The Counter-Reformation aka the Catholic Reformation

The Counter-Reformation aka the Catholic Reformation

The Complutensian Polyglot Bible

Gasparo Cardinal Contarini, a Catholic reformer

Reginald Cardinal Pole, another reform-minded Catholic leader

Juan de Valdes (+1541), Spanish humanist

Vittoria Colonna (1490-1547), friend of humanists and love interest of Michelangelo (the sketch of her to the left is by Michelangelo)

Giulia Gonzaga (1512-1566), Italian noblewoman and friend of Juan de Valdes

Peter Martyr Vermigli, Italian reformer

Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor (Titian portrait)

The Landgrave Philipp of Hesse (1504-1567) a strong supporter of the Reformation and a bigamist

Philipp of Hesse and Christine of Saxony

Margarethe von der Saale, Philipp of Hesses second wife

Maurice of Saxony, Protestant duke and leader, 1521-1553

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The Inquisition

Tomas de Torquemada, inquisitor

Philip II, King of Spain (r.1554-1598)

Index of Prohibited Books

Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (S.J.)

Loyolas Spiritual Exercises

St. Teresa of Avila, founder of the Discalced Carmelites

The Ecstasy of St.Theresa, by Gianlorenzo Bernini (ca 1650)

St. John of the Cross, another Spanish mystic

A Golden Age in Spain for the arts coexists with this outpouring of religious fervor; sometimes the two overlap (see El Grecos paintings, e.g.)

El Grecos The Burial of Count Orgel (1586-1588)

El Grecos View of Toledo (1596-1600)