• describe the structures and

functions of each of the four

groups of Macromolecules

summarize the bonding

properties of Carbon

• explain how enzymes speed up

the rate of biochemical

reactions by lowering the

reaction’s activation energy

• identify the effects of

environmental factors on

enzyme activity

Macromolecules

Terms to Know – Define and Provide an example

1. Monomers

2. Polymer

3. Carbohydrate

4. Protein

5. Amino Acid

6. Lipid

7. Nucleic Acid

8. Endothermic Reaction

9. Exothermic Reaction

10.Enzyme

11.Catalyst

12.Reactant and Product

Macromolecules

The four major groups of

macromolecules found in living things

are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic

acids, and proteins.

Monomers – smaller units of

macromolecules

Polymers – large sets of monomers

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.

• Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

• The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell

activities.

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrate monomer = monosaccharides (example = glucose).

• Carbohydrate polymer = polysaccharides (example = starch in plants or

glycogen in humans).

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

carbon, and phosphorus.

• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.

Nucleic Acids

• Monomer – nucleotide (the base, sugar, and phosphate)

• Polymer – the nucleic acid (ex: DNA, RNA).

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides consist of three parts:

a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate

group

(–PO4), and a nitrogenous base.

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is

another nucleotide that captures

and transfers chemical energy.

Protein

• Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen.

• Proteins perform many varied functions, such as controlling the rate of

reactions, transporting substances, and helping to fight disease.

Protein

• Monomer – amino acid (ex: alanine)

• Polymer – polypeptide

• A protein is usually built from one or more polypeptides.

Protein

• Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (–NH2) on one end and a

carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end.

• Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a

polypeptide.

• All amino acids are identical in the amino and carboxyl groups.

• Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the R-group.

Lipids

• Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and are generally

not soluble in water. Examples include fats, oils, and waxes.

• Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of

biological membranes.

• Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as

hormones, serve as chemical messengers.

Lipids

• Lipid monomers – fatty acids (ex: saturated and unsaturated).

• Lipid polymers – triglycerides

Lipids

• Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids

contain double bonds.

Reactions and Enzymes

• explain how enzymes speed up the rate

of biochemical reactions by lowering the

reaction’s activation energy

• identify the effects of environmental

factors on enzyme activity

Chemical Reactions

• A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into

another by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.

• Reactants – The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.

• Products - The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reactions

• Endothermic reactions – energy is absorbed

• Exothermic reactions – energy is released

Chemical Reactions

• Activation energy - The energy that is needed to get a reaction started.

Chemical Reactions

• Catalyst - a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

• Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy.

Chemical Reactions

• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical

reactions that take place in cells.

• Enzymes act by lowering the activation energies.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex• Substrate - The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

• The substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site.

• Each enzyme in your body has a uniquely shaped active site that fits only

one type of substrate.

• The enzyme is NOT changed in this reaction, it continues to bind other

substrates.

• Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules are all factors that can

affect the activity of enzymes.

Review

• Kahoot - https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/5421b8cb-71f6-4fc6-8e19-cbb623ee3058

• Crashcourse - https://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0

• Activation energy - https://youtu.be/j00Ep0Byu0Y

• Bozeman enzymes - https://youtu.be/ok9esggzN18

https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/5421b8cb-71f6-4fc6-8e19-cbb623ee3058https://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0https://youtu.be/j00Ep0Byu0Yhttps://youtu.be/ok9esggzN18