World War I

Chapter 29

The Rise of Nationalism

• Nations competing for power

• Competition for colonies in Africa and Asia

• Other groups, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians pushing for independence

Military Powers

• European Nations believed they needed to have a powerful military

• Militarism- policy of glorifying the military power and keeping an army prepared for war

Militarism Frightened Many

“The entire able-bodied population are preparing to massacre one another; though no one, it is true, wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow all Europe sky-high” –Frederic Passy (1895)

Rivalries and Alliances Emerge

Otto Von Bismarck

What tactic/strategy did he use to unify Germany?

Rivalries and Alliances

• Bismarck believed Germany’s greatest threat was France

“As long as it is without allies…France poses no danger to us”

-Otto Von Bismarck

Triple Alliance

• Germany formed a dual alliance with Austria-Hungary

• Italy joined the Alliance a couple years later

• Bismarck then also signed a treaty with Russia

Triple Alliance Treaty

1. What country was this document bringing into the alliance?

2. What was one of the chief aims of the Triple Alliance?

3. What happens if Italy is attacked by France?4. Article 4: What happens if a great power attacks

one of the high contracting powers?5. Is the treaty secretive or open?6. How long is the treaty initially in force for?

Germany Slips Up

• Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign in 1890

• He did not want to share power with anyone

• Wanted to show the world how mighty Germany was

Germany Slips Up

• Wilhelm let treaty with Russia run out in 1890

• Russia formed a military alliance with France in 1892

• This was Bismarck’s greatest fear…– War with one would be

war with the other– 2 front war

Germany Slips Up

• Wilhelm also began a massive ship building project

• Wanted his navy equivalent to Great Britain

• GB was threatened by Germany

Triple Entente

• Great Britain forms an alliance with France

• In 1907, Great Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

France, Russia, and Great Britain

Crisis in the Balkans

The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire encompassed Turkey and the Balkan Peninsula

• However, its power was in decline and several nationalist groups declared their independence

Balkan Nations

• These new formed countries in the Balkans included Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia

• All these countries looked to extend their borders

Serbia

• Had a large Slavic population

• Wanted to absorb all Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula

• Russia, mostly Slavic, supported Serbian Nationalism

• Austria-Hungary did not

Novak Djokovic

Austria-Hungary

• Was afraid a Slavic Nation in the Balkans would stir rebellion amongst its Slavic population

• 1908, took over Bosnia and Herzegovina (2 areas with large Slavic populations)

Tensions between A-H and Serbia• Serbs were outraged

by this• Serbs vowed to take

Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine their authority in the Balkans

Remember Back…19 Years Previous

“The entire able-bodied population are preparing to massacre one another; though no one, it is true, wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow all Europe sky-high” –Frederic Passy (1895)

“A Shot Rings Throughout Europe”

• The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28, 1914

• He and his wife, Sophie, were paying a visit to Bosnia

“A Shot Rings Throughout Europe”

• He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian and member of the Black Hand

• The Black Hand was a secret society

• Their goal was to rid Bosnia of Austrian rule

Borijove Jevtic’s Account

You are an Editor for the “Serbian Chronicle.”

Write a newspaper account of the events that took place on June 28.

Use quotes from Borijove Jevtic.

Franz Ferdinand Band

• Formed in 2002• Song “All for you,

Sophia” is speaking of “Sophie” as well as mentions Gavrilo Princip, the Black Hand, and “Urban” (Franz Ferdinand)

War Breaks Out

• Austria saw this murder as an excuse to punish Serbia

• On July 28 Austria declared war on Serbia

Russia Joins War

• Russia was an ally of Serbia with its large Slavic population

• Russia ordered the mobilization of troops to the Austrian border

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

France, Russia, and Great Britain

Chain Reaction

• Russia also began mobilizing troops to the German border

• Germany then declared war on Russia on August 1

Chain Reaction

• 2 days after, August 3rd, Germany declared war on France

• Great Britain then declared war on Germany

Chain Reaction

Central Powers

• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Bulgaria *• Ottoman Empire *

*Joined in hopes of regaining lost territory

Allied Powers

• Great Britain• France• Russia• Japan joined shortly

there after• Italy joined after

accusing its former partners (Austria and Germany) of unjustly starting a war

World War I

Many thought the war would be very short…

Not many knew how horrible this war would actually be…

Quiz

1. What country carried out the Schlieffen Plan?2. Name 3 Central Powers.3. Give 2 reasons why the US entered World

War I.4. What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk do?

2 Front War

Germany: Schlieffen Plan

• Plan was to defeat France in the West quickly

• Then move East and defeat Russia

• Russia lagged behind France in railroads and industry

Germany: Schlieffen Plan

• By Fall, Germany was finding great success in defeating France on the Western Front

• Germany had swept into France and were on the outskirts of Paris

First Battle of the Marne

• Great Victory for France• Outside of Paris• France threw

everything they had at Germany

• After 4 days of fighting, Germany retreated

First Battle of Marne

• Schlieffen Plan was now left in ruins

• A quick victory on the Western Front for Germany now did not look too promising

• Stalemate on the Western Front

Trench Warfare

• Opposing armies dug up trenches/ditches that they fought from

• Area between trenches was known as “No man’s land”

• Armies trade huge loses fighting in the trenches

Trenches

• Conditions were awful!– Mud– Rats– Malnutrition– Lack of Sleep

• Artillery fire was aimed at the trenches

“The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud.”

-Anonymous Soldier

“Shells of all calibers kept raining on our sector…The trenches disappeared, filled with earth…The air was unbreathable. Our blinded, wounded crawling, and shouting soldiers kept falling on top of us and died splashing us with food. It was living Hell.”

-French Soldier

A Global Conflict

• Japan and Australia joined the Allies

• The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers

• France and Great Britain used its colonists in Africa to help fight the war

World War I

Allied Powers• Great Britain• France• Russia• Italy• Japan• United States (Joined 1917)

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Bulgaria• Ottoman Empire

Machine Gun

Poison Gas

Submarine

Tank

Fighter Planes

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• German U-Boats sinking any ships near Britain without warning

• Lusitania, 1915– A British passenger

ship– Left 1,198 dead– 128 US citizens

dead

Zimmerman Telegram

• February of 1917• Asked for Mexico to ally

with Germany• Germany would help

Mexico take back its land it lost in the Mexican War

U.S. Enters War

Reasons:• Unrestricted submarine

warfare• Zimmerman Telegram

• Under Woodrow Wilson, US enters war in 1917 on the side of the Allies

Total War

• A country devoting all its resources to the war effort– Rationing of goods– Propaganda supporting

the war– Women in the workplace

(taking soldiers jobs)

World War I Coming to an End

Russia Withdraws, 1918

• After the Russian Revolution (1917)…

• Russia led by Lenin• Russia signs Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk with Germany

Germany focuses on West

• Russia out of the war now allowed Germany to focus only on the Western Front

• Germany threw everything they had at the Allies in France

2nd Battle of the Marne

• July, 1918• Allies

counterattacked Central Powers

• Huge success for Allies

• Central Powers began to crumble

World War I Ends

• November 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down

• On November 11, 1918 Germany and France signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting)

Armistice Day (Veterans Day)

"To us in America, the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country's service and with gratitude for the victory, both because of the thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of the nations.“-Woodrow Wilson

Legacy of WWI

• 8.5 million soldiers died• 21 million soldiers were

wounded• War cost a total of 338

Billion Dollars

14 Points

• Drawn up by Woodrow Wilson before war ended

• These outlined a plan for achieving peace throughout Europe

Treaty of Versailles

• Compromise between Germany and the Allied Powers signed on June 28, 1919

• Created a League of Nations, an international association, to keep peace among nations

Europe Carved Up

• Out of Austria-Hungary:– Austria– Hungary– Czechoslovakia– Yugoslavia

Europe Carved Up• Out of Ottoman Empire:

– Retained only Turkey

*Palestine*Iraq*Transjordan

#Syria#Lebanon

*Mandated nation by Britain#Mandated nation by France

Europe Carve Up

• Out of Russia:– Finland– Estonia– Latvia– Lithuania

*Romania and Poland gained Russian territory