PNWS 2015

REAL AND APPARENT LOSS [PRESSURE MANAGEMENT]

Ap

ril 2

01

5

• Review of Pressure Management

• Infrastructure and Control Systems

• NRW Solutions

• Case Examples

AGENDA

2

Reduction of excess pressures and surges will:

• Reduce the number of new leaks and main breaks each year, and the associated annual repair costs

• Help to defer mains and services replacements

• Reduce the flow rates of all existing leaks

• best way of reducing ‘background’ (undetectable) leakage

• Reduce pressure-dependent consumption

• Increase asset life

WHY MANAGE PRESSURES?

REAL LOSS IN THE AWWA WATER BALANCE

4

Water Losses

System Input

Volume

Real Losses

Apparent Losses

Authorized Consumption

Unbilled

Authorized Consumption

Billed Authorized

Consumption

Leakage from Service Connections

Leakage from Distribution Mains

Leakage from Transmission Mains

Unauthorized Consumption

Consumption Metering Errors

Unbilled Unmetered Authorized Consumption

Unbilled Metered Authorized Consumption

Leakage/Overflow at Service Reservoirs

Billed Unmetered Authorized Consumption

Billed Metered Authorized Consumption

Real Loss Reduction

Current Annual Real Losses

© WRP (Pty) Ltd, 2001

Pressure Management

Pressure

Management

Active LeakageControl

Speed and Quality of

Repairs

Speed and quality

of repairs

Active Leakage Control

Pipe Materials Management:

selection,installation,

maintenance,renewal,

replacement

Pipeline and Assets

Management: Selection,

Installation, Maintenance,

Renewal, Replacement

Unavoidable Annual Real

Losses

Reported Leakage

Often surfaces and is reported by the public or utility workers.

Tools • Pressure reduction • Main and service

replacement • Optimized repair time

Un-Reported Leakage

Often does not surface, but is detectable using traditional acoustic equipment.

Tools • Pressure reduction • Main and service

replacement • Reduction in number of

joints and fittings • Proactive leak detection

Background Leakage

Unreported and undetectable using traditional acoustic equipment.

Tools • Pressure reduction • Main and service

replacement • Reduction in number of

joints and fittings

6

ANATOMY OF A DMA/PMA

DMA PROFILE

MAIN BREAK FREQUENCY

9

Burst Frequency - DMA W07-DZ1

Deodar Drive

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

03/1

999

06/1

999

09/1

999

12/1

999

03/2

000

06/2

000

09/2

000

12/2

000

03/2

001

06/2

001

09/2

001

12/2

001

03/2

002

06/2

002

09/2

002

12/2

002

03/2

003

06/2

003

09/2

003

12/2

003

03/2

004

06/2

004

09/2

004

01/2

005

04/2

005

07/2

005

10/2

005

01/2

006

04/2

006

07/2

006

10/2

006

01/2

007

04/2

007

07/2

007

Month

No

. B

urs

t/m

on

th

Pressure Reduction Commencement 09/2003

Pre Pressure

Reduction

Average

23 bursts/month

Post Pressure

Reduction

Average

7 bursts/month

Average

70% Reduction

REDUCTION OF MAIN BREAKS

Modulo & Cello XO (GSM/SMS)

System Monitoring Using

SMS Technology

PRESSURE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

ACTIVE LEAKAGE CONTROL MEASURES

Active leakage is defined as an active effort to locate and repair unreported leaks.

• Sonic Survey

• Correlation Surveys

• Noise Logging Surveys

• Night Flow Sector Analysis

• Temporary or Permanent District Metered Area

• Step Testing

• Transmission Main Surveys

Real Loss Control Tools

• Proactive Leak Detection

• Pressure Management

• DMAs

• Improved ALR times

• Asset Management

ECONOMIC LEVEL OF LEAKAGE

13

Losses (MGD) C

ost

of

Leak

age

C

on

tro

l an

d W

ate

r Lo

st

Bac

kgro

un

d L

eak

age

an

d R

ep

ort

ed

Bre

aks

Cost of Leakage Control

Where the total costs is at a minimum Economic Leakage Level

THREE TYPES OF CONTROL Fixed Outlet Control

Time Control

Flow Modulation

14

FIXED OUTLET

PRV

Inlet Pressure

Fixed Outlet Pressure

TIME CONTROL

08

:00

10

:00

16

:00

20

:00

PRV

Inlet Pressure Time Controlled Outlet Pressure

FLOW MODULATION CONTROL

PRV

Inlet Pressure Flow Controlled Outlet Pressure

As flow increases and decreases the pressure is adjusted accordingly to

maintain adequate levels of service during the day

At night time when demand is at its minimum pressure can

be reduced considerably

CASE EXAMPLES

18

Hong Kong MSD Water Loss Control – Pressure Management

Water Loss Reduction

Hong Kong Water Loss Control – Pressure Management

Very Large water loss control program including pipe replacement, rehabilitation and pressure management

312 Pressure Management Areas (PMAs)

514 District Metering Areas (DMAs)

Main Breaks/Bursts reduced from 2,479 to 988 through 10-year life of program.

21

HONG KONG CASE ON PMA IMPLEMENTATION

• MCH-PMA03 (Chuk Yuen Road)

MCH-PMA03

DN300 PRV, In-line Strainer and Flowmeter Combined Chamber

Pang Ching Court

Chuk Yuen (North) Estate

Ying Fuk Court

EFFECTIVENESS CASE ON PMA IMPLEMENTATION

• MCH-PMA03 (Chuk Yuen Road)

• DN300 PRV, In-line Strainer and Flowmeter Combined Chamber

EFFECTIVENESS CASE STUDY – MCH-PMA03 (CHUK YUEN ROAD)

• Data before PMA Implementation (16 Oct 2009 – 8 Nov 2009)

Chamber Outlet Pressure

CPP Pressure

Flow

(Mean Flow)

(Average Chamber Outlet Pressure)

(Average CPP Pressure)

Effectiveness Case Study – MCH-PMA03 (Chuk Yuen Road) • Data after PMA Implementation

Chamber Outlet Pressure CPP Pressure

Flow

Chamber Inlet Pressure

(Average Chamber Outlet Pressure)

(Mean Flow)

(Average Chamber Inlet Pressure)

(Average CPP Pressure)

EFFECTIVENESS CASE ON PMA IMPLEMENTATION - MCH-PMA03 (CHUK YUEN ROAD)

Before PMA

Implementation

After PMA

Implementation

Reduction

Flow 143 cum/hr 134 cum/hr 9 cum/hr (~6.0%)

[40 gpm]

Average Chamber

Outlet Pressure

63.9 m 53.0 m 10.9 m

Average CPP Pressure 55.6 m 43.9 m 11.7 m

WATER SAVINGS FROM PRESSURE MANAGEMENT – GUINEAS CREEK ROAD

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

5/1

7/2

006

6/1

7/2

006

7/1

7/2

006

8/1

7/2

006

9/1

7/2

006

10/1

7/2

006

11/1

7/2

006

12/1

7/2

006

1/1

7/2

007

2/1

7/2

007

3/1

7/2

007

4/1

7/2

007

5/1

7/2

007

6/1

7/2

007

7/1

7/2

007

Source: Wide Bay Water

GOLD COAST, GUINEAS CREEK ROAD DMA

Burst Frequency - DMA W01-DZ1

Guineas Creek Road

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

03/1

999

06/1

999

09/1

999

12/1

999

03/2

000

06/2

000

09/2

000

12/2

000

03/2

001

06/2

001

09/2

001

12/2

001

03/2

002

06/2

002

09/2

002

12/2

002

03/2

003

06/2

003

09/2

003

12/2

003

03/2

004

06/2

004

09/2

004

12/2

004

03/2

005

06/2

005

09/2

005

12/2

005

03/2

006

06/2

006

09/2

006

12/2

006

03/2

007

06/2

007

Month

No

. o

f B

urs

ts/m

on

th

Pre Pressure

Reduction

Average

10 bursts/month

Post Pressure

Reduction

Average

4 bursts/month

Average

60% Reduction

Pressure Reduction Commencement 06/2006

GOLD COAST WATER GUINEAS CREEK ROAD

Source: Wide Bay Water

Burst Frequency - DMA W07-DZ1

Deodar Drive

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

03/1

999

06/1

999

09/1

999

12/1

999

03/2

000

06/2

000

09/2

000

12/2

000

03/2

001

06/2

001

09/2

001

12/2

001

03/2

002

06/2

002

09/2

002

12/2

002

03/2

003

06/2

003

09/2

003

12/2

003

03/2

004

06/2

004

09/2

004

01/2

005

04/2

005

07/2

005

10/2

005

01/2

006

04/2

006

07/2

006

10/2

006

01/2

007

04/2

007

07/2

007

Month

No

. B

urs

t/m

on

th

Pressure Reduction Commencement 09/2003

Pre Pressure

Reduction

Average

23 bursts/month

Post Pressure

Reduction

Average

7 bursts/month

Average

70% Reduction

GOLD COAST WATER DEODAR DRIVE

Source: Wide Bay Water

Pressure Control - Woody Point Pilot DMA/PMA

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

27/02/07

27/02/07

28/02/07

01/03/07

01/03/07

02/03/07

03/03/07

04/03/07

04/03/07

05/03/07

06/03/07

07/03/07

07/03/07

08/03/07

09/03/07

10/03/07

10/03/07

11/03/07

12/03/07

13/03/07

13/03/07

14/03/07

15/03/07

16/03/07

16/03/07

17/03/07

Date

Pre Pressure Reduction Fixed Outlet Control

Flow Modulation Control

Source: Wide Bay Water

Pressure Control - Woody Point Pilot DMA/PMA - Detail

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.0003/03/07

03/03/07

03/03/07

04/03/07

04/03/07

04/03/07

05/03/07

05/03/07

05/03/07

06/03/07

06/03/07

06/03/07

07/03/07

07/03/07

07/03/07

08/03/07

08/03/07

08/03/07

09/03/07

09/03/07

09/03/07

10/03/07

10/03/07

10/03/07

11/03/07

11/03/07

Date

Fixed Outlet ControlPre Pressure Reduction

Flow Modulation Control

Upstream pressure regime from 40m -

53m, system is pumped causing

dramatic pressure changes to the

reticulation netw ork, this w ill have

adverse affect on pipew ork

Fixed outlet control reduced

variations in reticulation dow nstream

of the PRV (DMA/PMA

Flow Modulation Control - this settles

dow n the pressure further -

controller set to reduce pressure

further overnight

Reduction in minimum night f low s as

a result of pressure control

Source: Wide Bay Water

Pressure Control - Oxley Road Pilot DMA/PMAReduction in flow rates over 24hr Periods

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

27/02/07

27/02/07

27/02/07

27/02/07

27/02/07

27/02/07

28/02/07

28/02/07

28/02/07

28/02/07

28/02/07

28/02/07

01/03/07

01/03/07

01/03/07

01/03/07

01/03/07

01/03/07

Flo

w l/s

ec

Source: Wide Bay Water

As reduce overall pressure, will reduce leakage and reduce energy demands

PRESSURE MANAGEMENT

33

Source: WRP PTY, SA

APPARENT LOSS REDUCTION

36

Real Apparent

APPARENT LOSS IN THE AWWA WATER BALANCE

37

Water Losses

System Input

Volume

Real Losses

Apparent Losses

Authorized Consumption

Unbilled

Authorized Consumption

Billed Authorized

Consumption

Leakage from Service Connections

Leakage from Distribution Mains

Leakage from Transmission Mains

Unauthorized Consumption

Consumption Metering Errors

Unbilled Unmetered Authorized Consumption

Unbilled Metered Authorized Consumption

Leakage/Overflow at Service Reservoirs

Billed Unmetered Authorized Consumption

Billed Metered Authorized Consumption

Apparent Loss Reduction Systematic Data Handling Errors

Systematic Data Handling Errors

Errors between meter reads and receipt of bill. Evaluation of billing system integration, meter reading accuracy.

Tools • Billing System Forensics • Integration knowledge

of multiple billing systems (including, SunGard, HTE, SAP, CC&B,…)

Unauthorized Consumption (Theft)

Often difficult to measure. Detectable using detailed data analytics coupled with field surveys.

Tools • Identification through

billing analytics • Anomaly review to

determine problem accounts

Meter Inaccuracy and Monitoring

Most utilities replace on age limits. Performance measurement enhances infrastructure life expectancy.

Tools • Accuracy test analysis • Database of Sensus

meter tests • Performance

measurement curves and payback analyses already constructed

38

Apparent Losses:

• Customer Metering Inaccuracies

• Assemble meter demographics from records

• Conduct regular meter accuracy testing, small samples of meters will suffice

• Unauthorized Consumption

• Can use default value of 0.25% of water supplied volume

• Systematic Data Handling Errors

• Billing system forensic analysis

• Meter reading anomalies

APPARENT LOSSES

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Low

Flo

w M

ete

r A

ccu

racy

(%

)

Age

Failure

Pre-Failure

Degradation

ACH 2011

METER ACCURACY

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 70

75

80

85

90%

95%

100

Low

Flo

w A

ccu

racy

(%

)

Age of Meter

Meter Test Data

Degradation Trend Lines

R2=0.197

METER ACCURACY EVALUATION METHODS PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

Point Where Meter Replacement Should Be Considered.

IDENTIFICATION OF INACCURATE METERS

$3,121

This can also be done by good database analysis of monthly read data

UNAUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION (THEFT)

• Illegal Connections • Contractors at Hydrants •Open bypasses

CREATIVE USAGE REDUCTION

SYSTEMATIC DATA HANDLING ERRORS WATER, NO WASTEWATER

Name LocID Address Other Info. Check

1 James L. West

Special Care 3426 1101 Summit Ave.

C Large user average (3 years)

187 CCF – If correct costing:

$7,090 per year.

Yes

2 IDI 3678 1201 Summit Ave. C Large user, need to change to

Irrigation. Yes

3 Haws Athletic Center 208 200 Franklin St. DB changed to YD 05/8/06 . Done

4 Paddock Park 212 DB No

5 Inner City 214 DB No

6 Superior Meats 424 1413 Calhoun St. I (monitored?) Old

7 Oncor Electric

Delivery 506 501 Texas St. C (need to research) Yes

8 First United

Methodist Church 678

NP (Has other location ID

accounts with sewer.) No

9 Kent A. Riibe 2904-8 1500 E. 4th St. R Added WW 8/7/08. Done

10 HB Zachary Co. 2926 1712 Heathcote St. C Old Old

11 James L. West

Special Care 3426 1101 Summit Ave. C Large user 400 CCF – research Yes

12 IDI 3678 1201 Summit Ave. C Large user, need to change to

Irrigation. Yes

13 Cook Childrens’

Medical Center 4136 1400 W. Humboldt St.

C Small user, need to add WW

after research. Yes

14 Beall Concrete, Inc. 35452 2725 Premier St. C Large user, possibly monitored. Yes

15 Fort Worth FC 33732 1413 Baurline St. C May be Irrigation. Yes

16 General Industrial

Corp. 33982 3602 N. Sylvania Ave. C Medium user Yes

1201 Summit Ave

WA/NoWW

1101 Summit Ave

WA/NoWW

• There were 2,856 users which fell into the WA/NoWW framework. Of those, some are: • Old accounts or in areas not served by sewers.

• Secondary accounts with sewer.

• Just irrigation accounts, no sewer.

• More than 100 customers remain who were WA/NoWW and should be billed.

• Revenue enhancement ~$90,000 per year.

REVENUE GENERATION

REVENUE GENERATION INCORRECTLY ASSIGNED: CREEKWOOD HOA

• One other location, classed as Commercial.

• High use for Residential-class property.

• No irrigation meter.

• Water meter up to 500 CCF per month, with 290 CCF average.

• Estimated revenue increase if changed to Commercial and/or irrigation meter added: $1,500 to $11,000/year.

SMART METERING TECHNOLOGY

VISUALIZATION AND ANALYTICS

APPARENT WATER LOSS DATA AND COMPARISONS

52

OVERALL WATER LOSSES

53

3 May 2015

54

Dallas

Plano

Frisco

Denton

Garland

McKinney

Wylie

Allen

Mesquite

Sherman

Greenville

Terrell

Rowlett

Richardson

Rockwall

Westminster

Prosper

Lucas

Sunnyvale

Little Elm

Seagoville

Heath

Sachse

The Colony

Fate

Bonham

Forney

Parker

Royse City

Fairview

Celina

Combine

Murphy

Kaufman

Balch Springs

Howe

Commerce

Melissa

Talty

Princeton

Mclendon-Chisholm

Weston

Crandall

Wills Point

Van Alstyne

Anna

Gunter

Farmersville

Lavon

Leonard

Trenton

Caddo MillsSt. Paul

The Colony

Quinlan

Josephine

West Tawakoni

New Hope

Edgewood

Nevada

CelesteWeston

Blue Ridge

Hackberry

Neylandville

Apparent Loss

Gallons per Connection per Day

Customer City, 3 - 29 (Avg. 10)

Member City, 4 - 54 (Avg. 20)

(TWDB 2010 Data)

3 May 2015

55

Dallas

Plano

Denton

Frisco

Garland

McKinney

Allen

Wylie

Mesquite

Sherman

Greenville

Terrell

Rowlett

Richardson

Rockwall

Westminster

Prosper

Lucas

Sunnyvale

Heath

Seagoville

Little Elm

Sachse

The Colony

Fate

Bonham

Parker

Forney

Royse City

Fairview

Celina

Combine

Murphy

Kaufman

Howe

Balch Springs

Commerce

Melissa

Talty

Princeton

Weston

Mclendon-Chisholm

Crandall

Wills Point

Van Alstyne

Anna

Gunter

Farmersville

Lavon

Leonard

Trenton

Caddo MillsSt. Paul

The Colony

Quinlan

New Hope

West Tawakoni

Josephine

Edgewood

Nevada

CelesteWeston

Blue Ridge

Hackberry

Neylandville

Meter Accuracy (%)

Customer City, 94 - 99 (Avg. 97.7)

Member City, 90 - 99 (Avg. 96)

(TWDB 2010 Data)

2012 Dataset – Real and Apparent Loss per connection

BENCHMARK APPARENT WATER LOSSES

56

DATA SUMMARY (JUNE 2013)

57

Key Performance Indicator n AVG NTMWD

Data Validity Score 310 62.5 60*

Non-Revenue Water as % by Volume 310 23.1%

Non-Revenue Water as % by Cost 310 9.1%

Apparent Loss (gal/connection/day) 310 11.2 15

Real Loss (gal/connection/day) 248 56.5 55

Real Loss (gal/mile of main/day) 62 1,932

Infrastructure Leakage Index 283 3.0

CONTACT DETAILS

CHASTAIN-HOWLEYA@BV.COM ANDREW CHASTAIN-HOWLEY 1300 SUMMIT AVE, SUITE 400 FORT WORTH, TX 76102 (817) 271 4273

58