Protestant Reformation. What was the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation: Protestant...

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Protestant Protestant Reformation Reformation

Transcript of Protestant Reformation. What was the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation: Protestant...

Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation

What was the Protestant What was the Protestant Reformation?Reformation?

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation: : – Period in European history in which Period in European history in which

people began to criticize the Catholic people began to criticize the Catholic ChurchChurch

– People began to create their own People began to create their own Christian churchesChristian churches These “new” churches would be called These “new” churches would be called

Protestant Protestant or reformed churchesor reformed churches

When and where did the When and where did the Reformation take place?Reformation take place?

The Reformation began in the 1500’sThe Reformation began in the 1500’s It started in German territories of the It started in German territories of the

Holy Roman Empire and spread to Holy Roman Empire and spread to other parts of Europeother parts of Europe

Why did the Reformation take Why did the Reformation take place?place?

Causes:Causes:– Knowledge acquired during the Knowledge acquired during the

Renaissance caused people to question Renaissance caused people to question the authority of the churchthe authority of the church

– Christian HumanismChristian Humanism: an intellectual : an intellectual movement in Northern Europe which movement in Northern Europe which focused on the church and attempted to focused on the church and attempted to create reformscreate reforms

Why did the Reformation take Why did the Reformation take place?place?

ErasmusErasmus was a major critic of the was a major critic of the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church– In Praise of FollyIn Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ famous : Erasmus’ famous

book in which he criticized European book in which he criticized European society, including religionsociety, including religion

– He saw the Church as corrupt, especially He saw the Church as corrupt, especially monksmonks (men who lived in monasteries (men who lived in monasteries and devoted their lives to God)and devoted their lives to God)

““Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched”Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched”

Why did the Reformation take Why did the Reformation take place?place?

Corruption in the ChurchCorruption in the Church– Inconsistencies between Church Inconsistencies between Church

doctrine and behavior among the doctrine and behavior among the clergyclergy (church officials) (church officials)

– Church was too involved in politicsChurch was too involved in politics– Church was seen as corrupt and greedyChurch was seen as corrupt and greedy– Hypocrisy by the clergyHypocrisy by the clergy– Greed in the ChurchGreed in the Church

Why did the Reformation take Why did the Reformation take place?place?

Indulgences: a pardon for sins. – The Catholic Church had started to sell

indulgences to raise money for art, wars, etc.

– In essence, the Church was trying to sell salvation in exchange for money.

– This practice made the church appear greedy and money hungry

– Johann Tetzel was a monk who traveled around to sell indulgences

Major Figures of the Major Figures of the ReformationReformation

Martin LutherMartin Luther– German monk and priestGerman monk and priest– Author of Author of 95 Theses95 Theses in which he in which he

criticizes the Catholic Churchcriticizes the Catholic Church At first, he wanted to reform the Church, but At first, he wanted to reform the Church, but

evenutally creates an entirely new churchevenutally creates an entirely new church

– Diet of WormsDiet of Worms: Luther put on trial for his : Luther put on trial for his accusations against the Churchaccusations against the Church he was labeled a heretic and he was labeled a heretic and

excommunicated from the Catholic Churchexcommunicated from the Catholic Church

Major Figures from the Major Figures from the ReformationReformation

Martin LutherMartin Luther– Began to develop a new type of Began to develop a new type of

Christianity known as Christianity known as LutheranismLutheranism– Beliefs of LutheranismBeliefs of Lutheranism

Salvation by faith aloneSalvation by faith alone Individual study of the bibleIndividual study of the bible Church leaders can marryChurch leaders can marry No religious orders (no monks or nuns)No religious orders (no monks or nuns)

Major Figures from the Major Figures from the ReformationReformation

John CalvinJohn Calvin– From northern FranceFrom northern France– Developed a type of Christianity known Developed a type of Christianity known

as Calvinismas Calvinism– Major Beliefs of Calvinism:Major Beliefs of Calvinism:

PredestinationPredestination: it is already predetermined : it is already predetermined which souls will go to heaven and which will which souls will go to heaven and which will go to Hellgo to Hell

Protestant Work Ethic: keep busy and work Protestant Work Ethic: keep busy and work hard, which will keep you out of trouble and hard, which will keep you out of trouble and demonstrate faithdemonstrate faith

Major Figures from the Major Figures from the ReformationReformation

Henry VIIIHenry VIII– King of EnglandKing of England

Originally known as the “Defender of the Catholic Faith”Originally known as the “Defender of the Catholic Faith”

– Creates his own Church when the Pope refuses Creates his own Church when the Pope refuses to grant his annulment/divorce from his first wife, to grant his annulment/divorce from his first wife, Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon He wanted to remarry in hopes of a new wife giving He wanted to remarry in hopes of a new wife giving

birth to a sonbirth to a son He had 6 wives in his life….2 famous daughters and 1 He had 6 wives in his life….2 famous daughters and 1

sonson He was a mean man who had 2 of his wives executedHe was a mean man who had 2 of his wives executed

– Founder of the Church of England also known as Founder of the Church of England also known as the Anglican Churchthe Anglican Church

Major Figures from the Major Figures from the ReformationReformation

Henry VIIIHenry VIII– Henry VIII modeled his church after the Henry VIII modeled his church after the

Catholic Church and kept much of the Catholic Church and kept much of the same practicessame practices Big difference: he put himself at the head of Big difference: he put himself at the head of

the Church, which severed ties with the the Church, which severed ties with the Pope in RomePope in Rome

– He did, however, seize Catholic lands He did, however, seize Catholic lands and sold them for profitand sold them for profit

– He began to impose Anglicanism on the He began to impose Anglicanism on the peope of Englandpeope of England

Spread of the ReformationSpread of the Reformation The ideas of the Protestant Reformation The ideas of the Protestant Reformation

began to spread throughout Europebegan to spread throughout Europe– Other branches of Protestantism would be Other branches of Protestantism would be

created over timecreated over time– In most countries, Catholics and Protestants In most countries, Catholics and Protestants

began to fight and kill each other over religious began to fight and kill each other over religious differencesdifferences

Countries not heavily affected by the Countries not heavily affected by the Reformation:Reformation:– Spain and Portugal remained huge supporters of Spain and Portugal remained huge supporters of

the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church Used the Inquisition to find and eliminate “heretics”Used the Inquisition to find and eliminate “heretics”

– Italy also remained closely tied to the Catholic Italy also remained closely tied to the Catholic ChurchChurch

Catholic Response to the Catholic Response to the ReformationReformation

Catholic Church looked for ways to Catholic Church looked for ways to improve its image and bring people improve its image and bring people back to the Churchback to the Church– This became known as the This became known as the Catholic Catholic

ReformationReformation or the or the Counter Counter ReformationReformation

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation Council of Trent:Council of Trent:

– Series of meetings held to discuss Church policies Series of meetings held to discuss Church policies and improve reputation of the Churchand improve reputation of the Church

– Changes made to the Church:Changes made to the Church: Stopped selling indulgencesStopped selling indulgences Created seminaries (religious schools) to train church Created seminaries (religious schools) to train church

officialsofficials Began to crack down on clerical abuses and hypocrisyBegan to crack down on clerical abuses and hypocrisy Created new religious orders such as the Created new religious orders such as the Jesuits Jesuits

(Society of Jesus)(Society of Jesus) to spread Catholicism to spread Catholicism Patronage of arts to show power of the Church Patronage of arts to show power of the Church

– BaroqueBaroque period art is associated with the Catholic period art is associated with the Catholic ReformationReformation

Reaffirmed the supremacy and importance of the PopeReaffirmed the supremacy and importance of the Pope

Wars of ReligionWars of Religion

Conflict began between Catholics Conflict began between Catholics and Protestants.and Protestants.– Catholic governments sometimes Catholic governments sometimes

persecuted Protestant minoritiespersecuted Protestant minorities Warfare and killing took place in Warfare and killing took place in

France, England, and the Holy France, England, and the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

French Wars of ReligionFrench Wars of Religion

Catholicism was dominant religion of Catholicism was dominant religion of FranceFrance– French kings supported the Catholic French kings supported the Catholic

ChurchChurch Calvinism was popular among the Calvinism was popular among the

nobilitynobility– French protestants know as French protestants know as HuguenotsHuguenots

Violence was common between the Violence was common between the two groups in the 1500’stwo groups in the 1500’s

French Wars of ReligionFrench Wars of Religion

St Bartholomew Day Massacre:St Bartholomew Day Massacre:– Over 2,000 Protestants were brutally Over 2,000 Protestants were brutally

murdered in Parismurdered in Paris Edict of Nantes: Edict of Nantes: (1598)(1598)

– Issued by King Henry V (Henry of Issued by King Henry V (Henry of Navarre) to end the violence Navarre) to end the violence

– Established Catholicism as the official Established Catholicism as the official religion of France but granted religious religion of France but granted religious tolerance to Huguenotstolerance to Huguenots

Conflict in EnglandConflict in England

Bloody Mary:Bloody Mary: daughter of Henry VIII daughter of Henry VIII– She was a Catholic and had Protestants She was a Catholic and had Protestants

killedkilled PuritansPuritans: a Protestant group that : a Protestant group that

emerged in England, did not like the emerged in England, did not like the Anglican Church or Catholic ChurchAnglican Church or Catholic Church– Wanted to “purify” the religion of Wanted to “purify” the religion of

EnglandEngland

Religious Conflict in Holy Religious Conflict in Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Fighting was most common in the Fighting was most common in the HREHRE

Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics all competing for powerall competing for power

Peace of Augsburg: Peace of Augsburg: 15551555– Temporarily ended violence by allowing Temporarily ended violence by allowing

German princes to choose their own German princes to choose their own religion (Catholic or Lutheran)religion (Catholic or Lutheran) Calvinism not protectedCalvinism not protected

Religious Conflict in the Holy Religious Conflict in the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Thirty Year’s WarThirty Year’s War (1618-1648) (1618-1648)– Last major war of religionLast major war of religion– 30 years of killing and violence30 years of killing and violence– German territories devastated by the German territories devastated by the

warwar Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia::

– Brought an end to the Thirty Year’s War Brought an end to the Thirty Year’s War and the major wars of religion and the major wars of religion