologic –– Microbial (Microbial (DBPsDBPs & THMFP)& THMFP)

Chemical (Pharmaceuticals, PCPs, Chemical (Pharmaceuticals, PCPs, VOCsVOCs, etc.), etc.)

Louisville Water CompanyLouisville Water Company

Water Quality Comparison at LouisvilleWater Quality Comparison at Louisville

About 55About 5550 50 -- 787832 32 -- 8686Temperature (F)Temperature (F)11

15.815.82.52.5<1<1Iron (mg/L)Iron (mg/L)

NANA<0.1<0.1>5.0>5.0D.O. (mg/L)D.O. (mg/L)

NANA<0.08<0.082 2 -- 1,5001,500Turbidity (NTU)Turbidity (NTU)

0.4 0.4 -- 0.70.70.3 0.3 -- 0.60.62.1 2.1 -- 4.94.9TOC (mg/L)TOC (mg/L)

606606234234184184TDS (mg/L)TDS (mg/L)

530 530 -- 582582205205--25025090 90 -- 205205TotalTotal Hardness (mg/L)Hardness (mg/L)

7.2 7.2 -- 7.37.37.4 7.4 -- 7.57.57.7 7.7 -- 7.97.9pHpH

Bedrock Bedrock GroundwaterGroundwater

Infiltrated Infiltrated GroundwaterGroundwaterRiver WaterRiver WaterParametersParameters

From Wang 2002, 2003, and CH2M Hill 1996

Aurora, CO = RBF + ARRAurora, CO = RBF + ARR

RBF

Vertical and Collector Wells

+

ARR

RBF

Constructed Filter

Aurora, CO : RBF + ARRAurora, CO : RBF + ARRS. Platte R.S. Platte R. RBFRBF

Nitrates (mg/l)Nitrates (mg/l) 22--1111 1.7 1.7 avgavgTOC (mg/l)TOC (mg/l) up to 11up to 11 < 3< 3NDMA (NDMA (ng/lng/l)) 44--8080 22--6 *6 ** * further reduction with organic supplementsfurther reduction with organic supplements

Cryptosporidium*Cryptosporidium* 7.3 7.3 avgavg < 0.1< 0.1PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals 400400 ND ND

(e.g. Ibuprofen) (e.g. Ibuprofen) (<10(<10--25)25)* oocysts/L

Riverbank Filtration Riverbank Filtration –– Kansas CityKansas City

Test WellTest Well Mo. RiverMo. River RBFRBF

HardnessHardness 361361--471471 214214--325325 300300

IronIron 7.57.5--10.710.7 3.23.2--20.120.1 1.011.01

ManganeseManganese 0.530.53--0.710.71 .0079.0079--1.41.4 0.480.48

pHpH 7.167.16--7.37.3 7.97.9--8.28.2 7.317.31

TurbidityTurbidity < 10 NTU< 10 NTU 130130––10,00010,000 11

25 –

100 MGD

Humboldt Bay (CA) ExampleHumboldt Bay (CA) Example

Turbidity spikes required extreme high rate serial filtration (SF) (up to 15 gpm/sf)

Collector wells + SF:

2.5 –

5.7 log reduct.

of 4-10 μm particles

(Crypto ~ 4-5 μm)

Benefits of RBF for Cedar Rapids, IA

Enhanced Water Quality (versus river)Nitrate levels reduced 2-3 mg/l (below MCL)Turbidity - consistent low levels Reduced levels of herbicides ( e.g. atrazine and its degradation byproductsMinimal incidents of taste and odor (algae) problems

Filtration Efficiency 3 Log Removal of Particulates

Giardia and Cryptosporidium

Sioux City, IA ReductionsSioux City, IA Reductions

Capacity: 10 Capacity: 10 –– 12 12 mgdmgdTurbidity:Turbidity:

Missouri River: Missouri River: 10 10 –– 768 NTU768 NTUCollector Well:Collector Well: 0.035 0.035 –– 0.160 NTU0.160 NTU

Particle Counts: 3 log reductionParticle Counts: 3 log reductionMPA: showed about 8 log reduction in algaeMPA: showed about 8 log reduction in algaeIDNR: 3.5 IDNR: 3.5 –– 4.0 log reduction for 4.0 log reduction for

CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium and and GiardiaGiardia thru RBF + WTPthru RBF + WTP

Platte River AlluviumPlatte River Alluvium

Temp Range in River: 30 – 85 oF (55 degrees)

Temp Range in Collector Well: 40 – 73 oF (33 degrees)

Jefferson County, MOJefferson County, MODesigned for 3-5 mgd - 2003

13 foot ID – 83 feet deep

5 lateral well screens (840 LF)

Temperature (Feb. 2008):

Well: 56 oF River: 32-36 oF

Hardness:

2003: 500 + mg/L

2008: 269 mg/L

River: 180-190 mg/L

Miss. River Miss. River -- 9090--Day Pumping TestDay Pumping Test

Test Pumping Well

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

6/6/19

806/1

3/1980

6/20/1

9806/2

7/1980

7/4/19

807/1

1/1980

7/18/1

9807/2

5/1980

8/1/19

808/8

/1980

8/15/1

9808/2

2/1980

8/29/1

9809/5

/1980

Date

Tota

l Har

dnes

s, m

g/l

Mississippi River Average

Conductivity and Alkalinity showed similar trends

Parkville, MO Parkville, MO –– DBP ReductionDBP Reduction

ParameterParameter Missouri RiverMissouri River # 4# 4 #5#5 % Red% Red

D.O.C. (mg/L)D.O.C. (mg/L) 3.33.3 1.91.9 1.81.8 4343

T.O.C. (mg/L)T.O.C. (mg/L) 3.73.7 2.42.4 2.42.4 3535

TTHMFP (TTHMFP (ugug/L)/L) 225225 106106 106106 5353

HAAFP (HAAFP (ugug/L)/L) 228228 112112 114114 5050

From Weiss, W.J. et al. “Riverbank Filtration –Improving Source Water Quality” 2002

Board of Public Utilities, KSBoard of Public Utilities, KS

Capacity:

25 MGD - Normal Demand40 MGD - Peak Periods55 MGD - Increased To

135 feet deep

20 feet inside diameter

Over a half mile of well screen

Riverbank Filtration Riverbank Filtration –– Kansas CityKansas City

Test WellTest Well Mo. RiverMo. River RBFRBF

HardnessHardness 361361--471471 214214--325325 300300

IronIron 7.57.5--10.710.7 3.23.2--20.120.1 1.011.01

ManganeseManganese 0.530.53--0.710.71 .0079.0079--1.41.4 0.480.48

pHpH 7.167.16--7.37.3 7.97.9--8.28.2 7.317.31

TurbidityTurbidity < 10 NTU< 10 NTU 130130––10,00010,000 11

25 – 100 MGD

Missouri River AlluviumMissouri River Alluvium

Temp Range in River: 30 – 85 oF (55 degrees)

Temp Range in Collector Well: 47 – 80 oF (33 degrees)

St. Joseph, MOSt. Joseph, MOConstructed in 1998

Designed for 15 MGD

16 feet ID – 135 feet deep

7 lateral well screens (1225 LF)

System includes 7 vertical wells

St. Joseph, MOSt. Joseph, MO20042004 20042004 20072007 20072007

PrePre--ConCon RangeRange AverageAverage RangeRange AverageAverageFe, Fe, ppmppm 9.99.9 6.76.7--7.17.1 6.876.87 3.23.2--4.64.6 3.983.98MnMn, , ppmppm 0.370.37 .38.38--.41.41 0.3920.392 .31.31--.44.44 0.380.38pHpH 7.277.27 7.37.3 7.527.52NHNH 3 3 ppmppm .63.63--.7.7 .66.66 .37.37--.41.41 0.390.39HdnsHdns 528528 320320--330330 326326 320320--337337 331331CaCa 220220--228228 224224 211211--231231 223223AlkAlk 512512 275275--286286 281281 280280--294294 287287TOCTOC’’ss 2.12.1--2.52.5 2.342.34 2.42.4--2.942.94 2.712.71

Industrial FacilitiesIndustrial FacilitiesCollector Well #1

Constructed in 1999Designed for 4 MGD16 foot ID – 88 feet deep6 Gravel-packed lateral well screens

(1017 LF)

Collector Well #2

Constructed in 2003Designed for 4 MGD16 foot ID – 80 feet deep3 lateral well screens (600 LF)Also: River Intake Line & ScreenTemp.: 61 oF Well & 44 oF River

Cape Girardeau, MOCape Girardeau, MOCollector Well - Water Quality - Start Up

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

6/18/1999 7/18/1999 8/18/1999 9/17/1999 10/18/1999

11/17/1999

12/18/1999

part

s pe

r mill

ion

(ppm

)

Hardness

Alkalinity

CO2

Expon. (Alkalinity)

Expon. (Hardness)

Expon. (CO2)

Gallery (SA) Gallery (SA) -- Suspended Solids ReductionSuspended Solids Reduction

Rainy Season 2003Rainy Season 2003

SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/L)

0

2

4

6

8

Feb-20 Feb-25 Mar-02 Mar-07 Mar-12 Mar-19 Mar-26 Mar-31 Apr-05

Gal. 1Gal. 4

Days

45104520453045404550456045

River

Rainy Season 2003Rainy Season 2003

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

FAECAL COLIFORMS (FC/100 ml)

Gallery 1 1 0 20

Gallery 4 1 32 169

River 160 8958 60685

Minimun Mean Maximun

Gallery (SA) - Fecal Coliform Reduction

Columbia River Area RBF WellsColumbia River Area RBF Wells

Pacific Northwest Collector WellsPacific Northwest Collector WellsOregon:Oregon:

BrookingsBrookingsHarborHarborNyssaNyssaGladstoneGladstoneSt. Helens (3)St. Helens (3)Boardman (2)Boardman (2)Umatilla Umatilla IrrigonIrrigon (2)(2)ClatskanieClatskanie

Idaho:Idaho:Boise (4)Boise (4)

Washington:Anacortes (2)Attalia (3)WallulaKalamaKelsoKennewick (5)MarysvillePort AngelesMt. VernonWoodlandSatsop (2)Yakima

Pacific Northwest InvestigationsPacific Northwest InvestigationsWashington:Washington:

CashmereCashmereRidgefieldRidgefieldLa ConnerLa ConnerSequimSequimSkagit NuclearSkagit NuclearChehalisChehalisEllensburgEllensburgKentKentRaymondRaymondCastle RockCastle RockAttaliaAttaliaClark CountyClark County

Oregon:Keizer WDTigard WDMonmouthRainbow WDClackamasAlbanyCanbyNewbergEugeneScappooseUmatilla

In addition to collector well sites

Recent Northwest Collector WellsRecent Northwest Collector Wells

Columbia RiverColumbia RiverCity of Boardman, OR City of Boardman, OR –– Well No. 2Well No. 2

15 MGD, 48 feet deep15 MGD, 48 feet deepCity of St. Helens, OR City of St. Helens, OR -- Well No. 3Well No. 3

5 MGD, 60 feet deep5 MGD, 60 feet deepPort of St. Helens, Clatskanie, ORPort of St. Helens, Clatskanie, OR

21 MGD, 100 feet deep industrial supply21 MGD, 100 feet deep industrial supply

Northwest Collector WellsNorthwest Collector Wells

Average Annual Turbidity (Average Annual Turbidity (ntuntu))Kennewick, WA Kennewick, WA -- 0.130.13 19891989--9090Kalama, WA Kalama, WA -- 0.310.31 19881988Fort Benton, MT Fort Benton, MT -- 0.050.05 19881988Boardman, OR Boardman, OR -- 0.040.04 19881988Port Angeles, WA Port Angeles, WA -- 0.110.11 19881988

Kennewick Kennewick –– Turbidity Turbidity –– Well 5Well 51

0.1

0.01

Courtesy: Western Groundwater Services

Generally varies between 0.03 – 0.05 NTU

St. Helens #3 TemperatureSt. Helens #3 Temperature

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.0009

/01/

2001

09/1

3/20

01

09/2

5/20

01

10/0

7/20

01

10/1

9/20

01

10/

31/2

001

11/1

2/20

01

11/2

4/20

01

12/6

/200

1

12/

18/2

001

12/3

0/20

01

01/1

1/20

02

01/2

3/20

02

02/0

4/20

02

02/1

6/20

02

02/2

8/20

02

03/1

2/20

02

03/2

4/20

02

RiverColl Well 3

Temperature range: River: 44 – 70 o F

Collector Well: 54 – 59 o F

Period of record: 7 months

St. Helens TurbiditySt. Helens TurbidityTurbidity Correlation

Columbis River / Collector Well No. 3St. Helens, Oregon

0

1

10

100

Sep-01 Oct -01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02

Turb

idity

, NTU

River

Coll Wells #3

Spokane, WA Spokane, WA -- RBFRBF

Conductivity used as indicator of RBF influences

RBF / Groundwater WellsRBF / Groundwater Wells

Brookings, OR

ColumbiaRiver

Boardman, OR Clatskanie, OR Umatilla / Irrigon

Chetco River:

Woodland, WAStilliguamish River

Kalama – Kalama R.

Harbor, OR

Kelso, WACowlitz River

Boise, IDBoise River

Natural Filtration of SeawaterNatural Filtration of Seawater

Seawater (Beach) Collector WellsSeawater (Beach) Collector Wells

Mexico

California

Beach Sand FiltrationBeach Sand FiltrationConsistent TemperatureConsistent TemperatureConsistent Water QualityConsistent Water QualityLow SDI (1 Low SDI (1 –– 3 typical)3 typical)Reduces Turbidity & Organics (Reduces Turbidity & Organics (THMTHM’’ss))

Mineral: Mineral: microsandmicrosand, clays, Ls fines, clays, Ls finesOrganic: algae, bacteria, planktonOrganic: algae, bacteria, planktonOther: hydrocarbons, pollution, etc.Other: hydrocarbons, pollution, etc.

Natural Filtration of SeawaterNatural Filtration of Seawater

Provide PreProvide Pre--treatment (natural treatment (natural filtration) of seawater: low SDIfiltration) of seawater: low SDI

Improve raw water quality (more Improve raw water quality (more consistent quality)consistent quality)

Minimize maintenance Minimize maintenance vsvs intakesintakes

Reduce impacts compared to intakesReduce impacts compared to intakes

Filtered SeawaterFiltered Seawater

Mexico: 3 seawater collector wellsMexico: 3 seawater collector wellsSalinity: Salinity: Ocean:Ocean: 37,00037,000

Collectors: Collectors: 1717--25,00025,000SDI: permanently below 2SDI: permanently below 2

((below 1.5below 1.5 -- 98 % of the time)98 % of the time)1 chemical cleaning in 18 months1 chemical cleaning in 18 months

MWDOC, California: SDI MWDOC, California: SDI -- 1 1

Questions ?Questions ?

Thank You.

10,000 GPM Performance Test Discharge – Boardman, OR