Hydraulics of Riverbank Filtration Systems

1. Stream/Aquifer Hydraulic Interaction Review Papers

2. Stream Hydraulic Tracer Tests

3. Field Monitoring of Hydraulic Conditions in Stream/Aquifer systems

4. Tests for Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity of Aquifer Sites Near Streams

5. Modeling Papers of Groundwater Flow of Stream/Aquifer Systems

6. Hydraulics of Clogging of RBF Systems

7. Interactions Between Streams and Aquifers

1. Stream/Aquifer Hydraulic Interaction Review PapersTitle: Environmental impact and mechanisms of the biological clogging of saturated soils and aquifer materials Author(s): Baveye P, Vandevivere P, Hoyle BL, DeLeo PC, de Lozada DS Source: CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 28 (2): 123-191 1998 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 244       Times Cited: 41         Abstract: The biological clogging of natural porous media, often in conjunction with physical or chemical clogging, is encountered under a wide range of conditions. Wastewater disposal, artificial groundwater recharge, in situ bioremediation of contaminated aquifers, construction of water reservoirs, or secondary oil recovery are all affected by this process. The present review provides an overview of the techniques that are used to study clogging in the laboratory, or to monitor it in field applications. After a brief survey of the clogging patterns most commonly observed in practice, and of a number of physical and chemical causes of clogging, the various mechanisms by which microorganisms dog soils and other natural porous media are analyzed in detail. A critical assessment is also provided of the few mathematical models that have been developed in the last few years to describe the biological clogging process. The overall conclusion of the review is that although information is available on several aspects of the biological clogging of natural porous media, further research is required to predict its extent quantitatively in a given situation. This is particularly true in cases that involve complicating factors such as predation or competition among organisms. Author Keywords: bioremediation; groundwater; soil; hydraulic conductivity; artificial recharge; bacteria; microorganisms; subsurface environment KeyWords Plus: SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; POROUS-MEDIA; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCTION; ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE; SAND COLUMNS; METHANOSARCINA-BARKERI; MATHEMATICAL-MODELS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; SANDSTONE CORES

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Title: Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science Author(s): Sophocleous M Source: HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 10 (1): 52-67 FEB 2002 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 105       Times Cited: 20         Abstract: The interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. To understand these interactions in relation to climate, landform, geology, and biotic factors, a sound hydrogeoecological framework is needed. All these aspects are synthesized and exemplified in this overview. In addition, the mechanisms of interactions between groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) as they affect recharge-discharge processes are comprehensively outlined, and the ecological significance and the human impacts of such interactions are emphasized. Surface-water and groundwater ecosystems are viewed as linked components of a hydrologic continuum leading to related sustainability issues. This overview concludes with a discussion of research needs and challenges facing this evolving field. The biogeochemical processes within the upper few centimeters of sediments beneath nearly all surface-water bodies (hyporheic zone) have a profound effect on the chemistry of the water interchange, and here is where most of the recent research has been focusing. However, to advance conceptual and other modeling of GW-SW systems, a broader perspective of such interactions across and between surfacewater bodies is needed, including multidimensional analyses, interface hydraulic characterization and spatial variability, site-to-region regionalization approaches, as well as cross-disciplinary collaborations. Author Keywords: groundwater recharge; hydraulic properties; hyporheic zone; hydroecology; water sustainability KeyWords Plus: HYPORHEIC ZONE; BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; ALLUVIAL AQUIFER; BED DEGRADATION; RIVER WATER; SAFE YIELD; STREAM; EXCHANGE; NUTRIENT; INTERFACE Addresses: Sophocleous M (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, 1930 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047 USAUniv Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Publisher: SPRINGER-VERLAG, 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 534ZC ISSN: 1431-2174

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Title: Considerations for modeling bacterial-induced changes in hydraulic properties of variably saturated porous media Author(s): Rockhold ML, Yarwood RR, Niemet MR, Bottomley PJ, Selker JS Source: ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 25 (5): 477-495 MAY 2002 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 83       Times Cited: 5         Abstract: Bacterial-induced changes in the hydraulic properties of porous media are important in a variety of disciplines. Most of the previous research on this topic has focused on liquid-saturated porous media systems that are representative of aquifer sediments. Unsaturated or variably saturated systems such as soils require additional considerations that have not been fully addressed in the literature. This paper reviews some of the earlier studies on bacterial-induced changes in the hydraulic properties of saturated porous media, and discusses characteristics of unsaturated or variably saturated porous media that may be important to consider when modeling such phenomena in these systems. New data are presented from experiments conducted in sand-packed columns with initially steady unsaturated flow conditions that show significant biomass-induced changes in pressure heads and water contents and permeability reduction during growth of a Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Title: Riverbed permeabilities: Information from pooled data Author(s): Calver A Source: GROUND WATER 39 (4): 546-553 JUL-AUG 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 40       Times Cited: 8         Abstract: Numerical values of hydraulic conductivities of river channel-lining materials are assembled from published and unpublished sources. These are found to cover a range from below 1.0 X 10(-9) to above 1.0 X 10(-2) m sec(-1) and to be concentrated in the region 1.0 X 10(-7) to 1.0 X 10(-3) m sec(-1), Variability within a site can be large, Assessment of the values in relation to sediment, scale, and method of determination presents a complex picture, and generalization is not straightforward. Hydraulic conductivity determinations from numerical modeling, which tends to be associated with averaging at larger spatial scales, are associated with a more conservative range of values than those derived from field and laboratory analyses. The sample of determinations provides a guideline basis of representative values for hydrological and hydrogeological assessment where specific investigation is not possible. KeyWords Plus: WELL FIELD PERFORMANCE; AQUIFER TESTS; SEDIMENT; VALLEY; OHIO; BED Addresses: Calver A (reprint author), CEH Wallingford, Catchment Syst Modelling, Wallingford, Oxon EnglandCEH Wallingford, Catchment Syst Modelling, Wallingford, Oxon England

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2. Stream Hydraulic Tracer Tests

Title: Determining travel time and stream mixing using tracers and empirical equations Author(s): Verstraeten IM, Soenksen PJ, Engel GB, Miller LD Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 28 (5): 1387-1395 SEP-OCT 1999 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 11       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: Water-supply managers need adequate warning to protect water supplies if a contaminant is spilled in an upgradient tributary. The city of Lincoln draws water from alluvium associated with the Platte River near Ashland, eastern Nebraska. Using constant-rate injection methods and a conservative tracer, travel time and degree of mixing of contaminants in the Elkhorn and Platte Rivers were evaluated in 1995 and 1996. The results indicate that, for flow's of 584 to 162 m(3)/s in the Platte River at Ashland with 13 to 28% of its flow contributed by the Elkhorn River, 8.2 to 13.2 h are required for the leading edge of a chemical plume to travel from the Elkhorn River at Waterloo to the Platte River at Ashland. The peak concentration of a chemical spilled as a slug in the Elkhorn River near Waterloo would pass the well field after 11.3 to 16.1 h, Existing empirical equations for calculation of travel time were shown to apply to reaches of streams studied, but underestimated the leading edge up to 14% and overestimated the plateau concentration up to 11% at Site 5. However, time of travel may be influenced by the relative contribution of a tributary, The plateau concentration of the chemical in the Platte River at Ashland was 45 to 60% of its concentration in the Elkhorn River. The degree of mixing of the tracer in the Platte River at Ashland increased from 53 to 65% as the relative contribution of the Elkhorn River increased. Addresses: Verstraeten IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Room 406 Fed Bldg,100 Centennial Mall, Lincoln, NE 68508 USAUS Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA Publisher: AMER SOC AGRONOMY, 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA

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Title: A novel tracer method for estimating sewer exfiltration Author(s): Rieckermann J, Borsuk M, Reichert P, Gujer W Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 41 (5): Art. No. W05013 MAY 18 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 31       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: A novel method is presented to estimate exfiltration from sewer systems using artificial tracers. The method relies upon use of an upstream indicator signal and a downstream reference signal to eliminate the dependence of exfiltration estimates on the accuracy of discharge measurement. An experimental design, a data analysis procedure, and an uncertainty assessment process are described and illustrated by a case study. In a 2-km reach of unknown condition, exfiltration was estimated at 9.9 ± 2.7%. Uncertainty in this estimate was primarily due to the use of sodium chloride ( NaCl) as the tracer substance. NaCl is measured using conductivity, which is present at nonnegligible levels in wastewater, thus confounding accurate identification of tracer peaks. As estimates of exfiltration should have as low a measurement error as possible, future development of the method will concentrate on improved experimental design and tracer selection. Although the method is not intended to replace traditional CCTV inspections, it can provide additional information to urban water managers for rational rehabilitation planning. KeyWords Plus: GROUNDWATER QUALITY; TRANSIENT STORAGE; EXCHANGE; UNCERTAINTY; DECISION; MODEL; FLOW Addresses: Rieckermann J (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Ueberlandstr 133, Dubendorf, CH-8600 SwitzerlandSwiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Dubendorf, CH-8600 SwitzerlandSwiss Fed Inst Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland E-mail Addresses: joerg.rieckermann@eawag.ch Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 932XU ISSN: 0043-1397

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Title: Lanthanide field tracers demonstrate enhanced transport of transuranic radionuclides by natural organic matter Author(s): McCarthy JF, Sanford WE, Stafford PL Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 32 (24): 3901-3906 DEC 15 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 23         Abstract: Transuranic (TRU) radionuclides buried 25 years ago in shallow un lined disposal trench es in a fractured shale saprolite had been detected in groundwater from downgradient monitoring wells and in surface water seeps. Field observations had suggested the actinide radionuclides were mobilized by natural organic matter(NOM) and rapidly transported with little retardation. A 73-day natural gradient tracer experiment injected trivalent lanthanides (Nd and Eu) as analogues to determine the mechanisms and rates of actinide transport at the field scale. Adsorption isotherms for Am-241 and Eu with saprolite from the site confirmed a very high affinity for adsorption (R > 50 000) in the absence of NOM. However, reactive and nonreactive tracers arrived at approximately the same time along a 10-m long deep flow path, and anion-exchange chromatography and filtration suggested that the mobile lanthanides in groundwater were a NOM complex. Although flow through a shallow flow path was intermittent, reflecting transient recharge events, large storms resulted in coincident peaks of both reactive and nonreactive tracers, suggesting that they migrated at similar rates over distances of 78 m. We conclude that NOM facilitated the almost-unretarded transport of lanthanide tracers and, by analogy, that NOM is facilitating the mobilization and rapid migration of the TRU radionuclides. KeyWords Plus: HUMIC-ACID; ADSORPTION; EUROPIUM; SORPTION; AQUIFER; SOIL; PH Addresses: McCarthy JF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008,Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USAOak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USAColorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USAUniv Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN USA Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA

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Title: Strontium isotope geochemistry of alluvial groundwater: a tracer for groundwater resources characterisation Author(s): Negrel P, Petelet-Giraud E, Widory D Source: HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES 8 (5): 959-972 OCT 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 43       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: This study presents strontium isotope and major ion data of shallow groundwater and river water from the Ile du Chambon catchment, located on the Allier river in the Massif Central (France). There are large variations in the major-element contents in the surface- and groundwater. Plotting of Na vs. Cl contents and Ca, Mg, NO3, K, SO4, HCO3, Sr concentrations reflect water-rock interaction (carbonate dissolution for Ca, Mg, HCO3 and Sr because the bedrock contains marly limestones), agricultural input (farming and fertilising) and sewage effluents (for, although some water samples are unpolluted. Sr contents and isotope ratios (Sr-87/Sr-86 vary from 0.70892 to 0.71180 along the NO3, K, SO4) hydrological cycle) in the groundwater agree with previous work on groundwater in alluvial aquifers in the Loire catchment. The data plot along three directions in a Sr-87/Sr-86 vs. I/Sr diagram as a result of mixing, involving at least three geochemical signatures-Allier river water, and two distinct signatures that might be related to different water-rock interactions in the catchment. Mixing proportions are calculated and discussed. The alluvial aquifer of the Ile du Chambon catchment is considered, within the Sr isotope systematic, in a larger scheme that includes several alluvial aquifers of the Loire Allier catchment. Author Keywords: Loire river; major and trace elements; Sr isotopic ratio; alluvial aquifer; hydrology KeyWords Plus: LOIRE RIVER; ANTHROPOGENIC INPUTS; FLUVIAL GEOCHEMISTRY; SUSPENDED MATTER; FRANCE; WATER; SR-87/SR-86; SR; CHEMISTRY; STREAMS Addresses: Negrel P (reprint author), Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, BP 6009,Ave C Guillemin, Orleans, F-45060 02 FranceBur Rech Geol & Minieres, Orleans, F-45060 02 France E-mail Addresses: p.negrel@brgm.fr

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Title: Stream temperatures in two shaded reaches below cutblocks and logging roads: downstream cooling linked to subsurface hydrology Author(s): Story A, Moore RD, Macdonald JS Source: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE 33 (8): 1383-1396 AUG 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 41       Times Cited: 6         Abstract: This study examined water temperature patterns and their physical controls for two small, clearing-heated streams in shaded reaches downstream of all forestry activity. Field observations were made during July-August 2000 in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada. For both reaches, downstream cooling of up to 4degreesC had been observed during daytime over distances of similar to200 m. Radiative and convective exchanges of energy at heavily shaded sites on both reaches represented a net input of heat during most afternoons and therefore could not explain the observed cooling. In one stream, the greatest downstream cooling occurred when streamflow at the upstream site dropped below about 5 L.s(-1). At those times, temperatures at the downstream site were controlled mainly by local inflow of groundwater, because the warmer water from upstream was lost by infiltration in the upper 150 m of the reach. Warming often occurred in the upper subreach, where cool groundwater did not interact with the channel. At the second stream, creek temperature patterns were comparatively stable. Energy balance estimates from one afternoon suggested that groundwater inflow caused about 40% of the similar to3degreesC gross cooling effect in the daily maximum temperature, whereas bed heat conduction and hyporheic exchange caused about 60%. KeyWords Plus: HYPORHEIC EXCHANGE; WATER; FORESTRY; DYNAMICS; AREAS Addresses: Moore RD (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, 1984 W Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Forest Resources Management, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 CanadaSimon Fraser Univ, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Cooperat Fisheries Res Ctr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada Publisher: NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA, RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA Subject Category: FORESTRY IDS Number: 711RV

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Title: Determining long time-scale hyporheic zone flow paths in Antarctic streams Author(s): Gooseff MN, McKnight DM, Runke RL, Vaughn BH Source: HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 17 (9): 1691-1710 JUN 30 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 55       Times Cited: 3         Abstract: In the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, glaciers are the source of meltwater during the austral summer, and the streams and adjacent hyporheic zones constitute the entire physical watershed; there are no hillslope processes in these systems. Hyporheic zones can extend several metres from each side of the stream, and are up to 70 cm deep, corresponding to a lateral cross-section as large as 12 m(2), and water resides in the subsurface year around. In this study, we differentiate between the near-stream hyporheic zone, which can be characterized with stream tracer experiments, and the extended hyporheic zone, which has a longer time-scale of exchange. We sampled stream water from Green Creek and from the adjacent saturated alluvium for stable isotopes of D and O-18 to assess the significance and extent of stream-water exchange between the streams and extended hyporheic zones over long time-scales (days to weeks). Our results show that water residing in the extended hyporheic zone is much more isotopically enriched (up to 11parts per thousand D and 2-2parts per thousand O-18) than stream water. This result suggests a long residence time within the extended hyporheic zone, during which fractionation has occurred owing to summer evaporation and winter sublimation of hyporheic water. We found less enriched water in the extended hyporheic zone later in the flow season, suggesting that stream water may be exchanged into and out of this zone, on the time-scale of weeks to months. The transient storage model OTIS was used to characterize the exchange of stream water with the extended hyporheic zone. Model results yield exchange rates (a) generally an order magnitude lower (10(-5) s(-1)) than those determined using stream-tracer techniques on the same stream. In light of previous studies in these streams, these results suggest that the hyporheic zones in Antarctic streams have near-stream zones of rapid stream-water exchange, where 'fast' biogeochemical reactions may influence water chemistry, and extended hyporheic zones, in which slower biogeochemical reaction rates may affect stream-water chemistry at longer time-scales. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Author Keywords: isotope transport; OTIS; dry valleys; hyporheic zone KeyWords Plus: SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; TRANSIENT STORAGE; HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; STABLE-ISOTOPES; MOUNTAIN STREAM; RIVER BASIN; VALLEY; MODEL; EVAPORATION Addresses: Gooseff MN (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USAUniv Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUS Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES

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Title: The suitability and usage of O-18 and chloride as natural tracers for bank filtrate at the middle River Elbe Author(s): Trettin R, Grischek T, Strauch G, Mallen G, Nestler W Source: ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 35 (4): 331-350 1999 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 18       Times Cited: 4         Abstract: Flow times and infiltration behaviour are very important for water extraction from riverbank filtration. Both the chloride content and the isotopic composition of oxygen (delta(18)O) were found to be suitable indicators for the conditions encountered in the middle course of the River Elbe near Torgau. The ranges for Elbe water were measured to be 20-43 mg Cl/l (1995-97) and -11 to -8.5 parts per thousand delta(18)O (1993-97). Both methods permitted flow-time spectra at two adjacent sampling profiles incorporating river and production wells to be obtained, indicating the preferred flow paths and the vertical extension of the riverbank filtrate plume in the aquifer. However, since the differences between the mean values for river water and regional groundwater were too small the percentage of river water abstracted from production wells could not be calculated. Author Keywords: chloride; groundwater; natural tracers; oxygen 18; riverbank filtration; River Elbe KeyWords Plus: WATER INFILTRATION; GROUNDWATER; RHINE Addresses: Trettin R (reprint author), UFZ Ctr Environm Res Leipzig Halle, Dept Hydrol, Theodor Lieser Str 4, Halle, D-06120 GermanyUFZ Ctr Environm Res Leipzig Halle, Dept Hydrogeol, Halle, D-06120 GermanyDresden Univ Technol, Inst Water Chem, Dresden, D-01062 GermanyColl Sci & Tech, Dresden, D-01069 Germany

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Title: Use of tracers and isotopes to evaluate vulnerability of water in domestic wells to septic waste Author(s): Verstraeten IM, Fetterman GS, Meyer MT, Bullen T, Sebree SK Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 25 (2): 107-117 SPR 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 54       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: In Nebraska, a large number (> 200) of shallow sand-point and cased wells completed in coarse alluvial sediments along rivers and lakes still are used to obtain drinking water for human consumption, even though construction of sand-point wells for consumptive uses has been banned since 1987. The quality of water from shallow domestic wells potentially vulnerable to seepage from septic systems was evaluated by analyzing for the presence of tracers and multiple isotopes. Samples were collected from 26 sand-point and perforated, cased domestic wells and were analyzed for bacteria, coliphages, nitrogen species, nitrogen and boron isotopes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), prescription and nonprescription drugs, or organic waste water contaminants. At least 13 of the 26 domestic well samples showed some evidence of septic system effects based on the results of several tracers including DOC, coliphages, NH4+, NO3-, N-2, delta(15)N[NO3-] and boron isotopes, and antibiotics and other drugs. Sand-point wells within 30 in of a septic system and < 14 in deep in a shallow, thin aquifer had the most tracers detected and the highest values, indicating the greatest vulnerability to contamination from septic waste. KeyWords Plus: NITRATE CONTAMINATION SOURCES; GROUND-WATER; COLIFORM BACTERIA; TRACING SOURCES; BORON ISOTOPES; CHEMICAL FATE; SYSTEM PLUME; PHARMACEUTICALS; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN Addresses: Verstraeten IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Int Water Res Branch, MS 420 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USAUS Geol Survey, Int Water Res Branch, Reston, VA 20192 USA E-mail Addresses: imverstr@usgs.gov, two4cy@aol.com, mmeyer@usgs.gov, tdbullen@usgs.gov, sksebree@usgs.gov

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Title: Use of tracers and isotopes to evaluate vulnerability of water in domestic wells to septic waste Author(s): Verstraeten IM, Fetterman GS, Meyer MT, Bullen T, Sebree SK Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 25 (2): 107-117 SPR 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 54       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: In Nebraska, a large number (> 200) of shallow sand-point and cased wells completed in coarse alluvial sediments along rivers and lakes still are used to obtain drinking water for human consumption, even though construction of sand-point wells for consumptive uses has been banned since 1987. The quality of water from shallow domestic wells potentially vulnerable to seepage from septic systems was evaluated by analyzing for the presence of tracers and multiple isotopes. Samples were collected from 26 sand-point and perforated, cased domestic wells and were analyzed for bacteria, coliphages, nitrogen species, nitrogen and boron isotopes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), prescription and nonprescription drugs, or organic waste water contaminants. At least 13 of the 26 domestic well samples showed some evidence of septic system effects based on the results of several tracers including DOC, coliphages, NH4+, NO3-, N-2, delta(15)N[NO3-] and boron isotopes, and antibiotics and other drugs. Sand-point wells within 30 in of a septic system and < 14 in deep in a shallow, thin aquifer had the most tracers detected and the highest values, indicating the greatest vulnerability to contamination from septic waste. KeyWords Plus: NITRATE CONTAMINATION SOURCES; GROUND-WATER; COLIFORM BACTERIA; TRACING SOURCES; BORON ISOTOPES; CHEMICAL FATE; SYSTEM PLUME; PHARMACEUTICALS; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN Addresses: Verstraeten IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Int Water Res Branch, MS 420 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USAUS Geol Survey, Int Water Res Branch, Reston, VA 20192 USA E-mail Addresses: imverstr@usgs.gov, two4cy@aol.com, mmeyer@usgs.gov, tdbullen@usgs.gov, sksebree@usgs.gov Publisher: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA

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Title: Delineating and quantifying ground water discharge zones using streambed temperatures Author(s): Conant B Source: GROUND WATER 42 (2): 243-257 MAR-APR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 71       Times Cited: 3         Abstract: Streambed temperature mapping, hydraulic testing using minipiezometers, and geochemical analyses of interstitial water of the streambed were used to delineate the pattern of ground water discharge in a sandy streambed and to develop a flux-based conceptual model for ground water/surface water interactions. A new and simple empirical method was used to relate fluxes obtained from minipiezometer data to streambed temperatures. The relationship allowed flux to be calculated at locations where only streambed temperature measurements were made. Slug testing and potentiomanometer measurements at 34 piezometers indicated ground water discharge ranged from 0.03 to 446 L/m(2)/day (and possibly as high as 7060 L/m(2)/day) along a 60 m long by 11 to 14 m wide reach of river. Complex but similar plan-view patterns of flux were calculated for both summer and winter using hundreds of streambed temperatures measured on a I by 2 m grid. The reach was dominated by ground water discharge and 5% to 7% of the area accounted for similar to20% to 24% of the total discharge. < 12% of the total area consisted of recharge zones or no-discharge zones. A conceptual model for ground water/surface water interactions consisting of five different behaviors was developed based on the magnitude and direction of flux across the surface of the streambed. The behaviors include short-circuit discharge (e.g., high-flow springs), high discharge (e.g., preferential flowpaths), low to moderate discharge, no discharge (e.g., horizontal hyporheic or ground water flow), and recharge. Geological variations at depth played a key role in determining which type of flow behavior occurred in the streambed. KeyWords Plus: SURFACE-WATER; SEEPAGE METER; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; HYDROLOGIC EXCHANGE; NONSORBING SOLUTES; LAKE INTERACTIONS; HYPORHEIC ZONE; TIME-SERIES; BED FORMS; FLOW Addresses: Conant B (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Earth Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 CanadaUniv Waterloo, Dept Earth Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada E-mail Addresses: bconantj@uwaterloo.ca Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 780FD

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Title: Investigating surface water-well interaction using stable isotope ratios of water Author(s): Hunt RJ, Coplen TB, Haas NL, Saad DA, Borchardt MA Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 302 (1-4): 154-172 FEB 1 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 44       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Because surface water can be a source of undesirable water quality in a drinking water well, an understanding of the amount of surface water and its travel time to the well is needed to assess a well's vulnerability. Stable isotope ratios of oxygen in river water at the City of La Crosse, Wisconsin, show peak-to-peak seasonal variation greater than 4parts per thousand in 2001 and 2002. This seasonal signal was identified in 7 of 13 city municipal wells, indicating that these 7 wells have appreciable surface water contributions and are potentially vulnerable to contaminants in the surface water. When looking at wells with more than 6 sampling events, a larger variation in delta(18)O compositions correlated with a larger fraction of surface water, suggesting that samples collected for oxygen isotopic composition over time may be useful for identifying the vulnerability to surface water influence even if a local meteoric water line is not available. A time series of 6180 from one of the municipal wells and from a piezometer located between the river and the municipal well showed that the travel time of flood water to the municipal well was approximately 2 months; non-flood arrival times were on the order of 9 months. Four independent methods were also used to assess time of travel. Three methods (groundwater temperature arrival times at the intermediate piezometer, virus-culture results, and particle tracking using a numerical groundwater-flow model) yielded flood and non-flood travel times of less than 1 year for this site. Age dating of one groundwater sample using H-3-He-3 methods estimated an age longer than I year, but was likely confounded by deviations from piston flow as noted by others. Chlorofluorocarbons and SF6 analyses were not useful at this site due to degradation and contamination, respectively. This work illustrates the utility of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of water to determine the contribution and travel time of surface water in groundwater, and demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to improve estimates for time of travel of 1 year or less. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: bank filtration; hydrogen isotope ratio; oxygen isotope ratio; drinking water; age dating; temperature; travel time; black river KeyWords Plus: GROUNDWATER AGE; RIVER; O-18; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; VULNERABILITY; TRANSPORT; DEUTERIUM; HYDROGEN; TRACERS; SYSTEM Addresses: Hunt RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Lane, Middleton, WI 53562 USAUS Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USAUS Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USAUniv Wisconsin, Dept Microbiol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USAMarshfield Med Res Fdn, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA E-mail Addresses: rjhunt@usgs.gov

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Title: Using stable isotopes of water and strontium to investigate the hydrology of a natural and a constructed wetland Author(s): Hunt RJ, Bullen TD, Krabbenhoft DP, Kendall C Source: GROUND WATER 36 (3): 434-443 MAY-JUN 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 40       Times Cited: 13         Abstract: Wetlands cannot exist without water, but wetland hydrology is difficult to characterize. As a result, compensatory wetland mitigation often only assumes the proper hydrology has been created. In this study, water sources and mass transfer processes in a natural and constructed wetland complex were investigated using isotopes of water and strontium, Water isotope profiles in the saturated zone revealed that the natural wetland and one site in the constructed wetland were primarily fed by ground water; profiles in another constructed wetland site showed recent rain was the predominant source of water in the root zone. Water isotopes in the capillary fringe indicated that the residence time for rain is less in the natural wetland than in the constructed wetland, thus transpiration (an important water sink) was greater in the natural wetland, Strontium isotopes showed a systematic difference between the natural and constructed wetlands that we attribute to the presence or absence of peat, In the peat-rich natural wetland, delta(87)Sr in the pore water increased along the flowline due to preferential weathering of minerals containing radiogenic Sr in response to elevated Fe concentrations in the water, In the constructed wetland, where peat thickness was thin and Fe concentrations in water were negligible, delta(87)Sr did not increase along the flowline, The source of the peat (on-site or off-site derived) applied in the constructed wetland controlled the delta(87)Sr, but the top of the profile, but the effects were restricted by strong cation exchange in the underlying fluvial sediments. Based on the results of this study, neither constructed wetland site duplicated the water source and weathering environment of the adjoining natural wetland. Moreover, stable isotopes were shown to be effective tools for investigating wetlands and gaining insight not easily obtained using non-isotopic techniques. These tools have potential widespread application to wetlands that have distinct isotopic endmember sources. KeyWords Plus: SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; ECOSYSTEM; DEUTERIUM; EXCHANGE; SYSTEMS; SOLUTE; USA Addresses: Hunt RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USAUS Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USAUS Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA

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3. Field Monitoring of Hydraulic Conditions in Stream/Aquifer systemsTitle: THE DESIGN AND USE OF A HYDRAULIC POTENTIOMANOMETER FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENCES IN HYDRAULIC-HEAD BETWEEN GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE-WATER Author(s): WINTER TC, LABAUGH JW, ROSENBERRY DO Source: LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 33 (5): 1209-1214 SEP 1988 Document Type: Note Language: English Cited References: 16       Times Cited: 59         Addresses: WINTER TC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MAIL STOP 413, DENVER, CO 80225 USA Publisher: AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH, 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 Subject Category: LIMNOLOGY; OCEANOGRAPHY IDS Number: Q8503 ISSN: 0024-3590

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Title: Measuring groundwater-stream water exchange: New techniques for installing minipiezometers and estimating hydraulic conductivity Author(s): Baxter C, Hauer FR, Woessner WW Source: TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY 132 (3): 493-502 MAY 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 37       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Measurements of groundwater-stream water interactions are increasingly recognized as important to understanding the ecology of fishes and other organisms in stream and riparian ecosystems. However, standard measurement techniques are often feasible only at small spatial scales, in areas with easy access, or in systems with relatively fine substrata. We developed simple new techniques for installing minipiezometers and obtaining estimates of vertical hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, and specific discharge in gravel and cobble streambeds that allowed for large numbers of measurements to be obtained in remote locations. Our approach yielded values comparable to those obtained through more traditional methods. Consequently, these techniques may provide a labor cost-efficient way for detecting groundwater-stream water interaction patterns that are critical labor-attributes of stream and riparian systems at multiple scales. KeyWords Plus: TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; ALLUVIAL RIVERS; SURFACE-WATER; SLUG TEST; TEMPERATURE; CALIFORNIA; SELECTION; ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT Addresses: Baxter C (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USAUniv Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USAUniv Montana, Dept Geol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA Publisher: AMER FISHERIES SOC, 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA Subject Category: FISHERIES

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Title: A method for installing piezometers in large cobble bed rivers Author(s): Geist DR, Joy MC, Lee DR, Gonser T Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 18 (1): 78-82 WIN 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 15       Times Cited: 6         Abstract: An impact drive point method is described for emplacing piezometers in a cobble river bottom where this has previously been difficult without the use of drilling rigs. To force the drive point piezometers through cobble. the vibrational impact of an air-powered hammer was carried directly to the drive point by the use of an internal drive rod. After insertion to depth, the drive rod was removed from the lower portion of the piezometer and a standpipe was added to extend the piezometer above the river level. Piezometers installed in this way have permitted water quality analysis and dynamic measurement of vertical potentials in cobble sediments ranging in size from 2.5 to > 30 cm and the method has been successfully used in the Columbia River. USA, and Toss River, Switzerland. This innovative method provides information on the hydrodynamics of pore water in highly permeable. cobble deposits that are common in high-energy river and lake bottoms. Piezometers installed using the internal drive rod method facilitate the assessment of the temporal and spatial dynamics of recharge and discharge at the ground water/surface water interface and analyses of the ecological connectivity between the hyporheic zone and surface water of rivers and streams. This information will lead to improved management decisions related to our nation's ground water and surface water supplies.

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Title: Measuring the hydraulic, conductivity of shallow submerged sediments Author(s): Kelly SE, Murdoch LC Source: GROUND WATER 41 (4): 431-439 JUL-AUG 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 20       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The hydraulic conductivity of submerged sediments influences the interaction between ground water and surface water, but few techniques for measuring K have been described with the, conditions of the submerged setting in mind. Two simple, physical methods for measuring the hydraulic conductivity of submerged sediments have been developed, and one of them uses a well and piezometers similar to well tests performed in terrestrial aquifers. This test is based on a theoretical analysis that uses a constant-head boundary condition for the upper surface of the aquifer to represent the effects of the overlying water body. Existing analyses of tests used to measure the hydraulic conductivity of submerged sediments may contain errors from using the same upper boundary conditions applied to simulate terrestrial aquifers. Field implementation of the technique requires detecting minute drawdowns in the vicinity of the pumping well. Low-density oil was used in an inverted U-tube manometer to amplify the head differential so that it could be resolved in the field. Another technique was developed to measure the vertical hydraulic conductivity of sediments at the interface with overlying surface water. This technique uses the pan from a seepage meter with a piezometer fixed along its axis (a piezo-seep meter). Water is pumped from the pan and the head gradient is measured using the axial piezometer. Results from a sandy streambed indicate that both methods provide consistent and reasonable estimates of K. The pumping test allows skin effects to be considered, and the field data show that omitting the skin effect (e.g., by using a single well test) can produce results that underestimate the hydraulic conductivity of streambeds. KeyWords Plus: WATER EXCHANGE; SURFACE-WATER; STREAM; GROUNDWATER; FLOW Addresses: Kelly SE (reprint author), Altamont Environm Inc, 78 1-2 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USAAltamont Environm Inc, Asheville, NC 28801 USAClemson Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA

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4. Tests for Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity of Aquifer Sites Near StreamsTitle: In situ push-pull method to determine ground water denitrification in riparian zones Author(s): Addy K, Kellogg DQ, Gold AJ, Groffman PM, Ferendo G, Sawyer C Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 31 (3): 1017-1024 MAY-JUN 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 49       Times Cited: 4         Abstract: To quantify ground water denitrification in discrete locations of riparian aquifers, we modified and evaluated an in situ method based on conservative tracers and N-15-enriched nitrate. Ground water was "pushed" (i.e., injected) into a mini-piezometer and then "pulled" (i.e., extracted) from the same mini-piezometer after an incubation period. This push-pull method was applied in replicate mini-piezometers at two Rhode Island riparian sites, one fresh water and one brackish water. Conservative tracer pretests were conducted to determine incubation periods, ranging from 5 to 120 h, to optimize recovery of introduced plumes. For nitrate push-pull tests, we used two conservative tracers, sulfur hexafluoride and bromide, to provide insight into plume recovery. The two conservative tracers behaved similarly. The dosing solutions were amended with N-15-enriched nitrate that enabled us to quantify the mass of denitrification gases generated during the incubation period. The in situ push-pull method detected substantial denitrification rates at a site where we had previously observed high denitrification rates. At our brackish site, we found high rates of ground water denitrification in marsh locations and minimal denitrification in soils fringing the marsh. The push-pull method can provide useful insights into spatial and temporal patterns of denitrification in riparian zones. The method is robust and results are not seriously affected by dilution or degassing from ground water to soil air. In conjunction with measurements of ground water flowpaths, this method holds promise for evaluating the influence of site and management factors on the ground water nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones. KeyWords Plus: NITROUS-OXIDE REDUCTION; GRADIENT TRACER TESTS; NITRATE REMOVAL; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; CONSERVATIVE TRACER; ORGANIC-CARBON; BUFFER STRIPS; FOREST; RESTORATION; PATCHINESS Addresses: Gold AJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Coastal Inst, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USAUniv Rhode Isl, Coastal Inst, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USAUniv Rhode Isl, Dept Plant Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USAInst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA Publisher: AMER SOC AGRONOMY, 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA

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Title: Comparison of instream methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity in sandy streambeds Author(s): Landon MK, Rus DL, Harvey FE Source: GROUND WATER 39 (6): 870-885 NOV-DEC 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 69       Times Cited: 11         Abstract: Streambed hydraulic conductivity (K) values were determined at seven stream transects in the Platte River Basin in Nebraska using different instream measurement techniques. Values were compared to determine the most appropriate technique(s) for use in sandy streambeds. Values of K determined from field falling- and constant-head permeameter tests analyzed using the Darcy equation decreased as permeameter diameter increased. Seepage meters coupled with hydraulic gradient measurements failed to yield K values in 40% of the trials. Consequently, Darcy permeameter and seepage meter tests were not preferred approaches. In the upper 0.25 m of the streambed, field falling- and constant-head permeameter tests analyzed with the Hvorslev solution generally had similar K values that were significantly greater than those determined using the Hazen grain-size, Bouwer and Rice slug test for anisotropic and isotropic conditions, and Alyamani and Sen grain-size methods; median differences between these tests and the Hvorslev falling-head 60 cm diameter permeameter were about 8, 9, 17, and 35 m/day, respectively. The Hvorslev falling-head permeameter test is considered the most robust method for measuring K of the upper 0.25 m of the streambed because of the inherent limitations of the empirical grain-size methods and less sediment disturbance for permeameter than slug tests. However, lateral variability in K along transects on the Platte, North Platte, and Wood Rivers was greater than variability in K between valid permeameter, grain-size, or slug tests, indicating that the method used may matter less than making enough measurements to characterize spatial variability adequately. At the Platte River tributary sites, the upper 0.3 m of the streambed typically had greater K than sediment located 0.3 to 2.5 m below the streambed surface, indicating that deposits below the streambed may limit ground water/surface water fluxes. The Hvorslev permeameter tests are not a practical measurement approach for these greater depths. Thus, selection of a method for measuring streambed K needs to consider the vertical location of the sediments that are most likely to limit the rate of ground water/surface water interaction. KeyWords Plus: HIGHLY PERMEABLE FORMATIONS; MULTILEVEL SLUG TESTS; GRAIN-SIZE; AQUIFER; WATER; SEEPAGE; MODEL; GROUNDWATER; RIVER; FLOW Addresses: Landon MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 100 Centennial Mall N,Room 406 Fed Bldg, Lincoln, NE 68508 USAUS Geol Survey, Lincoln, NE 68508 USAUniv Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Sch Nat Resource Sci & Conservat, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties Author(s): Chen XH, Chen X Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 284 (1-4): 270-284 DEC 22 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 26       Times Cited: 4         Abstract: A nonlinear regression method is used to calculate the hydraulic parameters of a stream-aquifer system using pumping test data. Five parameters, including the horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K-x), aquifer anisotropy (K-a), streambed leakance l, aquifer specific storage S-s, and specific yield S-y, can be calculated. MODFLOW, coupled to the regression method, simulates the groundwater flow that is affected by streams. Sensitivity analyses indicate that for a given stream-aquifer system, the quality of the stream-aquifer test data can be improved through a careful selection of observation and pumping wells, as well as an appropriate test duration. An optimal location of an observation well is where the magnitude of the sensitivities is enhanced and the correlation of the transient sensitivities of two parameters is reduced. Generally, a longer pumping period will increase the sensitivity for l and K-x and reduce the correlation between S-y and K-x and between S-y and l. Results from hypothetical examples and a field test suggest that a two-well analysis of pumping test data can significantly reduce the correlation of sensitivity coefficients; as a result, convergence occurs faster and the estimated standard errors are reduced. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: streambed leakance; sensitivity analysis; parameter estimation; pumping test

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Title: Comment on "Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties" by X. Chen and X. Chen Author(s): Christensen S Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 303 (1-4): 316-321 MAR 1 2005 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 6       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] carried out a study that is very similar to that of Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734]. Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] made the analysis for a few specific cases with very similar hydraulic properties, while that of Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734] presents results in dimensionless form that can be used for a wide range of hydraulic parameter values, pumping rates, pumping durations, and error magnitudes. In one case Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] made a mistake in their analysis. In other cases inaccuracies in the approximations used by Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] seem to have lead to results that they misinterpret. Chen and Chen [Chen. X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] would have been concerned about this if they had studied and compared with the results of Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734] that were published more than 2 years before their submittal. This would also have shown that the major conclusions of Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] were already made by Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734]. that the results and conclusions of Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734] have more general applicability than those of Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284], and that Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734] carried the study further and shows how parameter uncertainties propagate into uncertainty of stream flow predictions. Chen and Chen [Chen, X., Chen, X., 2003. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] applied the technique to a field case study. Similar applications were published by Nyholm et al. [Nyholm, T., Christensen, S., Rasmussen, K.R., 2002. Flow depletion in a small stream caused by ground water abstraction from wells. Ground Water 40 (4), 425-437] and by Kollet and Zlotnik [Kollet, S.J., Zlotnik, V.A., 2003. Stream depletion predictions using pumping test data from a heterogeneous stream-aquifer system (a case study from the Great Plains, USA). Journal o Hydrology 281, 96-114]. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.Author Keywords: pumping test; sensitivity analysis; parameter estimation; parameter uncertainty; observation strategy; observation error KeyWords Plus: FLOW DEPLETION Addresses: Christensen S (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ny Munkegade Bldg 520, Aarhus, DK-8000 DenmarkAarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Aarhus, DK-8000 Denmark E-mail Addresses: sc@geo.au.dk

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Title: On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis Author(s): Christensen S

Source: GROUND WATER 38 (5): 726-734 SEP-OCT 2000 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 7       Times Cited: 7         Abstract: Hunt (1999) derived a model for computation of stream flow depletion caused by pumping from a well near a stream that does not fully penetrate the aquifer. The model input includes the transmissivity (T) and the storativity (S) of the aquifer and the conductance of the stream bed (lambda). We study the experimental and hydrogeological conditions for which drawdown analysis can be expected to produce T, S, and lambda estimates that can be used in the model of Hunt (1999) to predict depletion with a specified accuracy The study is conducted by using a combination of sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis. The analysis shows that it is always important to have an accurate estimate of lambda in order to accurately predict depletion. Recommendations for the design of a pumping test near a stream are given to achieve this. The pumping well should be located close to the stream. Accurate drawdown measurements should be made both near the pumping well and near the stream, and the measurements should be used simultaneously to estimate T, S, and lambda. The duration of the pumping test should be relatively long in order to obtain an accurate estimate of lambda. A methodology is proposed in which a desired accuracy of either the estimates of T, S, and lambda., or the stream flow predicted from these estimates, is used to estimate the duration of the pumping test. Some examples indicate that in many cases the duration of the test should be from an hour to one or two months. However, if S is large (similar to 10(-1)) and lambda is small (10(-7) m/s) then the duration should be from several months to years. This would be expensive and not practical, so other methods should be used to estimate lambda in this situation. KeyWords Plus: UNSTEADY Addresses: Christensen S (reprint author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Earth Sci, Ny Munkegade Bldg 520, Aarhus, 8000 C DenmarkUniv Aarhus, Dept Earth Sci, Aarhus, 8000 C Denmark Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Reply to Comment on "Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties" by S. Christensen Author(s): Chen XH, Chen X Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 303 (1-4): 322-327 MAR 1 2005 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 16       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The study of Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion parameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734], based on the solution of Hunt [Hunt, B., 1999. Unsteady stream depletion from groundwater pumping. Ground Water 37 (1), 98-102], analyzed three streamflow depletion parameters T. S, and of a simplified stream-aquifer system. Although such a stream-aquifer hydrologic condition does not commonly exist in the real world, Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion prameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734] concluded that his results can be used to analyze any hydrogeological setting and his proposed methodology can analyze any possible pumping test design. Stream-aquifer-well systems are far more complex in the real world: lack of a semipervious layer that covers the whole stream channel, anisotropic hydraulic conductivity of stream sediments and the surrounding aquifers, effects of multiple channels or stream width, etc. It is clear that the results of Christensen [Christensen, S., 2000. On the estimation of stream flow depletion prameters by drawdown analysis. Ground Water 38 (5), 726-734] have limitations in the analyses of streamflow depletion parameters. It is then very apparent and logical that further research on streamflow depletion parameters for a more complex stream-aquifer system and for a less ideal design of pumping and observation well network is needed. Chen and Chen [Chen, X.H., Chen, X., 2003a. Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties. Journal of Hydrology 284, 270-284] used numerical models to simulate stream-aquifer interactions and fullfilled at least part of this need. The study of realistic and complex stream-aquifer-well conditions on streamflow depletion parameters remains an important topic of research. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. Author Keywords: stream-aquifer interactions; hydraulic parameters; sensitivity analysis; pumping test KeyWords Plus: FLOW DEPLETION; WATER; WELL; PARAMETERS; YIELD; MODEL Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, 113 Nebraska Hall,901 N 17th St, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAHohai Univ, Key Lab Water Resource Dev, Nanjing, Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: xchen2@unl.edu

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Title: Flow depletion in a small stream caused by ground water abstraction from wells Author(s): Nyholm T, Christensen S, Rasmussen KR Source: GROUND WATER 40 (4): 425-437 JUL-AUG 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 9         Abstract: The interaction between a gaining stream and a water-table aquifer is studied at an outwash plain. The aquifer is hydraulically well connected to the stream. Pumping tests were carried out in 1997 and 1998 in two wells 60 m from the stream, screening different depths of the aquifer. Drawdown was measured on both sides of the stream. Hydraulic head, drawdown, and stream depletion data were analyzed using numerical flow models. Similar models were fitted to each of two different data sets: Model A was fitted to steady-state hydraulic head and streamflow gain data not influenced by pumping; and model B was fitted to drawdown data measured during the 1998 pumping test. Each calibrated model closely fits its calibration data; however, predictions were biased if model A was used to predict the calibration data of model B, and vice versa. To further test the models, they were used to predict streamflow depletion during the two pumping tests as well as the drawdown during the 1997 test. Neither of these data were used for calibration. Model A predicted the measured depletions fairly accurately during both tests, whereas the predicted drawdowns in 1997 were significantly larger than actually measured. Contrary to this, the 1997 drawdowns predicted by model B were nearly unbiased; the predicted depletions deviate significantly from the measured depletions in 1997, but they compare well with the observations in 1998. Thus, although field work and analyses were extensive and done carefully to develop a ground water flow model that could predict both drawdown and streamflow depletion, the model predictions are biased. Analyses indicate that the deviations between model and data may be because of error in the models' representations of either the release of water from storage or of the hydrology in the riparian zone. Addresses: Christensen S (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ny Munkegade Bldg 520, Aarhus, DK-8000 C DenmarkAarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Aarhus, DK-8000 C Denmark Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Comment on "Sensitivity analysis and determination of streambed leakance and aquifer hydraulic properties" By Xunhong Chen and Xi Chen, Journal of Hydrology, 2003, vol. 284, 270-284 Author(s): Kollet S Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 303 (1-4): 328-330 MAR 1 2005 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 16       Times Cited: 0        Author Keywords: stream-aquifer interactions; pumping test KeyWords Plus: FLOW DEPLETION; WELL Addresses: Kollet S (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, 7000 East Ave,L-206, Livermore, CA 94550 USALawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA E-mail Addresses: kollet2@llnl.gov Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 906TV

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Title: Measuring groundwater-stream water exchange: New techniques for installing minipiezometers and estimating hydraulic conductivity Author(s): Baxter C, Hauer FR, Woessner WW Source: TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY 132 (3): 493-502 MAY 2003 Document Type: Article

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Title: A simple constant-head injection test for streambed hydraulic conductivity estimation Author(s): Cardenas MB, Zlotnik VA Source: GROUND WATER 41 (6): 867-871 NOV-DEC 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 33       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: A fast, efficient constant-head injection test (CHIT) for in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity (K) of sandy streambeds is presented. This test uses constant-head hydraulic injection through a manually driven piezometer. Results from CHIT compare favorably to estimates from slug testing and grain-size analysis. The CHIT combines simplicity of field performance, data interpretation, and accuracy of K estimation in flowing streams. KeyWords Plus: UNCONFINED AQUIFERS; SLUG TEST; DEPLETION; PACKER; WELLS Addresses: Cardenas MB (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USANew Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 740QG

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Title: Estimation of stream flow depletion and uncertainty from discharge measurements in a small alluvial stream Author(s): Nyholm T, Rasmussen KR, Christensen S Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 274 (1-4): 129-144 APR 1 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 27       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: Hydrographs were recorded at three discharge stations at a small alluvial stream during the summers of 1997 and 1998. A method of analysis was set up so that the temporal variations in discharge resulting from natural hydrological processes can be distinguished from the influence from ground water being periodically abstracted approximately 60 m from the stream. Thus, evapotranspiration from the riparian zone resulted in diurnal variations in streamflow with maximum amplitude of 3-5 l/s, whereas heavy rainfall resulted in intense short-term surface/subsurface flow from the riparian zone. The magnitude of peak-flow was of the order of 2-3 times baseflow and such events typically disturbed the hydrograph for one to three days. Baseflow increased from about 35 l/s to about 70 l/s over the studied reach, but when ground water was abstracted at rates of about 15 Us this resulted in a reduction in discharge. Within 4-8 days the reduction stabilized at about 4 Us and at 5-7 l/s, respectively, at discharge stations 140 and 350 m downstream of the well site. Predictions made by the analytical depletion model by [Ground Water, 37 (1999) 98] using the values of transmissivity and conductance of the streambed estimated by [Ground Water, 40 (2002) 437] by drawdown analysis compare reasonably well to the observed reduction of streamflow. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: streamflow depletion; hydrograph analysis; ground water abstraction; alluvial stream; measurement uncertainty Addresses: Rasmussen KR (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Block 520, Aarhus, DK-8000 C DenmarkAarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Aarhus, DK-8000 C Denmark E-mail Addresses: tny@ag.aaa.dk, geolkrr@geo.au.dk, sc@geo.au.dk Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

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Title: Analytical model for aquifer response incorporating distributed stream leakage Author(s): Fox GA, DuChateau P, Durnford DS Source: GROUND WATER 40 (4): 378-384 JUL-AUG 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 18       Times Cited: 4         Abstract: An analytical model of stream/aquifer interaction is proposed that predicts drawdown in an aquifer with leakage from a finite-width stream induced by pumping from a well. The model is formulated based on the assumptions of stream partial penetration, a semipervious streambed, and distributed recharge across a finite-width stream. Advantages of the analytical solution include its simple structure, consisting of the Theis well function with integral modifications. The solution is derived for the semi-infinite domain between the stream and pumping well, which is of primary interest to hydrogeologists. Previous stream/aquifer analytical models are compared to the analytical solution based on dimensionless drawdown profiles. Drawdown in the aquifer near a wide stream was found to be less than that predicted by a solution that ignored stream width. Deviations between the proposed analytical solutions and previous solutions increase as stream width increases. For a hypothetical stream/aquifer system, the proposed analytical solution was equivalent to prior solutions when the ratio of the distance between the stream and aquifer to the stream width was greater than 25. This analytical solution may provide improved estimates of aquifer and streambed leakage parameters by curve fitting experimental field drawdown data. KeyWords Plus: DEPLETION Addresses: Fox GA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USAColorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USAColorado State Univ, Dept Math, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Flow depletion in a small stream caused by ground water abstraction from wells Author(s): Nyholm T, Christensen S, Rasmussen KR Source: GROUND WATER 40 (4): 425-437 JUL-AUG 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 9         Abstract: The interaction between a gaining stream and a water-table aquifer is studied at an outwash plain. The aquifer is hydraulically well connected to the stream. Pumping tests were carried out in 1997 and 1998 in two wells 60 m from the stream, screening different depths of the aquifer. Drawdown was measured on both sides of the stream. Hydraulic head, drawdown, and stream depletion data were analyzed using numerical flow models. Similar models were fitted to each of two different data sets: Model A was fitted to steady-state hydraulic head and streamflow gain data not influenced by pumping; and model B was fitted to drawdown data measured during the 1998 pumping test. Each calibrated model closely fits its calibration data; however, predictions were biased if model A was used to predict the calibration data of model B, and vice versa. To further test the models, they were used to predict streamflow depletion during the two pumping tests as well as the drawdown during the 1997 test. Neither of these data were used for calibration. Model A predicted the measured depletions fairly accurately during both tests, whereas the predicted drawdowns in 1997 were significantly larger than actually measured. Contrary to this, the 1997 drawdowns predicted by model B were nearly unbiased; the predicted depletions deviate significantly from the measured depletions in 1997, but they compare well with the observations in 1998. Thus, although field work and analyses were extensive and done carefully to develop a ground water flow model that could predict both drawdown and streamflow depletion, the model predictions are biased. Analyses indicate that the deviations between model and data may be because of error in the models' representations of either the release of water from storage or of the hydrology in the riparian zone. Addresses: Christensen S (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ny Munkegade Bldg 520, Aarhus, DK-8000 C DenmarkAarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Aarhus, DK-8000 C Denmark Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Influence of aquifer heterogeneity and return flow on pumping test data interpretation Author(s): Kollet SJ, Zlotnik VA Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 300 (1-4): 267-285 JAN 10 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 53       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Analytical solutions of drawdown in unconfined aquifers are widely applied for determining the specific yield, S-y, and the horizontal and the vertical hydraulic conductivity K-r and K-z, respectively. In many previous studies, estimates of S-y and K-z were observed to be highly variable and physically unrealistic. This has been attributed to the conceptualization of flow above the declining water table and aquifer heterogeneity in the applied models. We present the analysis of time-drawdown data from a pumping test instrumented with depth-differentiated observation piezometers arranged in clusters. Applying homogeneous anisotropic aquifer models in combination with nonlinear least squares parameter identification techniques, the data were analyzed in different groups: analysis of data from individual piezometer clusters and simultaneous analysis of the entire data set from all piezometer clusters (global analysis). From the cluster analyses, estimates of S-y and K-z exhibit large variances and depart from a priori estimates inferred from the hydrostratigraphy. Parameter estimates from the global analysis do not fall within the parameter bounds (minimum and maximum values) defined by the cluster analyses. While heterogeneity appears to be the important reason for large parameter variances, we discuss the influence of rarely considered aquifer return flow on drawdown and the inconsistent results from the cluster and global analyses. We corroborate our findings with data on hydraulic gradients, slug test data, and results from the application of a more realistic numerical flow model. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: unconfined aquifer; pumping test; heterogeneity; aquifer return flow; effective hydraulic parameters; analytical and numerical models KeyWords Plus: DELAYED GRAVITY RESPONSE; UNCONFINED AQUIFERS; WATER-TABLE; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; MODELS; YIELD; WELL; TRANSMISSIVITY; DEPLETION; DRAINAGE Addresses: Kollet SJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, 700 East Ave,L-206, Livermore, CA 94550 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA E-mail Addresses: kollet2@llnl.gov Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES

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5. Modeling Papers of Groundwater Flow of Stream/Aquifer Systems

Title: INDUCED INFILTRATION IN AQUIFERS WITH AMBIENT FLOW Author(s): WILSON JL Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 29 (10): 3503-3512 OCT 1993 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 24       Times Cited: 19         Abstract: Well water quality depends on the relative amounts of water drawn from the pumped aquifer and nearby surface water bodies, such as streams, lakes, and wetlands. Although a surface water body may normally gain water from the aquifer, pumping can reverse gradients, causing it to lose water near the well. Surface water then enters the well by induced infiltration. Two-dimensional vertically integrated models of induced infiltration are developed for various combinations of aquifer geometry and sources of recharge. The models, which have applications in wellhead protection. aquifer pollution characterization, and aquifer remediation, are presented graphically. They show that the propensity for and rate of induced infiltration are enhanced by higher pumping rates, proximity of the well to the stream, and the presence of nearby barrier boundaries. The propensity and rate are reduced by the presence of other surface water bodies. Ambient groundwater discharge rate to the surface water body also plays a role, but not its source, whether it is from local vertical recharge, lateral inflow, or both. The results are also largely indifferent to whether the aquifer transmissivity is assumed to be a constant, or a function of water table elevation. Finally, if the well is close enough to the surface water body, say, less than 5% of the aquifer width, then the aquifer acts as if it were semi-infinite. KeyWords Plus: DIRECTION; WELL Addresses: WILSON JL (reprint author), NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOSCI, SOCORRO, NM 87801 USA Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: INDUCED INFILTRATION IN AQUIFERS WITH AMBIENT FLOW - COMMENT Author(s): TOWNLEY LR Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 31 (7): 1821-1821 JUL 1995 Document Type: Note Language: English Cited References: 1       Times Cited: 0        Addresses: TOWNLEY LR (reprint author), CSIRO, DIV WATER RESOURCES, WEMBLEY, MIDDX 6014 ENGLAND Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: RG411 ISSN: 0043-1397

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Title: Seepage laws in aquifer near a partially penetrating river with an intensive extraction of ground water Author(s): Liu GD, Li JT Source: SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES E-TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES 40 (5): 489-496 OCT 1997 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 11       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: The intensive extraction of ground water from aquifers near a river is an efficient way to exploit ground water resources. A lot of problems, however, have arisen because the mechanism of ground water flow in this way has not been clear. A sand-box model and a numerical model are respectively used to simulate the extraction of ground water near a partially penetrating river physically and theoretically. The results show that the ground water will lose saturated hydraulic connection with the river water as the pumping intensity increases. The broken point of hydraulic connection is located in the interior of aquifers rather than on the riverbed. After hydraulic disconnection occurs, two saturated zones, a suspended saturated zone linked with river and an unconfined aquifer, are formed. Author Keywords: the extraction of ground water; ground water-well field near a river; water table; saturated-unsaturated flow KeyWords Plus: FLOW; INFILTRATION Addresses: Liu GD (reprint author), SICHUAN UNION UNIV, DEPT HYDRAUL ENGN, CHENGDU, 610065 PEOPLES R CHINAXIAN GEOL COLL, DEPT HYDROGEOL & ENGN GEOL, XIAN, 710054 PEOPLES R CHINA Publisher: SCIENCE CHINA PRESS, 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY IDS Number: XX572

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Title: Analytical series expressions for Hantush's M and S functions Author(s): Trefry MG Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 34 (4): 909-913 APR 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 20       Times Cited: 3         Abstract: M. S. Hantush established relationships between the dynamics of groundwater mounding beneath recharge zones and two integral functions, M and S. Exact algebraic expressions for these functions are developed in terms of a formal power series expansion. This expansion may be reordered to provide two independent analytical partial summations involving elementary functions. The convergence characteristics of these two formulae are discussed and compared with numerical quadratures of M and, hence, S. The algebraic expressions are used to generate identities for related integrals. Compact algebraic approximations to M and S can be deduced from the series expansions with essentially arbitrary accuracy, while retaining valuable functional information. For example, a simple two-term truncated sum yields a reasonable approximation to M over a useful range of arguments. The results are amenable for use in further theoretical studies of groundwater percolation and mounding where numerical quadratures may be undesirable. KeyWords Plus: RECHARGE; WATER; FLOW Addresses: Trefry MG (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, Ctr Groundwater Studies, Private Bag PO, Wembley, WA 6014 AustraliaCSIRO Land & Water, Ctr Groundwater Studies, Wembley, WA 6014 Australia Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: ZE657

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Title: Effect of shallow penetration and streambed sediments on aquifer response to stream stage fluctuations (analytical model) Author(s): Zlotnik VA, Huang H Source: GROUND WATER 37 (4): 599-605 JUL-AUG 1999 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 32       Times Cited: 22         Abstract: An analytical model of stream-aquifer interaction is proposed that considers the effects from a small degree of aquifer penetration and low-permeability sediments on the head response to an arbitrary stream-stage hydrograph. Aquifer sections under the stream and beyond are considered in a single model. The model of ground water flow in the aquifer is based on the Dupuit assumptions corrected for leakage from the stream. The model can use stream-stage hydrographs in both analytical and tabular forms. The nondimensional linear boundary value problem is solved for hydraulic head in the aquifer using numerical Laplace transforms and a convolution algorithm. The proposed solution is used to assess the impact of shallow penetration and low-permeability streambed sediments on head responses by comparison with available solutions which neglect these factors. KeyWords Plus: INDUCED INFILTRATION; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; RIVER Addresses: Zlotnik VA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 213JK ISSN: 0017-467X

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Title: Mass transport modelling to assess contamination of a water supply well in Sabarmati river bed aquifer, Ahmedabad City, India Author(s): Rao VVSG, Gupta SK Source: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY 39 (8): 893-900 JUN 2000 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 9       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Drinking water supply wells were constructed in the Sabarmati river bed aquifer of Ahmedabad city using radial pipes and are known as French Collector wells. Contamination of groundwater from one of the French wells near Sabarmati railway bridge was noticed in 1992. The suspected pollution sources are Duff-nala of Shahibaug and two other sources from slum dwellings on either side of Sabarmati river. A combined groundwater flow, pathlines and a mass transport model was constructed covering an area of 9 km(2) to analyse the capture zone of the French well under two different scenarios. Aquifer parameters of the river bed aquifer were available. Dry river bed condition was simulated under scenario I and controlled flow in the river bed was simulated under scenario II. The groundwater velocity and migration of contaminant particles from sources was analysed in the pathline model. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration contours originating from sources in the mass transport model (MT3D) were computed by solving an advection-dispersion equation. The computed pathlines and TDS concentration contours indicate likely migration of contaminant plume from pollutant sources to the French well during 365 days under two scenarios. The model results confirm the tracer injection studies carried out to know the likely migration of contaminants towards the French well. The modelling study emphasised the necessity of controlled release of surface water in Sabarmati river bed from Dharoi reservoir throughout the year. Author Keywords: flow model; mass transport; pathlines; groundwater velocity; Sabarmati river; French collector well; dry river bed; tracer Addresses: Rao VVSG (reprint author), Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007 IndiaNatl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007 IndiaPhys Res Lab, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India Publisher: SPRINGER VERLAG, 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA

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Title: Streamflow depletion: Modeling of reduced baseflow and induced stream infiltration from seasonally pumped wells Author(s): Chen XH, Yin YF Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 37 (1): 185-195 FEB 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 18       Times Cited: 6         Abstract: Numerical modeling techniques are used to analyze streamflow depletion for stream-aquifer systems with baseflow. The analyses calculated two flow components generated by a pumping well located at a given distance from a river that is hydraulically connected to an unconfined aquifer. The two components are induced stream infiltration and reduced baseflow; both contribute to total streamflow depletion. Simulation results suggest that the induced infiltration, the volume of water discharged from the stream to the aquifer, has a shorter term impact on streamflow, while the reduced baseflow curves show a longer term effect. The peak impacts of the two hydrologic processes on streamflow occur separately. The separate analysis helps in understanding the hydrologic interactions between stream and aquifer. Practically, it provides useful information about contaminant transport from stream to aquifer when water quality is a concern, and for areas where water quantity is an issue, the separate analysis offers additional information to the development of water resource management plan. Author Keywords: modeling; streamflow depletion; reduced baseflow; stream infiltration; anisotropic aquifer; baseflow KeyWords Plus: AQUIFER Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Conserv & Survey Div, 113 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Conserv & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 413UQ ISSN: 1093-474X

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Title: Migration of induced-infiltrated stream water into nearby aquifers due to seasonal ground water withdrawal Author(s): Chen XH Source: GROUND WATER 39 (5): 721-728 SEP-OCT 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 12       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: Analysis of stream-aquifer interaction due to ground water extraction has traditionally focused on the determination of the amount of water depleted in the stream. Less attention has been paid to the movement of infiltrated stream water inside aquifer, particularly for agricultural areas. This paper presents a method of using particle-tracking techniques to evaluate the transport of the leaked stream water in the nearby aquifers. Simple stream-aquifer conditions are used to demonstrate the usefulness of the analysis. Travel times, pathlines, and influence zones of stream water were determined between a stream and nearby pumping wells for seasonal ground water extraction areas. When water quantity is a concern, the analyses provide additional information about stream depletion; when water quality is an issue, they offer information for wellhead protection. Analyses were conducted for transient conditions, and both pumping and nonpumping periods were considered. According to the results from the simulation examples, migration of infiltrated stream water into the nearby aquifers is generally slow and most infiltrated stream water does not arrive at the pumping well at the end of a 90-day irrigation season. Infiltrated stream water may remain in the aquifer for several years before arriving at the pumping well. For aquifers with a regional hydraulic gradient toward streams, part of the infiltrated stream water may discharge back to streams during a recovery period. KeyWords Plus: DEPLETION Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 468YC

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Title: Drawdown and stream depletion produced by pumping in the vicinity of a partially penetrating stream Author(s): Butler JJ, Zlotnik VA, Tsou MS Source: GROUND WATER 39 (5): 651-659 SEP-OCT 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 13         Abstract: Commonly used analytical approaches for estimation of pumping-induced drawdown and stream depletion are based on a series of idealistic assumptions about the stream-aquifer system. A new solution has been developed for estimation of drawdown and stream depletion under conditions that are more representative of those in natural systems (finite width stream of shallow penetration adjoining an aquifer of limited lateral extent). This solution shows that the conventional assumption of a fully penetrating stream will lead to a significant overestimation of stream depletion (> 100%) in many practical applications. The degree of overestimation will depend on the value of the stream leakance parameter and the distance from the pumping well to the stream. Although leakance will increase with stream width, a very wide stream will not necessarily be well represented by a model of a fully penetrating stream. The impact of lateral boundaries depends upon the distance from the pumping wen to the stream and the stream leakance parameter. In most cases, aquifer width must be on the order of hundreds of stream widths before the assumption of a laterally infinite aquifer is appropriate for stream-depletion calculations. An important assumption underlying this solution is that stream-channel penetration is negligible relative to aquifer thickness. However, an approximate extension to the case of nonnegligible penetration provides reasonable results for the range of relative penetrations found in most natural systems (up to 85%). Since this solution allows consideration of a much wider range of conditions than existing analytical approaches, it could prove to be a valuable new tool for water management design and water rights adjudication purposes. KeyWords Plus: AQUIFERS; ISSUE; RIVER Addresses: Butler JJ (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, 1930 Constant Ave,Campus West, Lawrence, KS 66047 USAUniv Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 468YC

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Title: Stream-aquifer interactions: Evaluation of depletion volume and residual effects from ground water pumping Author(s): Chen XH, Shu LC Source: GROUND WATER 40 (3): 284-290 MAY-JUN 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 19       Times Cited: 4         Abstract: Numerical modeling techniques were used to simulate stream-aquifer interactions from seasonal ground water pumping. We used stream-aquifer models in which a shallow stream penetrates the top of an aquifer that discharges ground water to the stream as base flow. Because of the pumping, the volume of base flow discharged to the stream was reduced, and as the pumping continued, infiltration from the stream to the aquifer was induced. Both base-flow reduction and stream infiltration contributed to total stream depletion. We analyzed the depletion rates and volumes of the reduced base flow and induced stream infiltration during pumping and postpumping periods. Our results suggested that for a shallow penetrating stream with a low streambed conductance, base-flow reduction accounts for a significant percentage of the total stream depletion. Its residual effects in postpumping can last very long and may continue into the next pumping season for areas where recharge is nominal. In contrast, the contribution of the induced stream infiltration to the total stream depletion is much smaller, and its effects often become negligible shortly after pumping was stopped. For areas where surface recharge replenishes the aquifer, the residual effects of base-flow reduction and thus its depletion volume will be significantly reduced. A stream of large conductance has a high hydraulic connection to the aquifer, but the relationship between stream conductance and stream depletion is not linear. KeyWords Plus: INDUCED INFILTRATION; WELLS Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAHohai Univ, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Nanjing, 210098 Peoples R China Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 549PY

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Title: Migration of induced-infiltrated stream water into nearby aquifers due to seasonal ground water withdrawal Author(s): Chen XH Source: GROUND WATER 39 (5): 721-728 SEP-OCT 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 12       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: Analysis of stream-aquifer interaction due to ground water extraction has traditionally focused on the determination of the amount of water depleted in the stream. Less attention has been paid to the movement of infiltrated stream water inside aquifer, particularly for agricultural areas. This paper presents a method of using particle-tracking techniques to evaluate the transport of the leaked stream water in the nearby aquifers. Simple stream-aquifer conditions are used to demonstrate the usefulness of the analysis. Travel times, pathlines, and influence zones of stream water were determined between a stream and nearby pumping wells for seasonal ground water extraction areas. When water quantity is a concern, the analyses provide additional information about stream depletion; when water quality is an issue, they offer information for wellhead protection. Analyses were conducted for transient conditions, and both pumping and nonpumping periods were considered. According to the results from the simulation examples, migration of infiltrated stream water into the nearby aquifers is generally slow and most infiltrated stream water does not arrive at the pumping well at the end of a 90-day irrigation season. Infiltrated stream water may remain in the aquifer for several years before arriving at the pumping well. For aquifers with a regional hydraulic gradient toward streams, part of the infiltrated stream water may discharge back to streams during a recovery period. KeyWords Plus: DEPLETION Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 468YC

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Title: Analysis of pumping-induced stream-aquifer interactions for gaining streams Author(s): Chen XH Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 275 (1-2): 1-11 APR 25 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 18       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: This paper presents analytical solutions that can be used to evaluate stream infiltration and baseflow reduction induced groundwater pumping in nearby aquifers. Critical time, infiltration reach, and travel times can also be calculated to determine the hydraulic connectivity between the well and the stream. The critical time indicates the earliest time of reversal of hydraulic gradient occurring along the stream-aquifer interface, the infiltration reach is the stream segment where stream water recharges the aquifer, and the shortest travel time for the stream water particle to get into a pumping well is along the meridian line. The transient features of the two stream depletion components, baseflow reduction and stream infiltration, are evaluated separately. The rate of baseflow reduction can be greater than the rate of stream infiltration for a stronger gaining stream. However, for a given distance between the stream and well, a higher pumping rate or a weaker gaining stream results in higher rate of stream infiltration, although the total depletion rate is the same for different pumping rates or varied hydraulic gradient of the baseflow. When a steady-state condition is assumed for a transient flow, the rate and volume of stream infiltration can be overestimated; this overestimation can be very significant in the early stage of pumping. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. Author Keywords: stream depletion; baseflow reduction; induced infiltration; groundwater pumping KeyWords Plus: DEPLETION; INFILTRATION Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Sch Nat Resource Sci, 113 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Conservat & Survey Div, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 666EQ ISSN: 0022-1694

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Title: Parameter estimation of the transient storage model for stream-subsurface exchange Author(s): Marion A, Zaramella M, Packman AI Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE 129 (5): 456-463 MAY 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 32       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: The transient storage model (TSM) is the most commonly used model for stream-subsurface exchange of solutes. The TSM provides a convenient, simplified representation of hyporheic exchange, but its lack of a true physical basis causes its parameters to be difficult to predict. However, the simple formulation makes the model a useful practical tool for many applications. This work compares the TSM with a physically based pumping model. This comparison is advantageous for two reasons: Advective pumping is known to be an important hyporheic exchange process in many streams, and the pumping model can be used to derive dimensionless transient storage parameters that are properly scaled with important physical stream parameters. Transient storage model parameters are shown to be dependent on both the timescale of observation and the shape of the breakthrough curve, i.e., on the temporal evolution of the solute concentration in the surface water. This indicates that the transient storage model can, in practice, lead to incorrect predictions when model parameters are obtained without consideration of the stream flow dynamics, the properties of the stream bed, or the process timescale. This work emphasizes the limitations of simplified models for hyporheic transport, and indicates that such models need to be carefully applied. Author Keywords: models; subsurface environment; solutes; hydraulic transients; streams

KeyWords Plus: BENTHIC OXYGEN-UPTAKE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; BED FORMS; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; NONSORBING SOLUTES; MOUNTAIN STREAM; WATER EXCHANGE; HYPORHEIC ZONE; CHANNEL Addresses: Marion A (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dept Hydraul Maritime Environm & Geotech Engn, Via Loredon 20, Padua, I-35100 ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Hydraul Maritime Environm & Geotech Engn, Padua, I-35100 ItalyNorthwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA Publisher: ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: 668MJ ISSN: 0733-9372

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Title: Application of the transient storage model to analyze advective hyporheic exchange with deep and shallow sediment beds Author(s): Zaramella M, Packman AI, Marion A Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 39 (7): Art. No. 1198 JUL 31 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 38       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: Hydrodynamic exchange between a stream and its bed plays an important role in solute transport in rivers. Stream-subsurface exchange is known to occur due to several different mechanisms and different approaches have been used to model the resulting solute transport, but there has been little investigation of the ability of the various models to represent specific exchange processes. This work evaluates the ability of the semiempirical transient storage model (TSM) to represent advective hyporheic exchange driven by bed form-induced pore water flows. The TSM is based on the idealized hypothesis that the flux of contaminants is proportional to the difference in concentration between the bed and the stream. To evaluate the ability of this simplified mass transfer relationship to reproduce advective hyporheic exchange, we apply the TSM to data sets for the exchange of conservative solutes with sand beds in laboratory flumes where bed form-induced pumping is the dominant exchange mechanism. The results show that the simplified expressions used in the TSM can represent some but not all aspects of the pumping process. The TSM can represent advective exchange with shallow beds that have a defined exchange layer restricted by the presence of an impermeable boundary. In this case, transient storage parameters can be directly related to the streamflow conditions and the channel geometry. However, the TSM does not do a good job of representing exchange with a relatively deep sediment bed, where flow along different advective paths in the bed yields a wide distribution of exchange timescales. Author Keywords: hyporheic exchange; transient storage; solute transport; streams; stream-subsurface interactions; modeling KeyWords Plus: STREAM-SUBSURFACE EXCHANGE; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; NONSORBING SOLUTES; WATER EXCHANGE; TRACER; RIVERS; FORMS; GROUNDWATER Addresses: Zaramella M (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dept Hydraul Maritime & Geotech Engn, Via Loredan 20, Padua, I-35100 ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Hydraul Maritime & Geotech Engn, Padua, I-35100 ItalyNorthwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 710ZG

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Title: Unsaturated hyporheic zone flow in stream/aquifer conjunctive systems Author(s): Fox GA, Durnford DS Source: ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 26 (9): 989-1000 SEP 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 30       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: Saturated flow is typically assumed for seepage from a stream underlain by an alluvial aquifer. However, if the water table falls a sufficient distance below a semipervious streambed, the head losses in this less conductive layer will cause the region beneath the stream, or hyporheic zone, to become unsaturated. Hyporheic zone flow is defined loosely in this research as the flow that occurs underneath the streambed. Unsaturated flow transforms streams from constant head boundaries to constant flux boundaries, impacting the biogeochernistry in the hyporheic zone. The objective of this paper is to discuss the development and implications of unsaturated flow beneath the streambed. Conditions under which saturated or unsaturated flow occurs and the characteristics of each flow regime are discussed. Next, the effect of unsaturated flow is illustrated for the case of stream leakage induced by a well pumping from an aquifer that is hydraulically interacting with a partially penetrating stream. Prior analytical solutions for alluvial well depletions fail to model unsaturated flow between the streambed and water table. An approximating solution is proposed to estimate aquifer drawdown and stream depletion under saturated/unsaturated hyporheic zone flow conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: stream/aquifer interaction; hyporheic zone; unsaturated flow; stream leakage; constant head boundary; constant flux boundary KeyWords Plus: UNSTEADY STREAM DEPLETION; SOIL-WATER RETENTION; MODEL Addresses: Fox GA (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, University, MS 38677 USAUniv Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, University, MS 38677 USAColorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 720AA ISSN: 0309-1708

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Title: Modeling hyporheic zone processes - Preface Author(s): Runkel RL, McKnight DM, Rajaram H Source: ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 26 (9): 901-905 SEP 2003 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 35       Times Cited: 2         KeyWords Plus: SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; TRANSIENT STORAGE; STREAM METABOLISM; HEADWATER STREAMS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MOUNTAIN STREAM; SURFACE-WATER; RETENTION; CALIFORNIA; COUNTY Addresses: Runkel RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USAUS Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USAUniv Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 720AA

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Title: Stream water infiltration, bank storage, and storage zone changes due to stream-stage fluctuations Author(s): Chen X, Chen XH Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 280 (1-4): 246-264 SEP 10 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 23       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: During a flood period, stream-stage increases induce infiltration of stream water into an aquifer; subsequent declines in stream stage cause a reverse motion of the infiltrated water. This paper presents the results of the water exchange rate between a stream and aquifer, the storage volume of the infiltrated stream water in the surrounding aquifer (bank storage), and the storage zone. The storage zone is the part of aquifer where groundwater is replaced by stream water during the flood. MODFLOW was used to simulate stream-aquifer interactions and to quantify rates of stream infiltration and return flow. MODPATH was used to trace the pathlines of the infiltrated stream water and to determine the size of the storage zone. Simulations were focused on the analyses of the effects of the stream-stage fluctuation, aquifer properties, the hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments, regional hydraulic gradients, and recharge and evapotranspiration (ET) rates on stream-aquifer interactions. Generally, for a given stream-aquifer system, larger flow rates result from larger stream-stage fluctuations; larger storage volumes and storage zones are produced by larger and longer-lasting fluctuations. For a given stream-stage hydrograph, a lower-permeable streambed, an aquitard, or an anisotropic aquifer of low vertical hydraulic conductivity can significantly reduce the rate of infiltration and limit the size of the storage zone. The bank storage solely caused by the stage fluctuation differs slightly between gaining and losing streams. Short-term rainfall recharge and ET loss in the shallow groundwater slightly influence on the flow rate, but their effects on bank storage in a larger area for a longer period can be considerable. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: flood stage; bank storage; storage zone; stream-aquifer interactions KeyWords Plus: AQUIFER RESPONSE; RECHARGE VARIATIONS; FLOW; WELL Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, 113 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 727ZZ ISSN: 0022-1694

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Title: The potential of riverbank filtration for drinking water supplies in relation to microsystin removal in brackish aquifers Author(s): Dillon PJ, Miller M, Fallowfield H, Hutson J Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 266 (3-4): 209-221 SEP 15 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: in semi-arid areas, pumping town water supplies from alluvium adjacent a stream rather than the stream itself has been used to reduce turbidity and has potential to remove blue-green algal toxins, such as microsystin. However for some rivers, such as the River Murray in South Eastern Australia, the ambient groundwater of unconfined aquifers skirting some reaches of the river is saline. This paper examines the compatibility of two constraints on the quality of water recovered from bank filtration schemes; that (1) removal of cyanobacterial toxins is adequate and (2) salinity is acceptable for drinking water supplies. Adsorption and biodegradation characteristics of a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microsystin, in porous media were quantified and these results are summarised in the current analysis. It was found that riverbank filtration schemes could meet both criteria in a limited range of conditions, excluding locations where saline groundwater discharges to a river. However, on a river meander that had been flushed due to a hydraulic gradient induced by a lock, several feasible positions for bank filtration wells were compared and a best location meeting salinity and microsystin criteria with least-energy pumping cost was identified. The simple approach developed is intended to be used to assess feasibility of alternative designs for bank filtration schemes in semiarid areas before commencing field studies. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: microsystin; backish aquifers; drinking water supplies KeyWords Plus: INFILTRATION; ADSORPTION Addresses: Dillon PJ (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, Water Reclamat Res Grp, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 AustraliaCSIRO Land & Water, Water Reclamat Res Grp, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 AustraliaFlinders Univ S Australia, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Environm Hlth, Adelaide, SA 5001 AustraliaFlinders Univ S Australia, Sch Phys Chem & Earth Sci, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 595LH ISSN: 0022-1694

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Title: Flood induced infiltration affecting a bank filtrate well at the River Enns, Austria Author(s): Wett B, Jarosch H, Ingerle K Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 266 (3-4): 222-234 SEP 15 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 26       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: Bank filtration employs a natural filtration process of surface water on its flow path from the river to the well. The development of a stable filter layer is of major importance to the quality of the delivered water. Flooding is expected to destabilise the riverbed, to reduce the filter efficiency of the bank and therefore to endanger the operation of water supply facilities near the riverbank. This paper provides an example of how bank storage in an unconfined alluvial aquifer causes a significant decrease of the seepage rate after a high-water event. Extensive monitoring equipment has been installed in the river bank of the oligotrophic alpine River Enns focusing on the first metre of the flow path. Head losses measured by multilevel probes throughout a year characterise the development of the hydraulic conductivity of different riverbed layers. Concentration profiles of nitrate, total ions and a NaCl tracer have been used to study infiltration rates of river water and its dilution with groundwater. Dynamic modelling was applied in order to investigate the propagation of flood induced head elevation and transport of pollutants. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: bank filtration; bank storage; clogging; stream-aquifer interaction; alluvial aquifers; groundwater modelling KeyWords Plus: ORGANIC-CARBON; GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENT; AQUIFER; RECHARGE; ZONE Addresses: Wett B (reprint author), Innsbruck Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Technikerstr 13, Innsbruck, A-6020 AustriaInnsbruck Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 595LH ISSN: 0022-1694

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Title: Stream depletion predictions using pumping test data from a heterogeneous stream-aquifer system (a case study from the Great Plains, USA) Author(s): Kollet SJ, Zlotnik VA Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 281 (1-2): 96-114 SEP 25 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 36       Times Cited: 8         Abstract: This uniquely designed study investigates a fundamental issue-the feasibility of predicting stream depletion rates using linear uniform two-dimensional models. Required input for these models includes the hydraulic parameter estimates of the aquifer and the stream-aquifer interface, which may be obtainable through pumping test data analysis. This study utilizes pumping test data collected near the naturally meandering Prairie Creek, Platte River watershed, Nebraska, USA. Drawdown data were, obtained in eight piezometer clusters, located on both sides of the stream, each containing three piezometers screened at different aquifer depths. Parameter estimates and, thus, stream depletion predictions varied over a wide range. Large parameter variance and. a low degree of goodness. of fit between the calculated and measured data encountered during the analysis suggest deficiencies of the uniform aquifer models in describing significant physical processes. This was also shown by additional field experiments that indicate lateral and vertical aquifer heterogeneity. Hydrogeological and sedimentological considerations of the meandering stream architecture (point bar versus cut bank) and the application of a linear piecewise-homogeneous model yielded a higher degree of goodness of fit and higher confidence in stream depletion predictions. Aquifer heterogeneity appears to be the major reason for uncertainty in stream depletion predictions, though other possible sources of uncertainty should be considered. These include the model linearity, the Dupuit assumption, the simplified representation of the stream-aquifer interface, the approximation of the stream as a straight. line or a strip, and the impact of regional groundwater flow. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: stream depletion; pumping test; parameter identification; aquifer heterogeneity; meandering stream; sedimentologic information KeyWords Plus: 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; FLOW DEPLETION; SAFE YIELD; WELLS; DRAWDOWN; DEPOSITS; RIVER Addresses: Kollet SJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 732NH

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Title: Pumping-induced leakage in a bounded aquifer: An example of a scale-invariant phenomenon Author(s): Butler JJ, Tsou MS Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 39 (12): Art. No. 1344 DEC 5 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 11       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: A new approach is presented for calculation of the volume of pumping-induced leakage entering an aquifer as a function of time. This approach simplifies the total leakage calculation by extending analytical-based methods developed for infinite systems to bounded aquifers of any size. The simplification is possible because of the relationship between drawdown and leakage in aquifers laterally bounded by impermeable formations. This relationship produces a scale-invariant total leakage; i.e., the volume of leakage as a function of time does not change with the size of the aquifer or with the location of the pumping well. Two examples and image well theory are used to demonstrate and prove, respectively, the generality of this interesting phenomenon. Author Keywords: pumping-induced leakage; scale-invariant measurements; total leakage Addresses: Butler JJ (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, 1930 Constant Ave,Campus W, Lawrence, KS 66047 USAUniv Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 756NT ISSN: 0043-1397

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Title: Semianalytical solutions for stream depletion in partially penetrating streams Author(s): Chen XH, Yin YF Source: GROUND WATER 42 (1): 92-96 JAN-FEB 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 16       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: In the analysis of streamflow depletion, the Hunt (1999) solution has an important advantage because it considers a partially penetrating stream. By extending the Hunt drawdown solution, this paper presents semianalytical solutions for gaining streams that evaluate the induced stream infiltration and base flow reduction separately. Simulation results show that for a given Deltah (the initial hydraulic head difference between stream and aquifer beneath the channel), the base flow reduction is in direct proportion to the product of streambed leakage (lambda) and the distance between pumping well and stream (L), and the induced stream infiltration is in inverse proportion to lambdaL. Deltah has a significant effect on the ratio of stream infiltration to base flow reduction. The results from the semianalytical solutions agree well with those from MODFLOW simulations. The semianalytical solutions are useful in the verification of numerical simulations and in the analysis of stream-aquifer interactions where water quantity or quality is concerned. KeyWords Plus: INDUCED INFILTRATION; WELLS Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA E-mail Addresses: xchen2@unl.edu, hgyyin@yahoo.com Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 762JL ISSN: 0017-467X

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Title: Semianalytical solutions for stream depletion in partially penetrating streams Author(s): Chen XH, Yin YF Source: GROUND WATER 42 (1): 92-96 JAN-FEB 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 16       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: In the analysis of streamflow depletion, the Hunt (1999) solution has an important advantage because it considers a partially penetrating stream. By extending the Hunt drawdown solution, this paper presents semianalytical solutions for gaining streams that evaluate the induced stream infiltration and base flow reduction separately. Simulation results show that for a given Deltah (the initial hydraulic head difference between stream and aquifer beneath the channel), the base flow reduction is in direct proportion to the product of streambed leakage (lambda) and the distance between pumping well and stream (L), and the induced stream infiltration is in inverse proportion to lambdaL. Deltah has a significant effect on the ratio of stream infiltration to base flow reduction. The results from the semianalytical solutions agree well with those from MODFLOW simulations. The semianalytical solutions are useful in the verification of numerical simulations and in the analysis of stream-aquifer interactions where water quantity or quality is concerned. KeyWords Plus: INDUCED INFILTRATION; WELLS Addresses: Chen XH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA E-mail Addresses: xchen2@unl.edu, hgyyin@yahoo.com Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 762JL ISSN: 0017-467X

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Title: Analytical model for aquifer response incorporating distributed stream leakage,by Garey A. Fox, Paul DuChateau, and Deana S. Durnford, July-August 2002 issue, v. 40, no. 4: 378-384. - Reply Author(s): Fox GA Source: GROUND WATER 42 (1): 140-140 JAN-FEB 2004 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 2       Times Cited: 0        KeyWords Plus: DEPLETION Addresses: Fox GA (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, POB 1848, University, MS 38677 USAUniv Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, University, MS 38677 USA E-mail Addresses: gafox@olemiss.edu Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 762JL ISSN: 0017-467X

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Title: Nonlinear response of streamflow to groundwater pumping for a hydrologic streamflow model Author(s): Ahlfeld DP Source: ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 27 (4): 349-360 APR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 22       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Groundwater management models that combine optimization methods with coupled stream/aquifer simulation models are considered. Designing algorithms to solve these problems benefits from improved understanding of the nature of the functional relationship between well extraction and streamflow. An analysis is conducted of the nature of this relationship for the Modflow Stream Package stream/aquifer simulation model. Derivatives of the algebraic implementation of the code and numerical testing on a hypothetical problem are used to perform the analysis. Results indicate that a nonlinear relation exists and that it is expected to be bounded and mild under all practical circumstances. The streamflow function may be convex or concave depending on the location of the observation point relative to the well and the ratio of streambed conductance to hydraulic conductivity. For a given setting of well and observation location, the function is likely to be either concave or convex under all practical values of pumping rates and model parameters. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KeyWords Plus: NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; AQUIFER SYSTEM; SURFACE-WATER; MANAGEMENT; OPTIMIZATION Addresses: Ahlfeld DP (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USAUniv Massachusetts, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA E-mail Addresses: ahlfed@ecs.umass.edu Publisher: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Modeling of a microbial growth experiment with bioclogging in a two-dimensional saturated porous media flow field Author(s): Thullner M, Schroth MH, Zeyer J, Kinzelbach W Source: JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 70 (1-2): 37-62 MAY 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: A model was developed simulating reactive transport in groundwater including bioclogging. Results from a bioclogging experiment in a flow cell with a two-dimensional flow field were used as a data base to verify the simulation results of the model. Simulations were performed using three different hydraulic conductivity vs. porosity relations published in literature; two relations derived from pore network simulations assuming the biomass to grow in discrete colonies and as a biofilm, respectively, and a third relation, which did not include pore connectivity in more than one dimension. Best agreement with the experimental data was achieved using a hydraulic conductivity vs. porosity relation derived from pore network simulation assuming the biomass to grow in colonies. The relation derived from pore network simulations assuming biomass to grow as a biofilm was unable to reproduce the experimental data when realistic parameter values were employed. With the third relation the clogging ability of the biomass was strongly underestimated. These findings indicate that the porous medium needs to be treated as a multi-dimensional medium already on the pore scale, and that biomass growth different than in a biofilm must be considered to get an appropriate description of bioclogging. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. Author Keywords: biological clogging; hydraulic conductivity; biomass; simulation

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Title: A concept of maximum stream depletion rate for leaky aquifers in alluvial valleys Author(s): Zlotnik VA Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 40 (6): Art. No. W06507 JUN 24 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 37       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: [1] Existing analytical models for evaluating stream depletion by wells in alluvial aquifers are based on the assumption that stream depletion supplies 100% of groundwater withdrawals. Analysis of specific hydrostratigraphic conditions in leaky aquifers indicates that stream depletion may range from 0 to 100%. A new concept of maximum stream depletion rate (MSDR) is introduced and defined as a maximum fraction of the pumping rate contributed by the stream depletion. Several new analytical solutions indicate that the MSDR is determined by aquifer hydrostratigraphic conditions, geometry of recharge and discharge zones, and locations of pumping wells. Author Keywords: aquitard; groundwater; hydraulic conductivity; leaky aquifer; streams; stream depletion rate KeyWords Plus: WATER-BUDGET MYTH; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SEMIPERVIOUS BEDS; FLOW DEPLETION; SAFE YIELD; WELLS; MODEL; RIVER Addresses: Zlotnik VA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA E-mail Addresses: vzlotnik@unl.edu Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA

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Title: Evaluation of a stream aquifer analysis test using analytical solutions and field data Author(s): Fox GA Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 40 (3): 755-763 JUN 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 27       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Considerable advancements have been made in the development of analytical solutions for predicting the effects of pumping wells on adjacent streams and rivers. However, these solutions have not been sufficiently evaluated against field data. The objective of this research is to evaluate the predictive performance of recently proposed analytical solutions for unsteady stream depletion using field data collected during a stream/aquifer analysis test at the Tamarack State Wildlife Area in eastern Colorado. Two primary stream/aquifer interactions exist at the Tamarack site: (1) between the South Platte River and the alluvial aquifer and (2) between a backwater stream and the alluvial aquifer. A pumping test is performed next to the backwater stream channel. Drawdown measured in observation wells is matched to predictions by recently proposed analytical solutions to derive estimates of aquifer and streambed parameters. These estimates are compared to documented aquifer properties and field measured streambed conductivity. The analytical solutions are capable of estimating reasonable values of both aquifer and streambed parameters with one solution capable of simultaneously estimating delayed aquifer yield and stream flow recharge. However, for long term water management, it is reasonable to use simplified analytical solutions not concerned with early-time delayed yield effects. For this site, changes in the water level in the stream during the test and a varying water level profile at the beginning of the pumping test influence the application of the analytical solutions. Author Keywords: ground water hydrology; surface water hydrology; stream depletion; streambed conductivity; stream/aquifer analysis test; alluvial aquifer KeyWords Plus: HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; DEPLETION; WELLS; WATER; GROUNDWATER; RIVER; SLUG Addresses: Fox GA (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, 208 Carrier Hall, University, MS 38677 USAUniv Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, University, MS 38677 USA E-mail Addresses: gafox@olemiss.edu Publisher: AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC, 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 835LL ISSN: 1093-474X

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Title: A concept of maximum stream depletion rate for leaky aquifers in alluvial valleys (vol 40, art no W06507, 2004) Author(s): Zlotnik VA Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 40 (9): Art. No. W09901 SEP 16 2004 Document Type: Correction Language: English Cited References: 1       Times Cited: 0        Author Keywords: aquitard groundwater; hydraulic conductivity; leaky aquifer; streams; stream depletion rate Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 857NX ISSN: 0043-1397

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Title: The future of hydraulic tests Author(s): Renard P Source: HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 13 (1): 259-262 MAR 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 61       Times Cited: 0        Author Keywords: hydraulic testing; pumping test; analytical solutions; numerical modeling; heterogeneity; diagnostic plot; derivative KeyWords Plus: PUMPING-TEST DATA; HETEROGENEOUS FORMATIONS; NUMERICAL INVERSION; JACOBS METHOD; WELL; FLOW; GROUNDWATER; DRAWDOWN; CONDUCTIVITY; RESERVOIRS Addresses: Renard P (reprint author), Univ Neuchatel, Ctr Hydrogeol, 11 Rue Emile Argand, Neuchatel, CH-2007 SwitzerlandUniv Neuchatel, Ctr Hydrogeol, Neuchatel, CH-2007 Switzerland E-mail Addresses: philippe.renard@unine.ch

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Title: Empirical relationships for estimating stream depletion by a well pumping near a gaining stream Author(s): Di Matteo L, Dragoni W Source: GROUND WATER 43 (2): 242-249 MAR-APR 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 34       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Siting wells near streams requires an accurate estimate of the quantity of water derived from the river due to pumping. A number of hydrogeological and hydraulic parameters influence this value. This study estimates stream depletion under steady-state conditions for a variety of hydrogeological systems. A finite differences model was used to analyze several hydrogeological situations, and for each of these the stream depletion was estimated using an advective transport method. An empirical equation for stream depletion was obtained for the case of a stream that partially penetrates the aquifer and a pumping well that is screened over a portion of the aquifer. The derived equation, which is valid for both isotropic and anisotropic conditions, expresses stream depletion as a function of the unit inflow to the river, the discharge of the pumping well, the well screen length, the distance between the river and pumping well, the wetted perimeter, and a new parameter called "overlap," which is defined to be the distance between the riverbed and the top of well screen. The overlap parameter makes it possible to consider indirectly the vertical component of flow, which is accentuated when the well is screened below the streambed. The formula proposed here should be useful in deciding where to locate a pumping well and to decide the appropriate length of its screen. KeyWords Plus: EQUIVALENT POROUS-MEDIA; SPRINGS; FLOW; AQUIFER Addresses: Dragoni W (reprint author), Univ Perugia, Dept Earth Sci, Pzza Univ 1, Perugia, I-06100 ItalyUniv Perugia, Dept Earth Sci, Perugia, I-06100 Italy E-mail Addresses: dimatteo@unipg.it, dragoni@unipg.it Publisher: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 908ZI

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Title: Sensitivity analysis of conservative and reactive stream transient storage models applied to field data from multiple-reach experiments Author(s): Gooseff MN, Bencala KE, Scott DT, Runkel RL, McKnight DM Source: ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 28 (5): 479-492 MAY 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 24       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The transient storage model (TSM) has been widely used in studies of stream solute transport and fate, with an increasing emphasis on reactive solute transport. In this study we perform sensitivity analyses of a conservative TSM and two different reactive solute transport models (RSTM), one that includes first-order decay in the stream and the storage zone, and a second that considers sorption of a reactive solute on streambed sediments. Two previously analyzed data sets are examined with a focus on the reliability of these RSTMs in characterizing stream and storage zone solute reactions. Sensitivities of simulations to parameters within and among reaches, parameter coefficients of variation, and correlation coefficients are computed and analyzed. Our results indicate that (1) simulated values have the greatest sensitivity to parameters within the same reach, (2) simulated values are also sensitive to parameters in reaches immediately upstream and downstream (inter-reach sensitivity), (3) simulated values have decreasing sensitivity to parameters in reaches farther downstream, and (4) in-stream reactive solute data provide adequate data to resolve effective storage zone reaction parameters, given the model formulations. Simulations of reactive solutes are shown to be equally sensitive to transport parameters and effective reaction parameters of the model, evidence of the control of physical transport on reactive solute dynamics. Similar to conservative transport analysis, reactive solute simulations appear to be most sensitive to data collected during the rising and falling limb of the concentration breakthrough curve. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: solute transport; tracer; reactive transport; sensitivity analysis; OTIS; UCODE KeyWords Plus: GLACIAL MELTWATER STREAM; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; HYPORHEIC ZONE; RIFFLE STREAM; MASS-TRANSFER; EXCHANGE; SIMULATION; SORPTION; TRACER; IRON Addresses: Gooseff MN (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAColorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAUS Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USAUS Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USAUS Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USAUniv Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA E-mail Addresses: mgooseff@mines.edu

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6. Hydraulics of Clogging of RBF Systems Title: Assessment of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total esterase activity in natural stream sediment biofilms Author(s): Battin TJ Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 198 (1): 51-60 MAY 9 1997 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 33       Times Cited: 10         Abstract: I applied the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis technique as a rapid and sensitive estimator of total esterase activity in stream sediment biofilms. I investigated the effects of temperature, pH and incubation time and optimized the assay for low blanks and high fluorescein extraction. The FDA procedure was precise (c.v. = 4.15%) and could detect 10 nM fluorescein. Spatial patterns of esterase activity within stream sediment biofilms correlated with electron transport system activity, bacterial thymidine incorporation, glucosidase activity and chlorophyll a. As such, I suggest the modified and optimized technique as applicable to the investigation of total stream bioflim esterase activity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. Author Keywords: fluorescein diacetate; biofilm esterase activity; stream sediment; bacteria; thymidine; glucosidase; electron transport system; EPS KeyWords Plus: MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIA; RIVER; SOIL; WATER Addresses: Battin TJ (reprint author), UNIV VIENNA, DEPT ECOL, ALTHANSTR 14, VIENNA, A-1090 AUSTRIA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: WW643

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Title: INFLUENCE OF BIOFILM ACCUMULATION ON POROUS-MEDIA HYDRODYNAMICS Author(s): CUNNINGHAM AB, CHARACKLIS WG, ABEDEEN F, CRAWFORD D Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 25 (7): 1305-1311 JUL 1991 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 74         Abstract: Laboratory-scale porous media biofilm reactors were used to evaluate the effect of biofilm accumulation, measured as the average thickness along a 50-mm flow path, on media porosity, permeability, and friction factor. Media tested consisted of 1-mm glass spheres, 0.70-mm sand, 0.54-mm sand, and 0.12-mm glass and sand. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as inoculum and 25 mg L-1 glucose substrate was continuously supplied to the reactor. Reactors were operated under constant piezometric head conditions resulting in a flow rate decrease as biofilm developed. The progression of biofilm thickness followed a sigmoidal-shaped curve reaching a maximum thickness after approximately 5 days. Media porosity decreased between 50 and 96% with increased biofilm accumulation while permeability decreased between 92 and 98%. Porous media friction factor increased substantially for all media tested. Observations of permeability in the biofilm-media matrix indicate that a minimum permeability [(3-7) X 10(-8) cm2] persisted after biofilm thickness has reached a maximum value. Such results indicate substantial interaction between mass transport, hydrodynamics, and biofilm accumulation at the fluid-biofilm interface in porous media. Improved understanding of these interactions will lead to industrial and environmental applications in biohydrometallurgy, enhanced oil recovery, and bioremediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. KeyWords Plus: BEREA SANDSTONE; STEADY-STATE; MICROSCOPY; MODEL; CORES Addresses: CUNNINGHAM AB (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV, CTR INTERFACIAL MICROBIAL PROC ENGN, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

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Title: Investigation of natural biofilms formed during the production of drinking water from surface water embankment filtration Author(s): Emtiazi F, Schwartz T, Marten SM, Krolla-Sidenstein P, Obst U Source: WATER RESEARCH 38 (5): 1197-1206 MAR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 27       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: Populations of bacteria in biofilms from different sites of a drinking water production system were analysed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses revealed changing DNA band patterns, suggesting a population shift during bank filtration and processing at the waterworks. In addition, common DNA bands that were attributed to ubiquitous bacteria were found. Biofilms even developed directly after UV disinfection (1-2m distance). Their DNA band patterns only partly agreed with those of the biofilms from the downstream distribution system. Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in biofilms were analysed using PCR and Southern blot hybridisation (SBH). Surface water appeared to have a direct influence on the composition of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system. In spite of preceding filtration and UV disinfection, opportunistic pathogens such as atypical mycobacteria and Legionella spp. were found in biofilms of drinking water, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected sporadically. Enterococci were not found in any biofilm. Bacterial cell counts in the biofilms from surface water to drinking water dropped significantly, and esterase and alanine-aminopeptidase activity decreased. beta-glucosidase activity was not found in the biofilms. Contrary to the results for planktonic bacteria, inhibitory effects were not observed in biofilms. This suggested an increased tolerance of biofilm bacteria against toxic compounds. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: biofilms; population shifts; opportunistic pathogenic bacteria; enzyme activities; molecular-biological techniques KeyWords Plus: GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; PCR; LEGIONELLA; HYBRIDIZATION; GROUNDWATER; INFECTIONS; FRAGMENTS; HABITATS Addresses: Schwartz T (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Dept Environm Microbiol, Inst Chem Tech, Water Technol & Geotechnol Div, POB 3640, Karlsruhe, D-76021 GermanyForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Dept Environm Microbiol, Inst Chem Tech, Water Technol & Geotechnol Div, Karlsruhe, D-76021 Germany E-mail Addresses: thomas.schwartz@itc-wgt.fzk.de Publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Pore-scale analysis of anaerobic halorespiring bacterial growth along the transverse mixing zone of an etched silicon pore network Author(s): Nambi IM, Werth CJ, Sanford RA, Valocchi AJ Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 37 (24): 5617-5624 DEC 15 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 32       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: The anaerobic halorespiring microorganism, Sulfurospirillum multivorans, was observed in the pore structure of an etched silicon wafer to determine how flow hydrodynamics and mass transfer limitations along a transverse mixing zone affect biomass growth. Tetrachloroethene (PCE, an electron acceptor, 0.2 mM) and lactate (an electron donor, 2 mM) were introduced as two separate and parallel streams that mixed along a reaction line in the pore structure. The first visible biomass occupied a single line of pores in the direction of flow, a few pore bodies from the micromodel centerline. This growth was initially present as small aggregates; over time, these grew and fused to form finger-like structures with one end attached to downgradient ends of the silicon posts and the other end extending into pore bodies in the direction of flow. Biomass did not grow in pore throats as expected, presumably because shear forces were not favorable. Over the next few weeks the line of growth migrated upward into the PCE zone and extended over a width of up to five pore spaces. When the PCE concentration was increased to 0.5 mM, the microbial biomass increased and growth migrated down toward the lactate side of the micromodel. A new analytical model was developed and used to demonstrate that transverse hydrodynamic dispersion likely caused the biomass to move in the direction observed when the PCE concentration was changed. The model was unable, however, to explain why growth migrated upward when the PCE concentration was initially constant. We postulate that this occurred because PCE, not lactate, sorbed to biofilm components and that biomass on the lactate side of the micromodel was limited in PCE. A fluorescent tracer experiment showed that biomass growth changed the water flow paths, creating a higher velocity zone in the PCE half of the micromodel. These results contribute to our understanding of biofilm growth and will help in the development of new models to describe this complex process. KeyWords Plus: POROUS-MEDIA; DEHALOSPIRILLUM MULTIVORANS; BIODEGRADATION; DISPERSION; AQUIFERS; MODEL; BIOREMEDIATION; VISUALIZATION; TRANSPORT; KINETICS Addresses: Werth CJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: 753UB ISSN: 0013-936X

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Title: Exact transverse macro dispersion coefficients for transport in heterogeneous porous media Author(s): Attinger S, Dentz M, Kinzelbach W Source: STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT 18 (1): 9-15 FEB 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 26       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: We study transport through heterogeneous media. We derive the exact large scale transport equation. The macro dispersion coefficients are determined by additional partial differential equations. In the case of infinite Peclet numbers, we present explicit results for the transverse macro dispersion coefficients. In two spatial dimensions, we demonstrate that the transverse macro dispersion coefficient is zero. The result is not limited on lowest order perturbation theory approximations but is an exact result. However, the situation in three spatial dimensions is very different: The transverse macro dispersion coefficients are finite - a result which is confirmed by numerical simulations we performed. Author Keywords: stochastic modelling; coarse graining; dispersion; transport; heterogeneous porous media KeyWords Plus: FICKIAN SUBSURFACE DISPERSION; QUASI-LINEAR THEORY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; VELOCITY-FIELDS; MACRODISPERSIVITY; AQUIFERS; MOMENTS; FLOW Addresses: Attinger S (reprint author), ETH, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Computat Lab, Zurich, CH-8092 SwitzerlandETH, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Computat Lab, Zurich, CH-8092 SwitzerlandTech Univ Catalonia, Dept Geotech Engn & Geosci, Barcelona, SpainETH, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Hydromech & Water Resources Management, Zurich, CH-8092 Switzerland E-mail Addresses: sabine.attinger@env.ethz.ch Publisher: SPRINGER-VERLAG, 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; STATISTICS & PROBABILITY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 774TH

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Title: Removing particles and THM precursors by enhanced coagulation Author(s): Vrijenhoek EM, Childress AE, Elimelech M, Tanaka TS, Beuhler MD Source: JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 90 (4): 139-150 APR 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 31       Times Cited: 10         Abstract: The effectiveness of enhanced coagulation for removing particles nad trihalomethane (THM) precursors at various alum dosages and coagulation pH values was assessed. Samples of both source water and filter effluent were examined by counting particles and measuring particle size distribution, turbidity, total organic carbon, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), and THM formation potential. Removal of particles and turbidity increased substantially at alum dosages above 20 mg/L. Particle removal was not significantly different at adjusted pH (5.5) compared with ambient pH. Filter effluent particle counts were consistent with residual turbidity data; however, particle counting provided more information on the efficiency of the solid liquid separation. Significantly more THM precursors were removed by enhanced coagulation at pH 5.5 than at ambient pH. Higher dosages were needed to achieve acceptable removal of THM precursors than were needed for removal of particles. KeyWords Plus: WATER; NOM Addresses: Vrijenhoek EM (reprint author), Contech Construct Prod Inc, 2255-A Renaissance Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USAContech Construct Prod Inc, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USAUniv Nevada, Dept Civil Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAMetropolitan Water Dist So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90054 USA Publisher: AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC, 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: ZH660

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Title: Formation and bacterial composition of young, natural biofilms obtained from public bank-filtered drinking water systems Author(s): Schwartz T, Hoffmann S, Obst U Source: WATER RESEARCH 32 (9): 2787-2797 SEP 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 43       Times Cited: 25         Abstract: In Germany, bank-filtered raw water and ground water is mainly used for drinking water conditioning. Microorganisms, which are neither retarded by the subsoil passage of the bank-filtration, nor by the different filtration and disinfection steps at the water works, cause the growth of biofilms on different materials originally used in drinking water distribution systems. The development, the phylogenetical diversity and the bacterial metabolic activities of biofilms on polyethylen (PE-HD), polyvinyl chlorid (PVC), steel and copper were analyzed at different sampling points. The incubation experiments were performed under natural conditions using a flow device technique. The devices were installed after the activated carbon filters and disinfection step at the water works and at two different house branch connections within the distribution system of the conditioned drinking water of the water works. The synthetic materials were colonized very rapidly within a few days in significant higher densities than steel and copper. The total bacterial cell counts of the biofilms were measured by DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. The metabolic activities of the bacteria were quantified by the use of the redox dye CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride); which is frequently described as an indicator for respiration. The highest respiratory activities were observed in biofilms from synthetic materials grown after the activated carbon filters at the water works. A significant reduction of the total bacterial cell counts and respiratory activities of about 80% was measured due to the disinfection at the water works. A time dependent growth of bacteria in biofilms was observed at the two sampling points within the distribution system, whereas the percentage of CTC-reducing cells stabilized at 35%. The in situ-hy bridizations with fluorescence labelled, group-specific rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes revealed the following: (i) bacteria of the Beta- and Gamma-subclass of Proteobacteria were found most frequently within the biofilm population, (ii) the percentage of the different subclasses depended on the used material, (iii) there were no significant changes in bacterial subclass composition of the biofilms taken from the water works and house branch connections. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), southern blot hybridization and in situ hybridization were used to detect facultative pathogenic bacteria in biofilms. Non-pneumophila Legionella were found in a relative high percentage up to about 7% in many biofilms, whereas fecal streptococci were detected only in few biofilms of the drinking water distribution systems (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: biofilm; distribution net; CTC/DAPI; in situ-hybridization; Legionella and fecal streptococci; PCR- and Southern-Blot hybridization KeyWords Plus: IN-SITU IDENTIFICATION; TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; MICROBIAL-CELLS; SINGLE CELLS; HYBRIDIZATION; COPPER; STREPTOCOCCI; COLONIZATION; ENTEROCOCCI Addresses: Schwartz T (reprint author), WFM Wasserforsch Mainz GmbH, Rheinallee 41, Mainz, D-55118 GermanyWFM Wasserforsch Mainz GmbH, Mainz, D-55118 Germany E-mail Addresses: 0613112-6430@t.online.de

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Title: Colloid movement in unsaturated porous media: Recent advances and future directions Author(s): DeNovio NM, Saiers JE, Ryan JN Source: VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL 3 (2): 338-351 MAY 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 92       Times Cited: 2         Abstract: Investigations of colloid movement through geologic materials are driven by a variety of issues, including contaminant transport, soil-profile development, and subsurface migration of pathogenic micro-organisms. In this review, we address recent advances in understanding of colloid transport through partially saturated porous media. Special emphasis is placed on features of the vadose zone (i.e., the presence of air-water interfaces, rapid fluctuations in porewater flow rates and chemistry) that distinguish colloid transport in unsaturated media colloid transport in saturated media. We examine experimental studies on colloid deposition and mobilization and survey recent developments in modeling colloid transport and mass transfer. We conclude with an overview of directions for future research in this field. KeyWords Plus: PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; AIR-WATER INTERFACES; WASTE-WATER; ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION; LIGHT TRANSMISSION; LABORATORY COLUMN; MACROPOROUS SOIL; VIRUS TRANSPORT; FLOW CONDITIONS; IONIC-STRENGTH Addresses: Ryan JN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USAYale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA E-mail Addresses: joseph.ryan@colorado.edu Publisher: SOIL SCI SOC AMER, 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA Subject Category: AGRICULTURE, SOIL SCIENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 904BA

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Title: Relative influence of bioturbation and predation on organic matter processing in river sediments: a microcosm experiment Author(s): Mermillod-Blondin F, Gaudet JP, Gerino M, Desrosiers G, Jose J, des Chatelliers MC Source: FRESHWATER BIOLOGY 49 (7): 895-912 JUL 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 64       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: 1. Our objective was to measure the effects of bioturbation and predation on the physical characteristics and biogeochemical processes in river sediments. 2. We investigated the impacts of tubificid worms tested separately and together with an omnivore (Gammarus pulex), which does feed on tubificids, on sediment distribution, water flux, sediment organic carbon, biofilm biomass and microbial activities, and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, PO43-, NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ in slow filtration sand-gravel columns. We hypothesised that gammarids, which exploit the top 2-3 cm of the sediment, would modify the impact of worms at the sediment surface.3. In experiments both with and without gammarids, bioturbation by the tubificids modified both the distribution of surface particles in the sediment column and water flux. In addition, microbial aerobic (oxygen consumption) and anaerobic (denitrification and fermentative decomposition of organic matter) processes in the sediment were stimulated in the presence of tubificid worms. However, G. pulex did not affect either the density or bioturbation activity of the tubificid worms.4. Bioturbation by the benthos can be a major process in river habitats, contributing to the retention of organic matter in sediment dynamics. The presence of at least one predator had no effect on bioturbation in sediments. In such systems, physical heterogeneity may be sufficient for tubificids to escape from generalist predators, though more specialised ones might have more effect.Author Keywords: ecosystem engineers; functional diversity; interstitial invertebrates; microbial activity; river sediments KeyWords Plus: HYPORHEIC ZONE; FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TROPICAL STREAM; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; POROUS-MEDIA; ETS ACTIVITY; INVERTEBRATES; WATER Addresses: Mermillod-Blondin F (reprint author), Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5023, LEHF, Domaine Sci de la Doua, Villeurbanne, F-69622 FranceUniv Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5023, LEHF, Villeurbanne, F-69622 FranceUJF, CNRS,UMR 5564, LTHE, INPG,IRD, Grenoble, FranceUPS, CNRS, FRE 2630, LEH, Toulouse, FranceUniv Quebec, ISMER, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1 CanadaUniv Lyon 1, EA 1890, LICAS, Villeurbanne, France E-mail Addresses: mermillo@univ-lyon1.fr

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Title: Sand filtration in a water treatment plant: biological parameters responsible for clogging Author(s): Mauclaire L, Schurmann A, Thullner M, Gammeter S, Zeyer J Source: JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA 53 (2): 93-108 MAR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 38       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Slow sand filtration is an established technique for the treatment of drinking water. However, clogging of these filters requires extensive maintenance. The clogging and hydraulic characteristics of slow sand filters operated under high flow rates were investigated in a drinking water plant that processes pre-treated lake water. Reasons for the clogging were evaluated by measuring physical, chemical and biological parameters of the interstitial water and the filter matrix. The biomass in the filters was characterised by quantifying bacterial abundance and activity as well as the The results of this study showed that the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). clogging effects were to a large extent attributed to the presence of EPS. This microbial biomass reduced the pore space in the highly clogged parts of the filters by at least 7%, whereas the reduction due to particle deposition was not larger than 7%. Although the most severe clogging occurred in the top 5-10 cm of the filters where bacterial abundance and activity were highest, deeper layers of the filters were clogged, too. Author Keywords: bioclogging; extracellular polymeric substances (EPS); hydraulic conductivity; pore space; sand filtration; water treatment KeyWords Plus: SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; IMAGE-ANALYSIS; FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES; AQUIFER MATERIALS; MICROBIAL-GROWTH; POROUS-MEDIA; BACTERIA; COLUMNS; INFILTRATION; SUBSTANCES Addresses: Schurmann A (reprint author), Official Food Control Author Canton Zurich, Fehrenstr 15,POB, Zurich, CH-8030 SwitzerlandSwiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH, Inst Terr Ecol, Schlieren, CH-8952 SwitzerlandZurich Water Supply, Zurich, CH-8023 Switzerland E-mail Addresses: Andreas.Schuermann@klzh.ch

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Title: Modeling of a microbial growth experiment with bioclogging in a two-dimensional saturated porous media flow field Author(s): Thullner M, Schroth MH, Zeyer J, Kinzelbach W Source: JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 70 (1-2): 37-62 MAY 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: A model was developed simulating reactive transport in groundwater including bioclogging. Results from a bioclogging experiment in a flow cell with a two-dimensional flow field were used as a data base to verify the simulation results of the model. Simulations were performed using three different hydraulic conductivity vs. porosity relations published in literature; two relations derived from pore network simulations assuming the biomass to grow in discrete colonies and as a biofilm, respectively, and a third relation, which did not include pore connectivity in more than one dimension. Best agreement with the experimental data was achieved using a hydraulic conductivity vs. porosity relation derived from pore network simulation assuming the biomass to grow in colonies. The relation derived from pore network simulations assuming biomass to grow as a biofilm was unable to reproduce the experimental data when realistic parameter values were employed. With the third relation the clogging ability of the biomass was strongly underestimated. These findings indicate that the porous medium needs to be treated as a multi-dimensional medium already on the pore scale, and that biomass growth different than in a biofilm must be considered to get an appropriate description of bioclogging. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. Author Keywords: biological clogging; hydraulic conductivity; biomass; simulation KeyWords Plus: PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; AQUIFER MATERIALS; BIOFILM GROWTH; NETWORK MODEL; TRANSPORT; BIODEGRADATION; PERMEABILITY; SIMULATIONS; IMPACT; SOILS Addresses: Thullner M (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Lab Geoenvironm Sci & Engn, 1007 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USASwiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH, Inst Terr Ecol, Zurich, SwitzerlandSwiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH, Inst Hydromech & Water Resources Management, Zurich, Switzerland E-mail Addresses: martin.thullner@cornell.edu

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Title: Engineered passive bioreactive barriers: risk-managing the legacy of industrial soil and groundwater pollution Author(s): Kalin RM Source: CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY 7 (3): 227-238 JUN 2004 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 201       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Permeable reactive barriers are a technology that is one decade old, with most full-scale applications based on abiotic mechanisms. Though there is extensive literature on engineered bioreactors, natural biodegradation potential, and in situ remediation, it is only recently that engineered passive bioreactive barrier technology is being considered at the commercial scale to manage contaminated soil and groundwater risks. Recent full-scale studies are providing the scientific confidence in our understanding of coupled microbial (and genetic), hydrogeologic, and geochemical processes in this approach and have highlighted the need to further integrate engineering and science tools. KeyWords Plus: PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS; ZERO-VALENT IRON; IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CONTAMINANT DEGRADING BACTERIA; CARBON-ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; LABORATORY AQUIFER COLUMNS; FLUIDIZED-BED BIOREACTOR; HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANES; FIELD-SCALE EVALUATION Addresses: Kalin RM (reprint author), Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Civil Engn, Environm Engn Res Ctr, Belfast, Antrim BT9 5AG North IrelandQueens Univ Belfast, Sch Civil Engn, Environm Engn Res Ctr, Belfast, Antrim BT9 5AG North Ireland E-mail Addresses: r.kalin@qub.ac.uk Publisher: CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD, 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND Subject Category: MICROBIOLOGY IDS Number: 836CY ISSN: 1369-5274

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Title: The impact of sewage composition on the soil clogging phenomena of vertical flow constructed wetlands Author(s): Winter KJ, Goetz D Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 48 (5): 9-14 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 23       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The infiltration rate and therefore the principal function of a sand based vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) is influenced by the content of suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the waste water supply. In this study there were three operating conditions defined as "No Clogging"; "Partly Clogging" and "Clogging". Investigations on 21 VFCWs approved analytical differences between these conditions. The content of SS and especially particles > 50 mum are considered to play a key role. These particles are of the same size as the pores in which seepage mainly occurs. Thus their potential for surface blocking is high. It is concluded that the construction and size of the primary settling has to ensure that the mean concentration of SS after settling does not exceed 100 mg l(-1). The results of this study indicate that the area of the VFCW should be designed for a maximum loading rate of 5 g m(-2) d(-1) and the COD load should not exceed 20 g m(-2) d(-1). Author Keywords: COD; mass loading; particle distribution; soil clogging; subsurface flow constructed wetlands; suspended solids KeyWords Plus: SAND COLUMNS; INFILTRATION; MECHANISMS; REDUCTION; EFFLUENT; BIOMASS Addresses: Winter KJ (reprint author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Soil Sci, Allende Pl 2, Hamburg, D-20146 GermanyUniv Hamburg, Inst Soil Sci, Hamburg, D-20146 Germany Publisher: I W A PUBLISHING, ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 748EJ ISSN: 0273-1223

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Title: Interaction between water flow and spatial distribution of microbial growth in a two-dimensional flow field in saturated porous media Author(s): Thullner M, Mauclaire L, Schroth MH, Kinzelbach W, Zeyer J Source: JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 58 (3-4): 169-189 OCT 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 39       Times Cited: 11         Abstract: Bacterial growth and its interaction with water flow was investigated in a two-dimensional flow field in a saturated porous medium. A flow cell (56 X 44 X 1 cm) was filled with glass beads and operated under a continuous flow of a mineral medium containing nitrate as electron acceptor. A glucose solution was injected through an injection port, simulating a point source contamination. Visible light transmission was used to observe the distribution of the growing biomass and water flow during the experiment. At the end of the experiment (on day 3 1), porous medium samples were destructively collected and analyzed for abundance of total and active bacterial cells, bacterial cell volume and concentration of polysaccharides and proteins. Microbial growth was observed in two stripes along the length of the flow cell, starting at the glucose injection port, where highest biomass concentrations were obtained. The spatial distribution of biomass indicated that microbial activity was limited by transverse mixing between glucose and nitrate media, as only in the mixing zone between the media high biological activities were achieved. The ability of the biomass to change the flow pattern in the flow cell was observed, indicating that the biomass was locally reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the porous medium. This bioclogging effect became evident when the injection of the glucose solution was turned off and water flow still bypassed the area around the glucose injection port, preserving the flow pattern as it was during the injection of the glucose solution. As flow bypass was possible in this system, the average hydraulic properties of the flow cell were not affected by the produced biomass. Even in the vicinity of the injection port, the total volume of the bacterial cells remained below 0.01% of the pore space and was unlikely to be responsible for the bioclogging. However, the bacteria produced large amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which likely caused the observed bioclogging effects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: bioclogging; hydraulic conductivity; biomass; visualization; transverse mixing KeyWords Plus: HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; LEUCONOSTOC-MESENTEROIDES; BIOFILM ACCUMULATION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; AQUIFER MATERIALS; SAND COLUMNS; BACTERIA; REDUCTION; BIOREMEDIATION; BIODEGRADATION Addresses: Thullner M (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Lab Geoenvironm Sci & Engn, 1006 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USASwiss Fed Inst Technol, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Terr Ecol, Zurich, CH-8952 SwitzerlandSwiss Fed Inst Technol, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Hydromech & Water Resources Management, Zurich, Switzerland E-mail Addresses: martin.thullner@cornell.edu Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 597YW

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Title: Impact of microbial activity on the hydraulic properties of fractured chalk Author(s): Arnon S, Adar E, Ronen Z, Yakirevich A, Nativ R Source: JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 76 (3-4): 315-336 FEB 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 49       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The impact of microbial activity on fractured chalk transmissivity was investigated on a laboratory scale. Long-term experiments were conducted on six fractured chalk cores (20 cm diameter, 23-44 cm long) containing a single natural fracture embedded in a porous matrix. Biodegradation experiments were conducted under various conditions, including several substrate and oxygen concentrations and flow rates. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP) was used as a model contaminant (substrate). TBP biodegradation efficiency depended mainly on the amount of oxygen. However, under constant oxygen concentration at the core inlet, elevating the flow rates increased the removal rate of TBP. Transmissivity reduction was clearly related to TBP removal rate, following an initial slow decline and a further sharp decrease with time. The fracture's transmissivity was reduced by as much as 97% relative to the initial value, with no leveling off of the clogging process. For the most extreme cases, reductions of 262 and 157 mum in the equivalent hydraulic apertures were recorded for fractures with initial apertures of 495 and 207 mum, respectively. The reductions in fracture transmissivity occurred primarily because of clogging by bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the bacteria. Most of the biodegradation activity was concentrated near the fracture inlet, where the most suitable biodegradation conditions (nutrients and oxygen) prevailed, suggesting that the clogging bad occurred in that vicinity. The clogging must have changed the structure of the fracture void, thereby reducing the active volume participating in flow and transport processes. This phenomenon caused accelerated transport of non-reactive tracers and doubled the fracture's dispersivitv under constant flow rates. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: bioclogging; biodegradation; fractured chalk; transmissivity; 2,4,6-Tribromophenol KeyWords Plus: SATURATED POROUS-MEDIA; BIOFILM GROWTH; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERS; SINGLE FRACTURE; SAND COLUMNS; DEGRADATION; TRANSPORT; BACTERIA; FLOW Addresses: Arnon S (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Zuckerberg Inst Water Res, Dept Environm Hydrol & Microbiol, Sede Boqer, IL-84990 IsraelBen Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Zuckerberg Inst Water Res, Dept Environm Hydrol & Microbiol, Sede Boqer, IL-84990 IsraelBen Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Beer Sheva, IL-84105 IsraelHebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Jerusalem, IL-91905 Israel E-mail Addresses: shuya@bgumail.bgu.ac.il, eilon@bgumail.bgu.ac.il, zeevrone@bgumail.bgu.ac.il, alexy@bgumail.bgu.ac.il, nativr@agri.huji.ac.il

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Title: Environmental impact and mechanisms of the biological clogging of saturated soils and aquifer materials Author(s): Baveye P, Vandevivere P, Hoyle BL, DeLeo PC, de Lozada DS Source: CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 28 (2): 123-191 1998 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 244       Times Cited: 41         Abstract: The biological clogging of natural porous media, often in conjunction with physical or chemical clogging, is encountered under a wide range of conditions. Wastewater disposal, artificial groundwater recharge, in situ bioremediation of contaminated aquifers, construction of water reservoirs, or secondary oil recovery are all affected by this process. The present review provides an overview of the techniques that are used to study clogging in the laboratory, or to monitor it in field applications. After a brief survey of the clogging patterns most commonly observed in practice, and of a number of physical and chemical causes of clogging, the various mechanisms by which microorganisms dog soils and other natural porous media are analyzed in detail. A critical assessment is also provided of the few mathematical models that have been developed in the last few years to describe the biological clogging process. The overall conclusion of the review is that although information is available on several aspects of the biological clogging of natural porous media, further research is required to predict its extent quantitatively in a given situation. This is particularly true in cases that involve complicating factors such as predation or competition among organisms. Author Keywords: bioremediation; groundwater; soil; hydraulic conductivity; artificial recharge; bacteria; microorganisms; subsurface environment KeyWords Plus: SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; POROUS-MEDIA; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCTION; ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE; SAND COLUMNS; METHANOSARCINA-BARKERI; MATHEMATICAL-MODELS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; SANDSTONE CORES Addresses: Baveye P (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Lab Environm Geophys, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USACornell Univ, Lab Environm Geophys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USAState Univ Ghent, Microbial Ecol Lab, Ghent, B-9000 BelgiumIowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USASyracuse Res Corp, Arlington, VA 22202 USA Publisher: CRC PRESS INC, 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: ZL971 ISSN: 1064-3389

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Title: Hydrodynamic aspects of particle clogging in porous media Author(s): Mays DC, Hunt JR Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 39 (2): 577-584 JAN 15 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 35       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Data from 6 filtration studies, representing 43 experiments, are analyzed with a simplified version of the single-parameter O'Melia and Ali clogging model. The model parameter displays a systematic dependence on fluid velocity, which was an independent variable in each study. A cake filtration model also explains the data from one filtration study by varying a single, velocity-dependent parameter, highlighting that clogging models, because they are empirical, are not unique. Limited experimental data indicate exponential depth dependence of particle accumulation, whose impact on clogging is quantified with an extended O'Melia and Ali model. The resulting two-parameter model successfully describes the increased clogging that is always observed in the top segment of a filter. However, even after accounting for particle penetration, the two-parameter model suggests that a velocity-dependent parameter representing deposit morphology must also be included to explain the data. Most of the experimental data are described by the single-parameter O'Melia and Ali model, and the model parameter is correlated to the collector Peclet number. KeyWords Plus: DEEP-BED FILTRATION; DEPOSIT MORPHOLOGY; HEAD LOSS; TRANSPORT; GROUNDWATER; DYNAMICS; DEPTH Addresses: Mays DC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA E-mail Addresses: mays@ce.berkeley.edu Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA

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Title: Bioclogging of sand due to biodegradation of aircraft deicing fluid Author(s): Bielefeldt AR, Illangasekare T, LaPante R Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE 130 (10): 1147-1153 OCT 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 31       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The biodegradation of propylene glycol (PG) and PG-based aircraft deicing fluid (ADF) at initial concentrations of 400-100,000 mg/L was investigated in saturated sand columns operated under nitrogen-limited conditions that are expected occur in the environment. PG biodegradation resulted in the accumulation of 0.4-1.4 mg volatile solids/g sand, which decreased the hydraulic conductivity of the sand by 23-99.8%. At loading up to 0.27 mg ADF or PG/g sand/d, greater than 99% PG removal and 88% soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were achieved. At higher loading, removal efficiency decreased but the removal rate increased to 11.2 mg PG/g sand/day and up to 10.7 mg COD/g sand/day. As ADF or PG loading increased causing more nitrogen-limited conditions and likely a greater amount of PG fermentation, cell yields decreased and a greater fraction of incomplete mineralization of the ADF and PG were noted as measured by higher residual soluble COD. The results indicate that natural attenuation of PG in groundwater is likely to occur in association with potentially significant bioclogging. Author Keywords: biodegradation; hydraulic conductivity; sand; airports; water pollution KeyWords Plus: KLEBSIELLA-AEROGENES NCTC-418; PROPYLENE-GLYCOL; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; CHEMOSTAT CULTURE; BIOFILM GROWTH; POROUS-MEDIUM; ACCUMULATION; SOIL Addresses: Bielefeldt AR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USAColorado Sch Mines, AMAX Distinguished Chair Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAEA Engn Sci & Technol, Spark, MD 21152 USA Publisher: ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: 865BN

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Title: Hydrodynamic aspects of particle clogging in porous media Author(s): Mays DC, Hunt JR Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 39 (2): 577-584 JAN 15 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 35       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Data from 6 filtration studies, representing 43 experiments, are analyzed with a simplified version of the single-parameter O'Melia and Ali clogging model. The model parameter displays a systematic dependence on fluid velocity, which was an independent variable in each study. A cake filtration model also explains the data from one filtration study by varying a single, velocity-dependent parameter, highlighting that clogging models, because they are empirical, are not unique. Limited experimental data indicate exponential depth dependence of particle accumulation, whose impact on clogging is quantified with an extended O'Melia and Ali model. The resulting two-parameter model successfully describes the increased clogging that is always observed in the top segment of a filter. However, even after accounting for particle penetration, the two-parameter model suggests that a velocity-dependent parameter representing deposit morphology must also be included to explain the data. Most of the experimental data are described by the single-parameter O'Melia and Ali model, and the model parameter is correlated to the collector Peclet number. KeyWords Plus: DEEP-BED FILTRATION; DEPOSIT MORPHOLOGY; HEAD LOSS; TRANSPORT; GROUNDWATER; DYNAMICS; DEPTH Addresses: Mays DC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA E-mail Addresses: mays@ce.berkeley.edu Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: 889KG

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Title: BIOCIDE TESTING AGAINST CORROSION-CAUSING OIL-FIELD BACTERIA HELPS CONTROL PLUGGING Author(s): RUSESKA I, ROBBINS J, COSTERTON JW, LASHEN ES Source: OIL & GAS JOURNAL 80 (10): 253-& 1982 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 7       Times Cited: 22         Addresses: RUSESKA I (reprint author), MICROBIOS LTD, CALGARY, ALBERTA CANADAROHM & HAAS CO, RES LABS, DIV RES, RES SECT, SPRING HOUSE, PA 19477 USA Publisher: PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP, 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 Subject Category: ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM; ENERGY & FUELS IDS Number: ND997

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Title: Using nitrate to control microbially-produced hydrogen sulfide in oil field waters Author(s): Eckford RE, Fedorak PM Source: PETROLEUM BIOTECHNOLOGY: DEVELOPMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 151: 307-340 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 91       Times Cited: 0        KeyWords Plus: SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; RESERVOIR MODEL COLUMN; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; PARACOCCUS-DENITRIFICANS; THIOSPHAERA-PANTOTROPHA; PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS; REDUCTION; NITRITE; INHIBITION Addresses: Eckford RE (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 CanadaUniv Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS IDS Number: BBL10 ISSN: 0167-2991

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Title: The fouling of microfiltration membranes by NOM after coagulation treatment Author(s): Carroll T, King S, Gray SR, Bolto BA, Booker NA Source: WATER RESEARCH 34 (11): 2861-2868 AUG 2000 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 31       Times Cited: 23         Abstract: Microfiltration membranes used in drinking-water treatment are fouled by both colloidal material and natural organic matter (NOM) present in the raw water. The relative importance of these contributions to fouling may depend on whether or not the water is pretreated before microfiltration, and on the type and extent of any pretreatment. In this study, the causes of fouling were determined for microfiltration of a surface water through a polypropylene hollow-fibre membrane. Fouling was caused by colloidal material when the raw water was filtered untreated, and by NOM when the raw water was coagulated before filtration. The components of NOM which cause fouling of microfiltration membranes are not yet well-established, and were also investigated in this study. NOM from the raw water was fractionated into four specific classes of compounds on the basis of hydrophobicity and charge. The rates of fouling by each NOM fraction were measured separately. The major contribution to Fouling was attributed to the NOM fraction comprising small, neutral, hydrophilic compounds. The NOM fractions comprising humic and fulvic acids made only a minor contribution to fouling. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: fouling; microfiltration; natural organic matter KeyWords Plus: HUMIC-ACID; ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES; ORGANIC-MATTER; ADSORPTION; FILTRATION; REMOVAL Addresses: Carroll T (reprint author), CSIRO Mol Sci, Bag 10, Clayton S, Vic 3169 AustraliaCSIRO Mol Sci, Clayton S, Vic 3169 Australia Publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 323BA

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Title: The influence of nitrate on microbial processes in oil industry production waters Author(s): Davidova I, Hicks MS, Fedorak PM, Suflita JM Source: JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 27 (2): 80-86 AUG 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 37       Times Cited: 6         Abstract: Sulfide accumulation due to bacterial sulfate reduction is responsible for a number of serious problems in the oil industry. Among the strategies to control the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is the use of nitrate, which can exhibit a variety of effects. We investigated the relevance of this approach to souring oil fields in Oklahoma and Alberta in which water flooding is used to enhance oil recovery. SRB and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) were enumerated in produced waters from both oil fields. In the Oklahoma field, the rates of sulfate reduction ranged from 0.05 to 0.16 muM S day(-1) at the wellheads, and an order of magnitude higher at the oil-water separator. Sulfide production was greatest in the water storage tanks in the Alberta field. Microbial counts alone did not accurately reflect the potential for microbial activities. The majority of the sulfide production appeared to occur after the oil was pumped aboveground, rather than in the reservoir. Laboratory experiments showed that adding 5 and 10 mM nitrate to produced waters from the Oklahoma and Alberta oil fields, respectively, decreased the sulfide content to negligible levels and increased the numbers of NRB. This work suggests that sulfate reduction control measures can be concentrated on aboveground facilities, which will decrease the amount of sulfide reinjected into reservoirs during the disposal of oil field production waters. Author Keywords: nitrate; nitrate-reducing bacteria; petroleum; sulfate; sulfate-reducing bacteria; sulfide KeyWords Plus: SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; FIELD BACTERIA; RESERVOIR; WASTE Addresses: Fedorak PM (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 CanadaUniv Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 CanadaUniv Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USAUniv Oklahoma, Inst Energy & Environm, Norman, OK 73019 USA Publisher: NATURE AMERICA INC, 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA Subject Category: BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

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Title: INFLUENCE OF BIOFILM ACCUMULATION ON POROUS-MEDIA HYDRODYNAMICS Author(s): CUNNINGHAM AB, CHARACKLIS WG, ABEDEEN F, CRAWFORD D Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 25 (7): 1305-1311 JUL 1991 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 74         Abstract: Laboratory-scale porous media biofilm reactors were used to evaluate the effect of biofilm accumulation, measured as the average thickness along a 50-mm flow path, on media porosity, permeability, and friction factor. Media tested consisted of 1-mm glass spheres, 0.70-mm sand, 0.54-mm sand, and 0.12-mm glass and sand. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as inoculum and 25 mg L-1 glucose substrate was continuously supplied to the reactor. Reactors were operated under constant piezometric head conditions resulting in a flow rate decrease as biofilm developed. The progression of biofilm thickness followed a sigmoidal-shaped curve reaching a maximum thickness after approximately 5 days. Media porosity decreased between 50 and 96% with increased biofilm accumulation while permeability decreased between 92 and 98%. Porous media friction factor increased substantially for all media tested. Observations of permeability in the biofilm-media matrix indicate that a minimum permeability [(3-7) X 10(-8) cm2] persisted after biofilm thickness has reached a maximum value. Such results indicate substantial interaction between mass transport, hydrodynamics, and biofilm accumulation at the fluid-biofilm interface in porous media. Improved understanding of these interactions will lead to industrial and environmental applications in biohydrometallurgy, enhanced oil recovery, and bioremediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. KeyWords Plus: BEREA SANDSTONE; STEADY-STATE; MICROSCOPY; MODEL; CORES Addresses: CUNNINGHAM AB (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV, CTR INTERFACIAL MICROBIAL PROC ENGN, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

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Title: Investigation of natural biofilms formed during the production of drinking water from surface water embankment filtration Author(s): Emtiazi F, Schwartz T, Marten SM, Krolla-Sidenstein P, Obst U Source: WATER RESEARCH 38 (5): 1197-1206 MAR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 27       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: Populations of bacteria in biofilms from different sites of a drinking water production system were analysed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses revealed changing DNA band patterns, suggesting a population shift during bank filtration and processing at the waterworks. In addition, common DNA bands that were attributed to ubiquitous bacteria were found. Biofilms even developed directly after UV disinfection (1-2m distance). Their DNA band patterns only partly agreed with those of the biofilms from the downstream distribution system. Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in biofilms were analysed using PCR and Southern blot hybridisation (SBH). Surface water appeared to have a direct influence on the composition of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system. In spite of preceding filtration and UV disinfection, opportunistic pathogens such as atypical mycobacteria and Legionella spp. were found in biofilms of drinking water, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected sporadically. Enterococci were not found in any biofilm. Bacterial cell counts in the biofilms from surface water to drinking water dropped significantly, and esterase and alanine-aminopeptidase activity decreased. beta-glucosidase activity was not found in the biofilms. Contrary to the results for planktonic bacteria, inhibitory effects were not observed in biofilms. This suggested an increased tolerance of biofilm bacteria against toxic compounds. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: biofilms; population shifts; opportunistic pathogenic bacteria; enzyme activities; molecular-biological techniques KeyWords Plus: GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; PCR; LEGIONELLA; HYBRIDIZATION; GROUNDWATER; INFECTIONS; FRAGMENTS; HABITATS Addresses: Schwartz T (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Dept Environm Microbiol, Inst Chem Tech, Water Technol & Geotechnol Div, POB 3640, Karlsruhe, D-76021 GermanyForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Dept Environm Microbiol, Inst Chem Tech, Water Technol & Geotechnol Div, Karlsruhe, D-76021 Germany E-mail Addresses: thomas.schwartz@itc-wgt.fzk.de Publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Formation and bacterial composition of young, natural biofilms obtained from public bank-filtered drinking water systems Author(s): Schwartz T, Hoffmann S, Obst U Source: WATER RESEARCH 32 (9): 2787-2797 SEP 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 43       Times Cited: 25         Abstract: In Germany, bank-filtered raw water and ground water is mainly used for drinking water conditioning. Microorganisms, which are neither retarded by the subsoil passage of the bank-filtration, nor by the different filtration and disinfection steps at the water works, cause the growth of biofilms on different materials originally used in drinking water distribution systems. The development, the phylogenetical diversity and the bacterial metabolic activities of biofilms on polyethylen (PE-HD), polyvinyl chlorid (PVC), steel and copper were analyzed at different sampling points. The incubation experiments were performed under natural conditions using a flow device technique. The devices were installed after the activated carbon filters and disinfection step at the water works and at two different house branch connections within the distribution system of the conditioned drinking water of the water works. The synthetic materials were colonized very rapidly within a few days in significant higher densities than steel and copper. The total bacterial cell counts of the biofilms were measured by DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. The metabolic activities of the bacteria were quantified by the use of the redox dye CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride); which is frequently described as an indicator for respiration. The highest respiratory activities were observed in biofilms from synthetic materials grown after the activated carbon filters at the water works. A significant reduction of the total bacterial cell counts and respiratory activities of about 80% was measured due to the disinfection at the water works. A time dependent growth of bacteria in biofilms was observed at the two sampling points within the distribution system, whereas the percentage of CTC-reducing cells stabilized at 35%. The in situ-hy bridizations with fluorescence labelled, group-specific rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes revealed the following: (i) bacteria of the Beta- and Gamma-subclass of Proteobacteria were found most frequently within the biofilm population, (ii) the percentage of the different subclasses depended on the used material, (iii) there were no significant changes in bacterial subclass composition of the biofilms taken from the water works and house branch connections. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), southern blot hybridization and in situ hybridization were used to detect facultative pathogenic bacteria in biofilms. Non-pneumophila Legionella were found in a relative high percentage up to about 7% in many biofilms, whereas fecal streptococci were detected only in few biofilms of the drinking water distribution systems (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: biofilm; distribution net; CTC/DAPI; in situ-hybridization; Legionella and fecal streptococci; PCR- and Southern-Blot hybridization KeyWords Plus: IN-SITU IDENTIFICATION; TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; MICROBIAL-CELLS; SINGLE CELLS; HYBRIDIZATION; COPPER; STREPTOCOCCI; COLONIZATION; ENTEROCOCCI Addresses: Schwartz T (reprint author), WFM Wasserforsch Mainz GmbH, Rheinallee 41, Mainz, D-55118 GermanyWFM Wasserforsch Mainz GmbH, Mainz, D-55118 Germany E-mail Addresses: 0613112-6430@t.online.de

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Title: BIOCIDE TESTING AGAINST CORROSION-CAUSING OIL-FIELD BACTERIA HELPS CONTROL PLUGGING Author(s): RUSESKA I, ROBBINS J, COSTERTON JW, LASHEN ES Source: OIL & GAS JOURNAL 80 (10): 253-& 1982 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 7       Times Cited: 22         Addresses: RUSESKA I (reprint author), MICROBIOS LTD, CALGARY, ALBERTA CANADAROHM & HAAS CO, RES LABS, DIV RES, RES SECT, SPRING HOUSE, PA 19477 USA Publisher: PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP, 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 Subject Category: ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM; ENERGY & FUELS IDS Number: ND997

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Title: The influence of nitrate on microbial processes in oil industry production waters Author(s): Davidova I, Hicks MS, Fedorak PM, Suflita JM Source: JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 27 (2): 80-86 AUG 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 37       Times Cited: 6         Abstract: Sulfide accumulation due to bacterial sulfate reduction is responsible for a number of serious problems in the oil industry. Among the strategies to control the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is the use of nitrate, which can exhibit a variety of effects. We investigated the relevance of this approach to souring oil fields in Oklahoma and Alberta in which water flooding is used to enhance oil recovery. SRB and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) were enumerated in produced waters from both oil fields. In the Oklahoma field, the rates of sulfate reduction ranged from 0.05 to 0.16 muM S day(-1) at the wellheads, and an order of magnitude higher at the oil-water separator. Sulfide production was greatest in the water storage tanks in the Alberta field. Microbial counts alone did not accurately reflect the potential for microbial activities. The majority of the sulfide production appeared to occur after the oil was pumped aboveground, rather than in the reservoir. Laboratory experiments showed that adding 5 and 10 mM nitrate to produced waters from the Oklahoma and Alberta oil fields, respectively, decreased the sulfide content to negligible levels and increased the numbers of NRB. This work suggests that sulfate reduction control measures can be concentrated on aboveground facilities, which will decrease the amount of sulfide reinjected into reservoirs during the disposal of oil field production waters. Author Keywords: nitrate; nitrate-reducing bacteria; petroleum; sulfate; sulfate-reducing bacteria; sulfide KeyWords Plus: SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; FIELD BACTERIA; RESERVOIR; WASTE Addresses: Fedorak PM (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 CanadaUniv Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 CanadaUniv Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USAUniv Oklahoma, Inst Energy & Environm, Norman, OK 73019 USA Publisher: NATURE AMERICA INC, 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA Subject Category: BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

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Title: Hydraulic aspects of riverbank filtration - field studies Author(s): Schubert J Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 266 (3-4): 145-161 SEP 15 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 14       Times Cited: 3         Abstract: The Dusseldorf waterworks have been using riverbank filtration since 1870 with bank filtration as the most important source for public water supply in this densely populated and industrialised region. There have been many threats to this supply in the last few decades-e.g. poor river water quality, heavy clogging of the riverbed, accidental pollution-which had to be overcome. First field studies in the river Rhine were carried out with a diving cabin in 1953 and 1954 to investigate riverbed clogging during high loads of organic contaminants in the river water. In 1987 a second investigation of the riverbed followed in the same area during which time the water quality of the river had improved. After the Sandoz accident in 1986 a joint research project was carried out in the Lower Rhine region to improve knowledge of flow and transport phenomena of riverbank filtration and to develop numerical models for the dynamic simulation of flow and transport. The main objective of the field studies was to gain more insight into the dynamic river-aquifer interactions and the effects of fluctuating river levels. These fluctuations are not only relevant for clogging processes and the velocities and residence times in the subsoil, but can also affect the quality of the well water. Depth-orientated sampling in the adjacent aquifer was employed. One important finding was a marked age-stratification of the bank-filtered water which balances out fluctuating concentrations of dissolved compounds in the river water. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: riverbank filtration; river-aquifer interactions; riverbed clogging; monitoring concepts; field studies Addresses: Schubert J (reprint author), Stadtwerke Dusseldorf AG, Noherweg 100, Dusseldorf, D-40233 GermanyStadtwerke Dusseldorf AG, Dusseldorf, D-40233 Germany

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Title: Integrated multi-objective membrane systems for surface water treatment: pre-treatment of nanofiltration by riverbank filtration and conventional ground water treatment Author(s): van Paassen JAM, Kruithof JC, Bakker SM, Kegel FS Source: DESALINATION 118 (1-3): 239-248 SEP 20 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 7       Times Cited: 6         Abstract: Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are very susceptible to membrane fouling. Therefore extensive (advanced) pre-treatment must be applied to control productivity loss. The combination of extensive advanced pre-treatment with nanofiltration or reverse osmosis is defined as an integrated membrane system (IMS). Within the framework of a project cofunded by AWWARF and USEPA three very promising; IMS's were identified for surface water treatment. This paper describes a part of the pilot plant research carried out by the Water Supply Company of Overijssel and Kiwa on the combination of riverbank filtration/conventional ground water treatment and nanofiltration. At the site of the future production plant Vechterweerd surface water is abstracted via bank filtration. The raw water has a high colour and hardness. Moreover the water contains a number of synthetic organic chemicals originating from the river. The river bank filtrate is pretreated by a double aeration and rapid filtration steps. The nanofiltration plant is loaded with Hydranautics PVD-1 membranes. During a period of 20 months the productivity control and the biological stability of the water before and after nanofiltration is studied. The nanofiltration plant was operated at 80% recovery and hydrochloric acid was applied to avoid scaling. Use of anti-sealants was avoided to restrict biofouling. For the first 160 days MTC values showed a gradual decrease in combination with a gradual increase of the feed concentrate pressure drop. Since then an exponential increase in feed concentrate pressure drop was observed caused by a strong biafouling build up onto the feed spacer of the membrane modules. The biofouling proved to be related to the quality of the chemical pure hydrochloric: acid used for acidification of the nanofiltration feed. During the total run of 480 days 13 cleanings were applied Normally cleaning with sodium hydroxide had the best results. After the severe biofouling a mechanical cleaning with air combined with a sodium hydroxide rinse restored the MTC-value and feed concentrate pressure drop. During the last 100 days of operation the biofouling could be controlled by an anaerobic treatment with sodium bisulphite. During the first 140 days of a following experiment with TriSep membranes measures were taken to minimise the biogrowth onto the membrane surface The time between two cleanings was lengthened to about 3 months, although the biofouling couldn't he prevented completely. Anaerobic treatment in a early stage might control biofouling. Cleaning experiments with a detergent show promising results in restoring the original levels of MTC and pressure drop. Author Keywords: nanofiltration; riverbank filtered water; biofouling Addresses: van Paassen JAM (reprint author), Water Supply Co Overijssel NV, Oude Veerweg 1,POB 10005, Zwolle, NL-8000 GA NetherlandsWater Supply Co Overijssel NV, Zwolle, NL-8000 GA NetherlandsKiwa NV, Res & Consultancy, Nieuwegein, NL-3430 BB Netherlands

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Title: Assessment of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total esterase activity in natural stream sediment biofilms Author(s): Battin TJ Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 198 (1): 51-60 MAY 9 1997 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 33       Times Cited: 10         Abstract: I applied the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis technique as a rapid and sensitive estimator of total esterase activity in stream sediment biofilms. I investigated the effects of temperature, pH and incubation time and optimized the assay for low blanks and high fluorescein extraction. The FDA procedure was precise (c.v. = 4.15%) and could detect 10 nM fluorescein. Spatial patterns of esterase activity within stream sediment biofilms correlated with electron transport system activity, bacterial thymidine incorporation, glucosidase activity and chlorophyll a. As such, I suggest the modified and optimized technique as applicable to the investigation of total stream bioflim esterase activity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. Author Keywords: fluorescein diacetate; biofilm esterase activity; stream sediment; bacteria; thymidine; glucosidase; electron transport system; EPS KeyWords Plus: MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIA; RIVER; SOIL; WATER Addresses: Battin TJ (reprint author), UNIV VIENNA, DEPT ECOL, ALTHANSTR 14, VIENNA, A-1090 AUSTRIA Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: WW643

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Title: Impact of colony morphologies and disinfection on biological clogging in porous media Author(s): Dupin HJ, McCarty PL Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 34 (8): 1513-1520 APR 15 2000 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 16         Abstract: Biological clogging of aquifers and other porous media during bioremediation, sand filtration, and aquifer recharge is a significant problem that is yet poorly understood and controlled. One major difficulty is the relatively few direct observations of clogging phenomena, which are required to adequately validate numerical models for predicting flow through porous media. Visualization of biological growth with time and accompanying reductions in hydraulic conductivity were obtained using two-dimensional micromodels of porous media. The micromodels were seeded with mixed microbial cultures to allow natural selection of dominant aerobic morphologies following continuous feed of culture media containing 1.36-1.69 mM acetate flowing at 0.9-3.6 m/day specific discharge velocity. Of the several different resulting colony morphologies, filaments dominated at pH 3, while biofilms and aggregates dominated at neutral pH. Conductivity decrease correlated with biological growth and morphology, and sudden conductivity recoveries correlated with sloughing events. Periodic chlorine disinfection resulted in temporary increase in conductivity and helped open channels of flow between dense colonies. However, aggregates of organisms exhibited increased resistance to chlorine disinfection with rime, reducing disinfection effectiveness. Continuous, rather than periodic, disinfection is recommended. Models for biological substrate removal and clogging should incorporate different growth morphologies to produce satisfactory simulation results.

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Title: A novel approach to investigate biofilm accumulation and bacterial transport in porous matrices Author(s): Dunsmore BC, Bass CJ, Lappin-Scott HM Source: ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 6 (2): 183-187 FEB 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 22       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Knowledge of bacterial transport through, and biofilm growth in, porous media is vitally important in numerous natural and engineered environments. Despite this, porous media systems are generally oversimplified and the local complexity of cell transport, biofilm formation and the effect of biofilm accumulation on flow patterns is lost. In this study, cells of the sulphate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio sp. EX265, accumulated primarily on the leading faces of obstructions and developed into biofilm, which grew to narrow and block pore throats (at a rate of 12 mum h(-1) in one instance). This pore blocking corresponded to a decrease in permeability from 9.9 to 4.9 Darcy. Biofilm processes were observed in detail and quantitative data were used to describe the rate of biofilm accumulation temporally and spatially. Accumulation in the inlet zone of the micromodel was 10% higher than in the outlet zone and a mean biofilm height of 28.4 mum was measured in a micromodel with an average pore height of 34.9 mum. Backflow (flow reversal) of fluid was implemented on micromodels blocked with biofilm growth. Although biofilm surface area cover did immediately decrease (similar to5%), the biofilm quickly re-established and permeability was not significantly affected (9.4 Darcy). These results demonstrate that the glass micromodel used here is an effective tool for in situ analysis and quantification of bacteria in porous media. KeyWords Plus: MEDIA; HYDRODYNAMICS; FLOW Addresses: Dunsmore BC (reprint author), Oil Plus Ltd, Hambridge Rd, Newbury, Berks RG14 5TR EnglandOil Plus Ltd, Newbury, Berks RG14 5TR EnglandUniv Exeter, Environm Microbiol Res Grp, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QJ England E-mail Addresses: B.Dunsmore@oilplus.co.uk

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7. Interactions Between Streams and AquifersTitle: SIMULATION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A MOUNTAIN POOL-AND-RIFFLE STREAM - A TRANSIENT STORAGE MODEL Author(s): BENCALA KE, WALTERS RA Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 19 (3): 718-724 1983 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 129         Addresses: BENCALA KE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: QU839 ISSN: 0043-1397

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Title: SURFACE-SUBSURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS IN AN ALLUVIATED MOUNTAIN STREAM CHANNEL Author(s): CASTRO NM, HORNBERGER GM Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 27 (7): 1613-1621 JUL 1991 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 23       Times Cited: 52         Abstract: Data from an instream tracer experiment performed in North Fork Dry Run, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, illustrate that the transport of water and conservative solute in the stream is greatly influenced by interaction with water present in both the relatively shallow gravel bed and in the relatively deeper alluvial infill material. The shape of concentration-time curves from the field tracer experiment exhibit "storage" of tracer in the subsurface-short-term storage imposed by exchange with the gravel bed and long-term storage by exchange with the deeper alluvial infill. Time series models fit the observed concentration data very well. Estimates of mixing volumes generated by the time series analysis indicate that a large volume of the gravel bed participates in rapid mixing with the surface stream. At one point along the study reach a second-order time series model is supported by the data, suggesting two independent, parallel flow paths. Observations of tracer in wells more than 10 m from the stream and the very extended recession of the tracer in the stream where it flows over a bedrock ledge support the contention that the deeper alluvium plays an important role in transient storage of solute in North Fork Dry Run. The work implies that physically-based models to predict transport and storage in alluviated mountain catchments may have to account for interactions between the stream and large portions of its floodplain. KeyWords Plus: SANTA-CLARA COUNTY; COBBLE-BED STREAM; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; UVAS CREEK; MODEL; CALIFORNIA; STRONTIUM; POTASSIUM; SEDIMENTS; CHLORIDE Addresses: UNIV VIRGINIA, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: FV777 ISSN: 0043-1397

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Title: Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science Author(s): Sophocleous M Source: HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 10 (1): 52-67 FEB 2002 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 105       Times Cited: 20         Abstract: The interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. To understand these interactions in relation to climate, landform, geology, and biotic factors, a sound hydrogeoecological framework is needed. All these aspects are synthesized and exemplified in this overview. In addition, the mechanisms of interactions between groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) as they affect recharge-discharge processes are comprehensively outlined, and the ecological significance and the human impacts of such interactions are emphasized. Surface-water and groundwater ecosystems are viewed as linked components of a hydrologic continuum leading to related sustainability issues. This overview concludes with a discussion of research needs and challenges facing this evolving field. The biogeochemical processes within the upper few centimeters of sediments beneath nearly all surface-water bodies (hyporheic zone) have a profound effect on the chemistry of the water interchange, and here is where most of the recent research has been focusing. However, to advance conceptual and other modeling of GW-SW systems, a broader perspective of such interactions across and between surfacewater bodies is needed, including multidimensional analyses, interface hydraulic characterization and spatial variability, site-to-region regionalization approaches, as well as cross-disciplinary collaborations. Author Keywords: groundwater recharge; hydraulic properties; hyporheic zone; hydroecology; water sustainability KeyWords Plus: HYPORHEIC ZONE; BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; ALLUVIAL AQUIFER; BED DEGRADATION; RIVER WATER; SAFE YIELD; STREAM; EXCHANGE; NUTRIENT; INTERFACE Addresses: Sophocleous M (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, 1930 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047 USAUniv Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Publisher: SPRINGER-VERLAG, 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 534ZC ISSN: 1431-2174

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Title: Processes of surface-subsurface water exchange in a low energy sand-bed stream Author(s): Mutz M, Rohde A Source: INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY 88 (3-4): 290-303 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 34       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The surface-subsurface water exchange at base-flow conditions was assessed in a natural sand-bed stream. The aim was to examine the relative contribution of sediment turnover and vertical hyporheic flow in a natural environment. Sediment turnover was determined using coloured sand columns implanted into the stream bed. Direction and velocity of hyporheic flow was recorded with a fluid tracer injected into the stream bed. Large amounts of wood caused a heterogeneous stream bed relief. Grain size distribution of sediments was homogenous with a porosity of 37%. The hydraulic conductivity ranged from 3 (.) 10(-6) m s(-1) to 1 (.) 10(-4) m s(-1) with a mean of 7 . 10(-5) m s(-1). Groundwater upwelling was a major process (0.39 1 m(-2) h(-1)) and stream water was passing through the hyporheic zone at a rate of 0.12 1 m(-2) h(-1). Since hyporheic velocity was high in comparison to flume studies, the transfer of stream water through bed sediments might have been induced by the wood in addition to local topography in the sand-bed. Sediment displacement at base-flow was found in 79% of the stream bed. Release and trapping of pore water by sediment turnover contributed greatly to the surface-subsurface water exchange. Pumping and sediment turnover were significant processes of the vertical connectivity in the natural sand-bed stream. Author Keywords: sand-bed stream; hyporheic flow; vertical water flux; pumping; sediment turnover KeyWords Plus: COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; HYPORHEIC ZONE; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; PERMEABLE SEDIMENTS; NONSORBING SOLUTES; CHANNEL; FLOW; GROUNDWATER; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS Addresses: Mutz M (reprint author), Brandenburg Technol Univ, Chair Water Conservat, Res Stn Bad Saarow, Seestr 45, Bad Saarow Pieskow, D-15526 GermanyBrandenburg Technol Univ, Chair Water Conservat, Res Stn Bad Saarow, Bad Saarow Pieskow, D-15526 Germany Publisher: WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH, PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY Subject Category: MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

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Title: A simple constant-head injection test for streambed hydraulic conductivity estimation Author(s): Cardenas MB, Zlotnik VA Source: GROUND WATER 41 (6): 867-871 NOV-DEC 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 33       Times Cited: 2        

Abstract: A fast, efficient constant-head injection test (CHIT) for in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity (K) of sandy streambeds is presented. This test uses constant-head hydraulic injection through a manually driven piezometer. Results from CHIT compare favorably to estimates from slug testing and grain-size analysis. The CHIT combines simplicity of field performance, data interpretation, and accuracy of K estimation in flowing streams. KeyWords Plus: UNCONFINED AQUIFERS; SLUG TEST; DEPLETION; PACKER; WELLS Addresses: Cardenas MB (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USANew Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 740QG

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Title: River-groundwater interactions in the Brazilian Pantanal. The case of the Cuiaba River Author(s): Girard P, da Silva CJ, Abdo M Source: JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 283 (1-4): 57-66 DEC 10 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 24       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The Pantanal is a vast evaporation plain and sediment accumulation surface that floods annually. It is located in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, a major source of floodwaters to the Pantanal. The recent construction of a large dam in the upper reach of the Cuiaba River raises questions: What will be the dam influence on the flood area and duration? What will be the consequence for groundwater replenishment and permanence of flow in the floodplain channels during the dry period? This study of the Cuiaba River, within the Pantanal, describes water flow between the river channel and its adjacent floodplain, as well as relations between the surface water and groundwater near the river. Flooding of the plain adjacent to the Cuiaba River critically depends on the river stage and proceeds through a complex hydrographic network. No free water table was encountered; groundwater was confined below clay-silt layers. Two groundwater bodies were distinguished based on their piezometric behavior. In both cases the river stage variations appeared to control the piezometric heads and the flood was the main recharge source. The groundwater moved from the river towards the floodplain where it appeared to sustain channel flow and to maintain soil humidity in depressed areas during the dry period. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. Author Keywords: Pantanal; flood pulse; groundwater; recharge; ecological stability KeyWords Plus: WETLAND Addresses: Girard P (reprint author), Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Inst Biociencias, Projeto Ecol Pantanal, Av Fernando Correia da Costa S-N, Cuiaba, MT BR-78060900 BrazilUniv Fed Mato Grosso, Inst Biociencias, Projeto Ecol Pantanal, Cuiaba, MT BR-78060900 Brazil Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: ENGINEERING, CIVIL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 746BH

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Title: Impact of heterogeneity, bed forms, and stream curvature on subchannel hyporheic exchange Author(s): Cardenas MB, Wilson JL, Zlotnik VA Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 40 (8): Art. No. W08307 AUG 18 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 52       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: [1] Advection through hyporheic zones (HZ) consisting of heterogeneous channel bend streambed deposits and their equivalent homogenous medium was investigated using finite difference groundwater flow and transport simulations and forward particle tracking. The top prescribed head boundary was varied in order to mimic various stream channel head distributions resulting from the presence of bed forms and channel curvature. Flux calculations show that heterogeneity causes significant additional HZ flux compared to an equivalent homogenous medium. However, the major cause of HZ flux is a spatially periodic ( sinusoidal) head distribution along the boundary, representing the effect of bed forms. The additional influence of heterogeneity on the total channel-bed exchange and the overall HZ geometry are increased when boundary head sinusoidal fluctuation is more subdued. We present dimensionless numbers that summarize these relationships. Heterogeneity's influence is further magnified by considering the effect of channel curvature on boundary heads. The simulations illustrate the dynamic influence of heterogeneity on the hyporheic zone since the various head boundaries employed in our modeling efforts are a proxy for different surface water conditions and bed form states that may occur during a single flood. Furthermore, we show that residence times ( total tracking times) of particles originating from the streambed follow a lognormal distribution. In the presence of heterogeneity, residence times can decrease or they can increase compared to residence times for homogeneous conditions depending on the relative positions of the heterogeneities and the bed forms. Hence streambed heterogeneity and stream curvature, factors often neglected in previous modeling efforts, combine with bed form configuration to dynamically determine HZ geometry, fluxes, and residence time distributions. Author Keywords: hyporheic zone; heterogeneity; bed forms; stream curvature; fluxes; residence times KeyWords Plus: SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; NONSORBING SOLUTES; ZONE; MODEL; CHANNEL; TOPOGRAPHY; RETENTION; SEDIMENT Addresses: Cardenas MB (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USANew Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USAUniv Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USANew Mexico Inst Min & Technol, New Mexico Bur Geol & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801 USA E-mail Addresses: cardenas@nmt.edu Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Hyporheic exchange with heterogeneous streambeds: Laboratory experiments and modeling Author(s): Salehin M, Packman AI, Paradis M Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 40 (11): Art. No. W11504 NOV 4 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 59       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: [ 1] Hyporheic exchange is generally analyzed with the assumption of a homogeneous hyporheic zone. In reality, streambed sediments have a heterogeneous structure, and this natural heterogeneity produces spatially variable interfacial fluxes and complex hyporheic exchange patterns. To assess the basic effects of sediment structure on hyporheic exchange, we performed salt and dye injection experiments in a recirculating laboratory flume with two heterogeneous sediment beds characterized by negative-exponential correlated random hydraulic conductivity fields. Dye injections showed that the hyporheic flow structure was controlled by the spatial relationship of bed forms to high-and low-permeability regions of the streambed. As no existing model could represent these effects, we developed a new finite element model to calculate the pore water flow field resulting from the interaction of the bed form-induced boundary head distribution and the heterogeneous sediment structure. A numerical particle-tracking approach was then used to assess the resulting hyporheic exchange. The combined flow-transport model did an excellent job of predicting the complex hyporheic flow pathways in the heterogeneous bed and the net hyporheic exchange up to t approximate to 30 hours. The heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity field caused both greater spatial variability in the water flux through the bed surface and a greater average interfacial flux than would have occurred with a homogeneous bed. The layered correlation structure of the streambed produced an effective anisotropy that favored longitudinal pore water flow and caused a relatively rapid decrease of the mean pore water velocity with depth. As a result, solute penetration into the bed was confined to a more shallow region than would have occurred with a homogeneous bed. The combination of faster near-surface transport and shallower solute penetration produced a shorter mean hyporheic residence time. On the basis of the combination of experimental results and model simulations we conclude that the structural heterogeneity of streambed sediments produces more spatially limited hyporheic exchange that occurs with greater spatial variability and at a higher overall rate. Author Keywords: heterogeneous streambeds; hyporheic exchange KeyWords Plus: GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; GRAVEL-BED RIVERS; SUBSURFACE WATER EXCHANGE; TRANSIENT STORAGE; POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; NONSORBING SOLUTES Addresses: Salehin M (reprint author), Bangladesh Univ Engn & Technol, Inst Water & Flood Management, Dhaka, 1000 BangladeshNorthwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA E-mail Addresses: mashfiqussalehin@iwfm.buet.ac.bd Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; LIMNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Modeling groundwater-surface water interactions using the Dupuit approximation Author(s): Anderson EI Source: ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 28 (4): 315-327 APR 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 21       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Global errors in head and/or discharge may be introduced when groundwater flow to a stream is modeled using the Dupuit approximation. We consider a simple case of steady groundwater flow in the vertical plane to a horizontal stream bed in direct connection with the aquifer, and compare solutions to the exact problem with Dupuit solutions where common representations of the stream are chosen. In all cases considered, adopting the Dupuit approximation introduces global errors into the mathematical model, and the magnitude of the errors depends on the regional flow conditions. This behavior makes calibration of a model difficult and limits the predictive abilities of the model under conditions of changed regional flow. The global errors and their dependence on flow conditions can be minimized, but not eliminated by treating the resistance of a fictitious leaky stream bed as an effective parameter. We propose an alternate Dupuit model of groundwater-surface water interaction and demonstrate, for the case considered, that adding a second effective parameter allows us to eliminate global errors in head and discharge, and eliminate the dependence of the effective values on the flow field. Explicit expressions are provided to evaluate the two effective properties. We propose that the results be used as a general guideline for modeling groundwater-surface water interaction at streams. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Author Keywords: groundwater-surface water interaction; Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption; groundwater modeling; analytic KeyWords Plus: FLOW; STATE; LAKES Addresses: Anderson EI (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 300 Main St, Columbia, SC 29208 USAUniv S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA E-mail Addresses: andersei@engr.se.edu Publisher: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Determining in-channel (dead zone) transient storage by comparing solute transport in a bedrock channel-alluvial channel sequence, Oregon Author(s): Gooseff MN, LaNier J, Haggerty R, Kokkeler K Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 41 (6): Art. No. W06014 JUN 21 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: [ 1] Current stream tracer techniques do not allow separation of in-channel dead zone ( e. g., eddies) and out-of-channel ( hyporheic) transient storage, yet this separation is important to understanding stream biogeochemical processes. We characterize in-channel transient storage with a rhodamine WT solute tracer experiment in a 304 m cascade-pool-type bedrock reach with no hyporheic zone. We compare the solute breakthrough curve ( BTC) from this reach to that of an adjacent 367 m alluvial reach with significant hyporheic exchange. In the bedrock reach, transient storage has an exponential residence time distribution with a mean residence time of 3.0 hours and a ratio of transient storage to stream volume of 0.14, demonstrating that at moderate discharge, bedrock in-channel storage zones provide a small volume of transient storage with substantial residence time. In the alluvial reach, though pools are similar in size to those in the bedrock reach, transient storage has a power law residence time distribution with a mean residence time of > 100 hours ( estimated at nearly 1200 hours) and a ratio of storage to stream volume of 105. Because the in-channel hydraulics of bedrock reaches are simpler than alluvial step-pool reaches, the bedrock results are probably a lower end-member with respect to volume and residence time, though they demonstrate that in-channel storage may be appreciable in some reaches. These results suggest that in-stream dead zone transient storage may be accurately simulated by exponential RTDs but that hyporheic exchange is better simulated with a power law RTD as a consequence of more complicated flow path and exchange dynamics. KeyWords Plus: RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION; LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION; MOUNTAIN STREAM; HYPORHEIC ZONES; EXCHANGE; RIVER; MODEL; FLOW Addresses: Gooseff MN (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAColorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAOregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA E-mail Addresses: mgooseff@mines.edu

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Title: Determining in-channel (dead zone) transient storage by comparing solute transport in a bedrock channel-alluvial channel sequence, Oregon Author(s): Gooseff MN, LaNier J, Haggerty R, Kokkeler K Source: WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 41 (6): Art. No. W06014 JUN 21 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: [ 1] Current stream tracer techniques do not allow separation of in-channel dead zone ( e. g., eddies) and out-of-channel ( hyporheic) transient storage, yet this separation is important to understanding stream biogeochemical processes. We characterize in-channel transient storage with a rhodamine WT solute tracer experiment in a 304 m cascade-pool-type bedrock reach with no hyporheic zone. We compare the solute breakthrough curve ( BTC) from this reach to that of an adjacent 367 m alluvial reach with significant hyporheic exchange. In the bedrock reach, transient storage has an exponential residence time distribution with a mean residence time of 3.0 hours and a ratio of transient storage to stream volume of 0.14, demonstrating that at moderate discharge, bedrock in-channel storage zones provide a small volume of transient storage with substantial residence time. In the alluvial reach, though pools are similar in size to those in the bedrock reach, transient storage has a power law residence time distribution with a mean residence time of > 100 hours ( estimated at nearly 1200 hours) and a ratio of storage to stream volume of 105. Because the in-channel hydraulics of bedrock reaches are simpler than alluvial step-pool reaches, the bedrock results are probably a lower end-member with respect to volume and residence time, though they demonstrate that in-channel storage may be appreciable in some reaches. These results suggest that in-stream dead zone transient storage may be accurately simulated by exponential RTDs but that hyporheic exchange is better simulated with a power law RTD as a consequence of more complicated flow path and exchange dynamics. KeyWords Plus: RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION; LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION; MOUNTAIN STREAM; HYPORHEIC ZONES; EXCHANGE; RIVER; MODEL; FLOW Addresses: Gooseff MN (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAColorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USAOregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA E-mail Addresses: mgooseff@mines.edu

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