UNIT 4

THE WORLD WAR I ERA

CHAPTER 19 THE WORLD WAR I ERA

OBJECTIVES

CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I.

Objective 4.4: Analyze the military and financial ways in which America prepared for war.

THEME: At the beginning of the 20th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. After staying neutral for a few years, the United States declared war to support its allies and felt the effects of warfare.

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880)

#21 - …Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)William McKinley; Republican (1896)Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)William Howard Taft; Republican (1909)#28 - Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1913)

America: Pathways to the PresentAmerica: Pathways to the Present

Section 1: The Road to War

Section 2: The United States Declares War

Section 3: Americans on the European Front

Section 4: Americans on the Home Front

Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920)

Section 5: Global Peacemaker

CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4 NOTES:

AMERICANS ON THE

HOME FRONT

FINANCING THE WAR

Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and personnel. Many sacrifices within the United States were needed to meet these

demands.

The government raised money for the war in part by selling Liberty Bonds, loans the public gave to the government Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for their original value

plus interest. Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds, raising more than $20

billion for the war effort.

War Industries Board WIB oversaw war production & switched industries to military production

National War Labor Board helped ensure that labor disputes did not disrupt the war effort.

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Financing the war: • Sale of war bonds.

• Liberty and victory loans raised $21 billion.

• Raised income taxes

RATIONS Using the slogan, “Food will win the war,” Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration and future President, began to manage how much food people bought.

Hoover imposed price controls, a system of pricing determined by the government Used rationing, or distributing goods to customers in a fixed amount. However, instead of forcing companies to comply, Hoover preferred to

rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.

Daylight savings time was created to increase the number of daylight hours available for work. This involved turning clocks back one hour for the

summer, creating one more hour of daylight.

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U. S. FOOD ADMINISTRATIONU. S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION

U. S. FUEL ADMINISTRATIONU. S. FUEL ADMINISTRATION

ENFORCING LOYALTY Fear the Foreigner

Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on immigration were called for and achieved.

Hate the Hun The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often referred to

as Huns in reference to European invaders of the fourth and fifth centuries.

German music, literature, language, and cuisine became banned or unpopular.

Repression of Civil Liberties Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty and

democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the war. Espionage Age (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) limit free speech

Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages rebellion, became a crime. Over 1,000 citizens were convicted of sedition

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CHANGES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS• Many African Americans volunteered or were drafted

for service. • African-American men served in segregated units and

served noncombat roles. • 300,000 are drafted into segregated units• The Harlem Hell Fighters (369th) were loaned to the French and

earned the Croix de Guerre

• With much of the work force in the military, factory owners and managers who had once discriminated against minorities began actively recruiting them.

• The flood of African Americans leaving the South to work in northern factories became known as the Great Migration.

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THE HARLEM HELL FIGHTERS History Channel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEuoAl1elLU

National Guard

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN668P6me7w

NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN Military Service

11,000 women served in uniform as nurses, drivers, and clerks

The diminished male work force also created new working opportunities for women.

Many women joined the work force for the first time during the war.

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• Some found work on farms with the Woman’s Land Army; others took jobs traditionally reserved for men in factories.

• 40,000 women found new jobs in industry