The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 435

B. Perceiving RelationshipsAs Protestantism spread and numerous other sects appeared, the Catholic church undertook measures to reform itself in order to help Catholics remain loyal.

This movement to reform the Catholic church from within is known as the Catholic Reformation.

                  

Ignatius of Loyola left his father’s castle in Loyola, Spain to go fight in Spain’s war with France in 1521. A cannon ball struck his legs and he was severely wounded. During his recuperation he gave serious examination to his spiritual life and began writing a book, Spiritual Exercises. This daily meditation guide attracted many followers over the next 18 years.

Eventually Pope Paul III made the group founded by Ignatius of Loyola into a religious order named the Society of Jesus, or “Jesuits,” – the group focused on the education of Catholics in the 1500s in order to be better informed about the Scriptures and able to defend themselves against the preaching of the Protestants.

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The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 435;

4. What were the three major activities of the Jesuits?They founded and staffed schools meant to educate Catholics in Europe; they sent out missionaries all over the world to convert non-Christians; and sought to stop the spread of Protestantism – even conducting trials of the Inquisition where Protestants were tried for heresy.

Arriving in the New World with the Spanish conquerors, the Jesuits worked to convert native Americans, establishing

missions and schools.

5. Why were the effects of the work of the Jesuits so long lasting? They sent out missionaries to all the continents, founding schools, colleges, and universities throughout the world – many of which are still around today.

Famous Jesuit Schools in the U. S.Boston College

Loyola Marymount Univ. in Los AngelesLoyola University in ChicagoUniversity of San Francisco

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The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 436;

6. What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in reforming the Catholic Church?

Pope Paul III • had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.• gave approval to the Jesuits, focusing on education.• used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics• convened the Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV • drew up the “Index of Prohibited Books”

• collected and burned these!• carried out the decisions of the Council of Trent

B. Perceiving Relationships Council of Trent – a meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals [1545-1563] held in order to reach agreements on the church’s official teachings (doctrine).

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Michelangelo's Last Judgment of Christ was unveiled in the Sistine Chapel in 1541. Christ is shown as a muscular young man and the scene is dominated by nude figures. Many criticized the work as an example of the licentiousness that had pervaded the Catholic church.

Four years later, the Council of Trent gathered for it’s first session in 1545.

The Council convened to discuss and consider Luther's Theses, the threat of Protestantism, and to verbalize a defense against the charges being made by critics of the Catholic Church. In response to those who criticized the Church’s emphasis on art, the Council stated that art is an integral part of the process of helping the layperson to understand the Scriptures.

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INDEXAVCTORVM

ET LIBRORVM,QVI AB OFFICIO

S. Rom. & vniuerfalis inquifi-tionis caueri ab omnibus & fin-gulis in vniuerfa Chriftiana Republica mandantur, fub cenfu-ris contra legentes, vel tenen-tes libros prohibitos in bulla,

quæ lecta eft in cœna Do-mini, expresfis & fub

alijs pœnis in decreto eiufdem

facri officijconten-

tis.

R O M AE.EX OFFICINASaluiana. XV.Menf. Feb.

1 5 5 9.

The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 436;

The INDEX of PROHIBITED BOOKS was drawn up by Pope Paul IV

and bishops and cardinals were ordered to hunt down, collect, and burn these books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. – this included all Protestant Bibles written in the vernacular languages.

The writings of Wycliff, Hus, Luther, Henry VIII, Calvin, and other reformers were proclaimed heretical and ordered found and destroyed in all Catholic regions.

Later big names found on the list included Machiavelli, Erasmus, Galileo, French philosophers Voltaire (18th c.) and Satre (20th c.), Victor Hugo, Daniel Defoe, and even the first published Encyclopedia.

The list was relaxed by the Catholic Church in 1966.

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The Legacy of the Reformation - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27

7. What were some effects of the Reformation?• Religion no longer unites Europe.• Church power declines; while the power of kings increased – paving the way for unified nation-states.• More people questioned the teachings of the Church they had always simply been indoctrinated into and began to pursue instead their own independent thinking, scientific study and other intellectual interests.

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