Transcript of 1 Chapter 5- The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Carbohydrates AP BIOLOGY.
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- 1 Chapter 5- The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates AP BIOLOGY
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- Macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
2
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- Carbohydrates 3
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- 4 Polymer Vs. Monomer Polymer: A large molecule made up of
identical or similar building blocks Ex. Polysaccaride Starches
Monomer: the building block that is used to make polymers
Glucose
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- Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O Most names
for sugars end in ose CH 2 O (Empirical Formula) (CH 2 O) C 6 H 12
O 6 Contains a Carbonyl (C=O) & many Hydroxyl (OH) Function:
Energy & Storage ex: sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin C 6 H
12 O 6 (CH 2 O) x
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- 6 Monosaccharides Simple 1 monomer sugars Exs: Glucose
Frucotose Galactose sugar
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- Biological function of monosaccharides ENERGY!!!! Key parts of
other molecules (e.g. nucleic acids, ATP) Monomers for
Disaccharides & Polysaccharides. They form polymers in
dehydration reactions.
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- Classifying Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are uniquely
identified based on: The location of the carbonyl carbon in the
straight chain form The number of carbons present The spatial
arrangement of carbons
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- Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where
do you find solutions in biology? In cells!
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- Identifying monosaccharides The arrangement of the OH group on
the #1 carbon does not matter when naming sugars. The location of
the other groups on the 2,3,4, and 5 carbons does matter.
alpha-glucosebeta-glucose
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- C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in C-C bonds
Carbons are numbered
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- Carbon Skeleton 3-7 Carbons long Classified by number of
carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose
(glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H
H Ribose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653
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- Functional groups determine function Ketone Carbonyl in middle
Aldehyde Carbonyl at end
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- Forming Disaccharides glucose+ glucose= Disaccharide monomer
monomer Polymer 14
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- 15 Disaccharides 2 monomers Held by glycosidic bonds Exs
Sucrose Lactose Maltose DisaccharideMonosaccharides SucroseGlucose
+ Fructose LactoseGlucose + Galactose MaltoseGlucose + Glucose
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- Building sugars | fructose | glucose monosaccharides sucrose
(table sugar) disaccharide H2OH2O Dehydration synthesis
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- Building sugars glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose
monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose H2OH2O
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- 18 Lactose
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- 19 Glucose and Fructose Glucose
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- Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build
Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in
liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods
& fungi)
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- Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars joined by glycosidic
linkages. Serve two main functions Storage- glycosidic linkages are
hydrolyzed to obtain monosaccharides as energy is needed.
Structural- make up the materials that are used to protect the
organism.
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- Glycosidic Bonds Chemical linkage between the monosaccharide
units of disaccharides, and polysaccharides, which is formed by the
removal of a molecule of water Condensation reaction Condensation
reaction Bond forms between the carbon-1 on one sugar and the
carbon-4 on the other.
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- & Glycosidic Bonds An -glycosidic bond- formed when the OH
group on carbon-1 is below the plane of the glucose ring A
-glycosidic bond is formed when it is above the plane. Ex.
Cellulose- formed of glucose molecules linked by 1-4 -glycosidic
bonds (Above plane) Ex. Starch- composed of 1-4 -glycosidic bonds
(Below plane ) in starch in cellulose
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- 24 Polysaccharides- 100s to 1000s of monosaccharides Storage
PolysaccharidesStructural Polysaccharides Starch Plants Cellulose
Plants Glycogen Animals Chitin Animals-Insects Fungi
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- Structural Polysaccharides Key in forming the structure of an
organism. Most common structural polysaccharide is cellulose. Makes
up cell walls in plants Used to make paper Chitin Polymer of
glucose Forms via 1-4 glycosidic linkage.
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- Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores
have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have
not cellulose = undigestible rougha ge But it tastes like hay! Who
can live on this stuff?!
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- Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla cant digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source,
like fruit to diet
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- Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals Rumen-Upper part of stomach
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- Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme
cellulose hard to digest
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- Plant Storage Polysaccharides Starch is the main storage
polysaccharide- Found in two forms. Amylose- main storage
polysaccharide found in plants. 1-4 glycosidic linkage found in
glucose. Amylopectin- also in plants. Like starch with branching.
Branch occurs with a 1-6 glycosidic link.
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- Storage Polysaccharide in Animals Glycogen is the main storage
polysaccharide in animals. It is even more highly branched than
amylopectin. Stored primarily in muscle and liver cells and is used
when glucose stores are low.
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- Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines
function isomers of glucose structure determines function in
starchin cellulose
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- Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) glycogen
(animal) energy storage slow release fast release
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- Fig. 5-6 Glycogen Branched Starch Glycogen Amylose Chloroplast
Starch Unbranched Amylopectin Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 m
1 m
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- Difference between starch and cellulose Starch production
involves 1-4 glycosidic linkage of -glucose monomers. Helical shape
Cellulose production involves 1-4 glycosidic linkage of -glucose
monomers Never branched, straight - Glycogen - Cellulose Does this
matter?
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- Fig. 5-7a (a) and glucose ring structures Glucose Glucose
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- Fig. 5-7bc (b) Starch: 14 linkage of glucose monomers (c)
Cellulose: 14 linkage of glucose monomers
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- Chitin Chitin is the structural polysaccharide in arthropods
Ex. insects, spiders, crustaceans, and fungi. Similar to cellulose,
but it has a slightly different monomer that is a derivative of
glucose
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- Fig. 5-10 The structure of the chitin monomer. (a) (b) (c)
Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. Chitin is used to make
a strong and flexible surgical thread.
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- YES, It matters! Cellulose has a much different structure than
starch. In storage polysaccharides, the polymer hydrogen bonds
mainly with itself to form helices (spirals) Ex. Glycogen In
structural polysaccharides, the polymer hydrogen bonds with other
polymer strands to form a strands that form thread like structures
Ex. Chitin & Cellulose
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- 41 Starch vs. Cellulose Helix Sheet
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- IT REALLY MATTERS Animals lack the enzymes (cellular machinery)
to break down cellulose. Only a few bacteria and fungi can break
down cellulose.