Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012

Categories of MacromoleculesWhat are Four Types of Macromolecules?• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins• Nucleic Acids


CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen•Hydrogen & Oxygen in ratio of 2:1

Common Sources (Foods) of Carbohydrates•Starches: Potatoes, Wheat, Barley•Glycogen: Animal Liver


Monosaccharides = Sub-Units (monomers) of Carbohydrates• Ribose• Fructose• Glucose

Monosaccharides can be classified based on C#• Trioses = 3 Carbon Sugars• Pentoses = 5 Carbon Sugars• Hexoses = 6 Carbon Sugars


Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides• Maltose = Glucose + Glucose• Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose• Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides• Starch (storage form of glucose in Plants)• Glycogen (storage form of glucose in Animals)• Cellulose (polymer of glucose in Plant Cell Walls)


Monomer of Carbohydrate = Monosaccharide

Dimer of Carbohydrate = Disaccharide

Polymer of Carbohydrate = Polysaccharide


LipidsWhat are Lipids?Lipid Terminology:Steroids –

Waxes –

Fatty Acids –

Triglycerides –

Oils vs. Fats• Triglyceride that is Solid @ Room Temperature = Fat• Triglyceride that is Liquid @ Room Temperature = Oil


Formation of Triglycerides

*If fatty acid chain contains double bond = UnsaturatedIf fatty acid chain does not contain double bond = Saturated


Condensation vs. Hydrolysis• Polymers of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are formed by Condensation Reactions• Dehydration Synthesis Rxns, where water is removed to

form bond between monomers• Removal of –OH from 1 monomer, and

Removal of –H from the other monomer

• Polymers are broken down to monomers through Hydrolysis• Addition of water to break (lyse) bonds• Giving an –OH to 1 monomer, and

Giving a –H to 1 monomer


Lipids vs. Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are metabolized before lipids• We burn Carbs faster

• Lipids are used for long-term energy storage, and contain twice as much energy per gram as carbs• If diet is high in Carbs, then body spends time burning carbs

and not fat. If diet is low in Carbs, then body spends time burning fat, AND produces more energy!

**Lipids are Insoluble!**Insoluble = Nonpolar = HydrophobicSoluble = Polar = Hydrophilic


Monomer of Lipids = Fatty Acid

Polymer of Lipids = Triglyceride


ProteinsAmino Acids• Building Blocks (monomers) of Proteins• All amino acids have the same basic structure, including an “R” group• Composition of the “R” group is different for each one of the 20 amino acids• “R” group can be either polar or non-polar; positively charged or negatively charged; a ring structure or a linear chain


Peptides• Amino Acids are also called Peptides• Two Amino Acids can join to form a Dipeptide• Many Amino Acids link to form a Polypeptide chain


Monomer of Protein = Amino Acid (Peptide)

Dimer of Protein = Dipeptide

Polymer of Protein = Polypeptide


Nucleic AcidsNucleotides• Monomers of Nucleic Acids• a Phosphate Group, a Sugar, a Nitrogenous Base


Monomer of Nucleic Acids = Nucleotide

Polymer of Nucleic Acids = DNA or RNA


Functions of Nucleic Acids•Storage of Genetic Information•Heredity – Passage of Genetic Info. through Progeny

DNA vs. RNA• DNA stores the information• RNA leads to the presentation of the information• DNA is usually double stranded• RNA is single stranded• DNA has bases: A, T, G, C• RNA has bases: A, U, G, C


Deoxyribose vs. Ribosea) RNA nucleotides have the sugar Ribose

• There is an –OH on Carbon #2

b) DNA nucleotide has the sugar Deoxyribose (without oxygen)• There is an –H on Carbon #2

Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

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