World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

143
World War I World War I A war to end all wars…?

Transcript of World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Page 1: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

World War IWorld War I

A war to end all wars…?

Page 2: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

World War I- The Great War

Page 3: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Underlying Causes“MANIA”

MilitarismAlliancesNationalismImperialismAnarchy (international)

Page 4: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Militarism: Glorification of War & Military

Build up of large reserve armies Mobilization - organize resources for

combat (triggers other nations mobilizing)

Naval Expansion - William II (GR) fires Bismarck and expands navy– wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful)– G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops

new battleship - Dreadnought

Page 5: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Alliances Defense Agreements Among

Nations

Three Emperors’ League: (1881) Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary - doesn’t last b/c of A-H rivalry with Russia in Balkans

Triple Alliance - (1882) Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary - attempt to isolate France

Triple Entente - (1907) France, Russia, G.B.Entente: Friendly understanding between nations

Page 6: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 7: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Nationalism Extreme Pride in One’s

Nation or Desire to Form a Nation

French Nationalists sought revenge against Germany for loss of Alsace-Lorraine

Slavic Nationalism - Pan-Slavism: Unify all Slavic people under one empire

Page 8: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Imperialism domination of one country by another

Germany and France came close to war over control of Morocco

Germany wanted to create Berlin to Baghdad Railway - caused resentment among British and Russians– British feared interference with India and

reduce traffic thru Suez Canal

Page 9: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Anarchy

International AnarchyNations of Europe pursue policies

without regard for the wishes of their neighbors

Crisis - No international organization to monitor

Page 10: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Immediate Causes of WWI

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of A-H (June 28, 1914) by Gavrilo Princip - member of Serbian nationalist group “Black Hand”

Page 11: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Why the Assassination?

Ferdinand planned to give Slavs of Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in the gov’t equal to that of Austro-Hungarians

This threatened the movement for a separate Slavic state

Page 12: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

What Happens Next?

A-H hold Serbians responsibleA-H seeks assurance (backup) from

Germany in event of warGermany issues “Blank Check” to

A-H– William II gives full support to any

actions A-H might take against Serbia

Page 13: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Tensions Build!!

A-H issues ultimatum (set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences) to Serbia

Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials into country to suppress all subversive movements & conduct investigation

Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war Serbia does not agree to all parts

A-H declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)

Page 14: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The Tangled Web of War

Page 15: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Declarations of War

Germany declares war on Russia (Aug 1, 1914)

Germany declares war on France (Aug 3, 1914)

Great Britain still hoped to remain neutral and not go to war, but…

Page 16: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Germany Invades Belgium!

Germany demands passage across Belgium to fight France (*Part of Schlieffen Plan)

British protest demand made by Germany upon neutral nation of Belgium– 1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia, France &

Germany guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality

Page 17: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Germany invades Belgium

G.B. demands they withdraw

Germany responds calling treaty,

“a scrap of paper” G.B. declares war

on Germany (Aug 4, 1914)

Page 18: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

*The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s invasion of Belgium was part of

this plan Germany had enemies to East & West &

did not want to fight a war on both fronts at the same time

Believed Russia would be slow to mobilize and that they could fight & defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern Front

THE RACE TO THE SEA!

Page 19: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 20: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Expectations

Both sides thought the war would be a quick ordeal…

Kaiser told his soldiers, “you’ll be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees.”

They underestimated the role industrialization would play in this war.

French troops marched off

shouting, “We’ll be home by

Christmas”

Page 21: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

United states in the War Lusitania Zimmerman Telegram

Page 22: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Life During the WarLife During the War

Page 23: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 24: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The British government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war.

They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas.

They used advertising posters to encourage this idea!

A picture of soldiers going ‘Over the Top’

Page 25: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The reality of ‘going over the top’ was very different!

Page 26: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Soldiers were expected to carry all of their equipment with them at all times.

They were supposed to keep it clean and in good condition – they were British after all.

Page 27: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

How the uniform and equipment changed after just three weeks in the

trenches…

Page 28: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Posters always showed men ready and willing to fight.

They never showed the boredom of the trenches or actual fighting taking place.

Why do you think the government showed no fighting?

What hidden message is in this image?

Page 29: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 30: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

No smiling and relaxed faces…

No clean uniforms…

Their equipment is scattered everywhere…

Boredom and sleep are obvious…

Page 31: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 32: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 33: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 34: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.

These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

Page 35: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

WARNING, TRENCH FOOT NASTINESS

ON THE NEXT SLIDE!

Page 36: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 37: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 38: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 39: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 40: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

WWI Comes to an EndWWI Comes to an End

Page 41: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

German Surrender

On the 11th Hour of the 11th Day of the 11th Month the war comes to an end (November 11, 1918), as Germany accepts an armistice.

Allies meet to discuss a treaty.

Page 42: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The Treaty of Versailles with Germany

The Big Four-all had different allied objectives

Page 43: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

David Lloyd George-Great Britain

Prime minister who wanted to expand Britain's Colonial Empire, preserve its naval and industrial supremacy and make Germany pay for the war.

Page 44: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Georges Clemenceau

French Premier Wanted to ensure

security against future German invasion

Weaken Germany by imposing military limitations, financial payments, and territorial losses.

Page 45: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando

Premier of Italy Sought to enlarge

Italy's territory in Europe and expand its empire overseas

Page 46: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States

Sought to provide a just and lasting peace and create a better world by implementing the Fourteen Points*

Page 47: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

*Fourteen Points-Wilson’s Plan for a Lasting Peace

1. Open covenants (treaties) of peace openly arrived at.

2. Freedom of the seas 3. Removal of international trade barriers

(such as tariffs). 4. Reduction of armaments 5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims

with regard for the interests of native peoples

Page 48: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Fourteen Points Cont.

6-13. Adjustment of European boundaries in accordance with the principle of nationality, that is, the right of any national group to self-determination regarding its own government and independent state.

14. Establishment of a League of Nations to handle international disputes.

European nations approved of the 14 Points only sparingly because of their nations interests.

Page 49: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Treaty of Versailles

Of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, only a few were taken seriously.

One of them was the League of Nations, What others were taken seriously?

Page 50: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Differing Views of the Treaty

Arguments Against: a harsh treaty that planted the seeds of WWII- The treaty transferred German-inhabited territory, seized all colonies of Germany, and compelled Germany to accept sole war guilt. It forced Germany to be unarmed while other nations remained armed, and it wounded German pride. By attacking the treaty the Nazi party gained support of the German people, achieved power, and brought on WWII.

Page 51: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Arguments For: A fair treaty that was not enforced

The treaty transferred German territory chiefly on the basis of nationality, assigned German colonies as League of Nations mandates with the objective of eventual disarmament, and provided a League of Nations. The treaty alone cannot be blamed for the German people’s support of Nazism. Furthermore, if the military provisions of the treaty had been enforced, Nazi Germany would not have been able to wage war

Page 52: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Results of WWI-Social

A. almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20 million soldiers were wounded

B. Millions of civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine and disease.

C. The world was left aflame with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism.

D. debt and economic dislocation caused the depression of 1929.

Page 53: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Political

A. The U.S. emerged as a leading world power B. 3 major European powers dethroned-

Germans, Austria-Hungary, and Russia C. New national states arose…Poland and

Czechoslovakia D. League of Nations established to solve

international problems Many European nations turned to dictatorship

because of economic and political discontent– Russia, Italy, Germany.

Page 54: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Economic

A. total cost of the war was 350 billion dollars. Led to heavy taxation of the people of Europe.

B. International trade suffered because of increased tariffs

C. Russia became communist, thus a new economic system was introduced

Page 55: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 56: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

League of Nations

Page 57: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Destruction

Page 58: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Famine

Russia

Page 59: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

unemployment

Page 60: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

1923 - German

money so worthless

they burn it to keep warm

Page 61: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Glamour The Charleston

Page 62: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Louis Armstrong

- Jazz

Page 63: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Silent movies

Page 64: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.
Page 65: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Picasso - cubism

Page 66: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Rise of fascism in

Italy - Benito

Mussolini

Page 67: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Dictators between the Wars

Stalin

Hitler

Mussolini

Page 68: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

1930’s World-Wide Depression

Page 69: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Unemployment& Food lines

Page 70: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

“Walking over the League”

Page 71: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Hitler (Der Führer) &

Nazis come to power in Germany

Page 72: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Nazi book burnings

Page 73: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Francisco Franco - fascist Spain

Page 74: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

German annexation of Austria

Page 75: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Concentration Camps

Established - Dachau

Page 76: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Chamberlain and Daladier

Page 77: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Sudetenland falls to Hitler

Page 78: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Anti-semitism

Page 79: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Kristallnacht -7500 businesses destroyed

Page 80: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Nazi - Soviet Non-

Aggression Pact

Molotov & Ribbentrop sign pact

Page 81: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

World War II World War II

The inevitable war

Part I

Axis Aggression

Page 82: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

1) Invasion of Poland - German invasion of the Polish corridor finally led to a declaration of war by Britain & France

2) “phony War” - France & Britain stand by defensively while Germany conquers Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium……..

Page 83: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Invasion of Poland

Page 84: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Occupied Warsaw

Page 85: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

3) Dunkirk - French & British troops trapped by Germany’s rapid advance through France are evacuated to Britain

Page 86: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Blitzkrieg……...

Page 87: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Dunkirk after evacuation

Page 88: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

France surrenders……

4) Vichy Regime - S. France which became a fascist collaborating “puppet government”

N. France occupied by Germany

Page 89: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Armistice signed in the same

train car...

Page 90: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

6) Battle of Britain - Germany began a massive bombing campaign to demoralize the British

RAF successfully defended - • radar!

Page 91: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

British bomb shelter

Page 92: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

America’s support role expands7) Cash & carry - Allies could

buy war goods from the US to transport in their own ships

Lend-Lease - Allies could buy war goods from US on credit in exchange for leases on military base

Page 93: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The Atlantic Charter - Churchill and Roosevelt agree on war aims…August 1941

Page 94: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

8) Germany invades Balkans - when Mussolini unsuccessfully invades Greece, Hitler has to divert attention to the Balkans to help

Germany takes Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria

Page 95: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

9) North Africa - Italians and Germans attack French & British holdings in North Africa

Page 96: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Operation Barbarossa

Invasion of the Soviet Union- Hitler needs raw materials - oil & grain

Three pronged German attack: Leningrad Moscow Stalingrad

Stalin responds with scorched earth policy

Page 97: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Leningrad

Moscow

Stalingrad

Page 98: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Germans invade Russia(contradiction of previous treaty)

Page 99: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Japanese in Asia - Japan moves to take Dutch & French colonial holdings

US responds with trade embargo against Japan

Page 100: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Pearl Harbor - Japanese bombers attacked US Pacific fleet based in Hawaii

sank battleships…but aircraft carriers were not at port!

Page 101: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Destroyed US battleships...

Page 102: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

BELLIGERENTS ……...Axis: GermanyItalyJapan

Allies:Great BritainSoviet Union

(Russia)United Statesgovts in exile -

“Free French”

The Axis Powers seem invincible!

Page 103: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

World War II World War II The Inevitable WarThe Inevitable War

Part II

Allied Advance

Page 104: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Gradual gains for the allies

1. The Bismarck - “unsinkable” new German battleship

British sink it - ends German ability to dominate the Atlantic with surface ships

Page 105: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The Battleship Bismarck

Page 106: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

2. Battle of Stalingrad -

prolonged German offensiveRussians hold city against

unbelievable oddsRussian counteroffensive encircles

entire German 6th army & forces its surrender

Begins Russian offensive

Page 107: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Trapped German 6th army

Page 108: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

3. German advance in North Africa……..

Page 109: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Erwin Rommel

- the Desert Fox

Page 110: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Halted by British and American Tanks in North

Africa…...

Page 111: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

British General Bernard

Montgomery“Monty”

Page 112: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

British troops advance at3. El Alamein

Page 113: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Germans & Italians surrender in North Africa

Page 114: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

4. Allied invasion of Italy

Allies launch invasion of Sicily from North Africa

Mussolini is denounced and arrested by Italian government

Italy announces declaration of war against Germany

Page 115: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Mussolini & mistress

Page 116: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

5. American Victories in the Pacific

Battle of Midway - Americans sink Japanese aircraft carriers

Americans begin “island leapfrogging”

Japanese “kamikazes” -

Page 117: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Battle of Midway

Page 118: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Kamikaze about to hit Intrepid

Page 119: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

6. D-Day June 6, 1944

American led Allied forces launch a surprise invasion of German-occupied France at Normandy

Page 120: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

paratroopers

Page 121: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Germans expect

landing at Calais

Page 122: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Transport ships ferried troops for the largest amphibious attack in history

high casualties

Page 123: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

7. Allied Drive from West

Page 124: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Allied paratroopers land in the Netherlands- largest ever

Page 125: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

German counteroffensive in the Ardennes

The Battle of the Bulge

Page 126: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

8. Soviet Drive from East

Supported by industry beyond the Ural Mountains

Soviets Drive towards Berlin The Soviets reach Berlin FIRST

Page 127: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

9. Yalta

Churchill Roosevelt Stalin

Page 128: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

The Big Three agree that:

Germany would be divided. Part of Poland would go to the

Soviet Union. The Soviet Union would declare

war on Japan two to three months after defeating Germany.

Page 129: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

10.V-E DAY

Montgomery presides over

German Surrender

Page 130: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Germans sign unconditional surrender

War in Europe is over! (May 8, 1945)

Page 131: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

11. Potsdam

Page 132: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

New “Big Three”Stalin (still there)Clement Attlee

(replaced Churchill)Harry Truman

(replaced Roosevelt)

Page 133: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Now to focus on the Pacific!

At Potsdam, the Big Three finalized plans for administration of Europe

Germany & Berlin to be divided into four zones of occupation

administered by Big Three countries plus France

free elections to be held later for self -determination

Page 134: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

12. Hiroshima/NagasakiLittle Boy and Fat Man

Page 135: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Devastation Innocents

Page 136: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Nagasaki

Page 137: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

13. V-J DaySoviet Union declares war on

Japan day after Hiroshima bombing

Japanese won’t agree to unconditional surrender

2nd bomb dropped on Nagasakiunconditional surrender by the

Japanese (Sept 2, 1945)

Page 138: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

FEMINISMFEMINISMINTERNATIONALINTERNATIONALROLES CHANGEROLES CHANGE

–Why? Why?

STATUS OF EQUALITYSTATUS OF EQUALITYWORLDWIDE SUFFRAGEWORLDWIDE SUFFRAGE

–http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage

NEW FEMINISMNEW FEMINISM–NOW NOW –EqualityEquality–Role RejectionRole Rejection

Page 139: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Definition of the Holocaust

Refers to the systematic murder of almost 6 million Jews by the Nazis.

Also included the murder of Gypsies, Homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, The Disabled, and other people.

Page 140: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Why did it happen?

Traditional anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe.– Jews blamed for the betrayal and the death of Christ. – Blamed for the Bubonic Plague and other bad things.– This prejudice lead to the:

• Forcing Jews to live in ghettos.

• Forcing Jews to wear a yellow star for identification.

• Violence being committed against Jews.

Page 141: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Why did it happen? The situation in Germany during the 1930s.

– Great Depression leads to rise of Hitler.– Hitler and the Nazis EXTREMELY anti-Jewish.– Blame Jews for Germany’s lose in World War I and for

the Great Depression. “Scapegoat.”– Laws passed in Germany to strip Jewish people of their

Civil Rights (Nuremberg Laws).– Forced Jews into ghettos and wear the yellow Star of

David.– Laws passed to strip disabled people of their rights.

Forced sterilizations. Murder of sick children.

Page 142: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

Why did it happen?

World War II– Leads to German conquest of large parts of

Eastern Europe with large numbers of Jews.– Germans in control. With the help of locals,

put the“Final Solution” put into effect.

Role of ordinary men and women.

Page 143: World War I A war to end all wars…? World War I- The Great War.

In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me - and by that time no one was left to speak up.