Macromolecules

I. What are macromolecules?

A. CARBOHYDRATES B. LIPIDS

C. PROTEINS

D. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA)

II. What does it mean to be organic?

A. CHNOPS– The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life

What makes something Organic?

B. If it contains the element Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) it is called a HYDROCARBON– they contain only C and H bonded in different

proportions

III. Functional Groups

Before we begin to study macromolecules, let’s start with the functional groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules

A. Hydroxyl Group

Identified as a hydrogen atom bonded directly to an oxygen atom (-OH)

Easily identifiable and one of most popular

Ethanol

H

H

H

H H

C C OH

B. Carboxyl Group

Slightly larger than hydroxyl

Molecular formula COOH

Carbon double bonded to oxygen on one side and bonded to OH on the other

C. Phosphate GroupPhosphorous surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms

One of oxygen atoms shows double bond to phosphorous

D. Carbonyl Group

• Carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (symbolized as C=O)

• Two types:• Aldehyde• Ketone

2 Forms: Aldehydes & Ketones • Aldehyde groups,

where the C=O group is at the end of a molecule

• H atom is also located on the same C atom.

• Ketone groups, where the C=O group is located within a molecule

• All sugars have either a ketone or an aldehyde

E. Amino GroupNitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms–Non-ionized form

Nitrogen bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms, one has positive charge (H+)– Ionized Form

F. Sulfhydryl Group

Fairly rare for our purposes

Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

Let’s See What You’ve Learned So Far!!

Get ready to click away!!

20%

20%

20%

20%

20%

Which functional group is shown below?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24

1. Carboxyl

2. Sulfhydryl

3. Hydroxyl

4. Amino

5. I need help with this.

Which carbonyl functional group is shown below?

25%

25%

25%

25% 1. Aldehyde

2. Ketone

3. Carboxyl

4. I need help with this.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

What functional group is shown below?

20%

20%

20%

20%

20%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1. Hydroxyl

2. Carboxyl

3. Phosphate

4. Carbonyl

5. I need help with this.

Which functional group is shown below?

20%

20%

20%

20%

20% 1. Hydroxyl

2. Sulfhydryl

3. Carboxyl

4. Aldehyde

5. I need help with this.Ethanol

H

H

H

H H

C C OH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which functional group represents an aldehyde group?

25%

25%

25%

25% 1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. I need help with this.

1 2

3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Putting things together…let’s

make some MACROMOLECUL

ES

IV.) Formation of Macromolecules

A. What are macromolecules made of?1. Monomers: smaller building blocks of the

macromolecules

2. Monomers can link together to form polymers (macromolecules)

Macromolecule Formation

Process = Dehydration Synthesis

Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O

Leaves bonding sites that join monomer units.

OH H

H2O

Monomer Monomer

Polymer

Macromolecule Destruction

Process = Hydrolysis

Break bond between monomer units.

Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.Polymer

OH H

Monomer Monomer

H2O

Fill in Chart…

For each Macromolecule– Made of (elements) – Basic Unit (monomer)– Polymer unit – Function– Where found– Examples

Use pages 32-41 in book and/or discuss with partner