Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence...

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Religious Wars Ch 12

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Transcript of Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence...

Page 1: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Religious WarsCh 12

Page 2: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

I. Introduction

Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence

Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics

Result of Catholic Counter-ReformationUnquestioning obedience to the Catholic church and its hierarchy

Wars consisted of internal civil wars and those that crossed country borders

Page 3: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

I. Introduction

Major Cultural differencesArchitecture

Catholic- Baroque (Very Ornate)

Protestant- Reserved and Functional

Church OrganizationCatholic- Hierarchal

Protestant- Decentralized (No individual in power)

Secular GovernmentCatholic- Absolute Monarchies

Protestant- Parliamentary/Congressional

Page 4: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

II. French Civil War

Took place between 1562-1598Catholics vs. Huguenots (Besancon Hugues)

France was ruled by the Valois familyHenry II ruled during the first part

Was killed at a tournamentFrancis II takes over but dies after a year

Followed by Charles IX & Henry III.

Catherine de Medici- Controlled sonsPlayed both sides to her advantage

Page 5: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

II. French Civil Wars

o There were two sides:o Guise family led Catholics in Northo Bourbon family led Huguenots in Southo Fighting for the royal inheritance and to

control royal family

o Catherine supported the Guises initially.o Wanted Catholic Franceo Afraid of Guise rule

Page 6: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

II. French Civil Warso St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

o August 22, 1572o Attempted to kill Coligny- leader of the

Huguenots o Catherine panics and orders the massacre

o August 24, 1572o 20,000 Huguenots were killedo Led to Protestants becoming more

active in resisting Catholic rule

Page 7: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

II. French Civil Wars

Catherine started supporting the BourbonsSaw that they were most likely the ones to win

Henry of Navarre (r. 1589-1610)Bourbon

Succeeded Henry III (Valois)

Becomes Henry IV of France

Defeated Catholic League in 1598

Sought to institute religious tolerance

Page 8: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

II. French Civil WarsHenry IV (cont.)

Converted to Catholicism Did this to compromise and make peace

“Paris is worth a mass.”.

This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598Granted religious rights to Huguenots

Did not grant religious freedom for all

P397 DBQ

Page 9: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

III. Spain

Phillip II (r.1556-1598)Son of Charles V (HRE)

Also heir to the HRE

Took over the Imperial Superpower Ruled during a time of huge supplies of silver and gold from Americas

Strangely died massively in debt

Wealth held by small few

Had the largest Navy

Page 10: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

II. Spain

Phillip became heavily involved in numerous regions of Europe

Fought the Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean

Netherlands (source of conflict due to extreme wealth)

First “modern economy”

Married Mary I (of England)Part of major Catholic conflict in England

French Civil WarFinanced the Catholic League

Page 11: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

III. England

Mary I (r. 1553-1558)Catholic

Took over after Edward VI died

Married Phillip II

Devout CatholicHeavily persecuted protestants

Burning at the stake for heresy

Page 12: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

III. England

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)“Virgin Queen”

A politiquesUnity of country over religion

Removed all anti-Protestant laws and stopped Protestant persecution

Actually brought many exiled protestants into her court

Merged Protestant and Catholic doctrine in the Anglican Church

Executed her cousin Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots for

plotting her assassination.

Openly funded Henry of Navarre

Page 13: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

III. England

Spanish Armada (1587)Spain was the major naval power in Europe

Phillip II initiated conflict after Mary Stuart’s execution

For a long time, Elizabeth secretly supported Sir Francis Drake on pirating expeditions against the Spanish Gold Ships

May 30, 1587A smaller force of English and Netherland ships, won a decisive victory against a Spanish fleet of 130 ships

Page 14: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Page 15: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

War fought in various phases in and around the territory of the HRE

Lasted from 1618-1648

Initially between Catholic and Protestants but soon became a war over the rule of the Hapsburgs

Each of the major European powers were involved in this conflict

Page 16: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Page 17: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

Consisted of 4 phasesBohemian Phase 1618-1622

Danish Phase 1625-1629

Swedish Phase 1630-1635

French Phase 1635- 1648

Page 18: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

Bohemian Phase 1618-1622Started when Ferdinand II took power as king over Bohemia

Hapsburg

Educated by Jesuits

Revoked religious freedom for protestantsDefenestration of Prague

Protestant nobles pushed his regents out of the royal palace

Page 19: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

Bohemian Phase cont.Ferdinand II becomes the HRE

Bohemians deposed him and made protestant Frederick V king of Bohemia

Spain gets involved in the conflict

Ferdinand eventually put down the revolt by 1622 and makes it a catholic state

Page 20: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

Danish Phase 1625-1629Ferdinand II tried to end all protestant resistance and sought to re-conquer the Northern part of the HRE

Hired Albrecht of Wallenstein to command his forces

Extremely successful

Instituted Edict of Restitution (1629)Outlawed Calvinism

All former Catholic lands had to be returned

Page 21: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

Swedish Phase 1630-1635France and Sweden feared the increased power of the Hapsburgs

France backs the Swedish forces as they invaded HRE under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus

Employed more mobile tactics (fire and move)

Ferdinand brings back WallensteinAdolphus is killed in battle

But assassinates Wallenstein because he was working on deals with Protestants

Page 22: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

French Phase 1635- 1648Most destructive part of the war

1/3 of Europe’s population was killed

Resulted in German famine

Destructive to European trade

France took a more active role

Most of Europe became involved

Widespread pillaging

Page 23: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

IV. 30 Year’s War

Treaty of Westphalia 1648Ended the war in the HRE

Written in French

Granted German princes freedom from HREDetermine their religion

France gained the Alsace

Switzerland becomes and independent state

Sweden gains territory in Northern Germany

Calvinist are recognized as a legitimate religion and given equal liberties

This treaty gets blamed for many problems to come

Page 24: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Page 25: Religious Wars Ch 12. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation.

V. Conclusion

Many minority groups were recognized after this period

Europe’s balance of power shifts once again

Reinforced the right of rulers to determine the religion of their territory


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