The Protestant Reformation

Reformationor

Revolution?

The Spark• October 31, 1517 – Wittenburg

– 95 Theses nailed to church door

• Response to Church

• Final straw: Johann Tetzel’s preaching on indulgences – for $ for St. Peter’s– Indulgence: remission of temporal

punishment due to sin --- VALID still today

– selling invalid!

Fanning the Flames• Pope Leo X – ignores call for council - so• Luther goes public writing tracts:

– Vs. indulgences– Vs. Papal authority over Council– Vs. condemnation of Hus– Vs. 7 sacraments --- only baptism/communion– Vs. transubstantiation– Pro married clergy– Pro individual interpretation of Scripture– Pro sola scriptura – Pro justification by faith --- NOT works

• Threatened with excommunication --- enter Charles V -- Who???? -- (aka Charles I of Spain)

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

(aka Charles I of Spain)

The Habsburg Dynasty

• Maximilian I ---------Mary

Habsburg(1493-1519) of Burgundy

Philip of Burgundy----------Joanna

of Castille

(la loca)

Charles V

(1519-1556)

Philip II------ (1556-1598)

• Ferdinand----Isabella

of Aragon of Castille

Catherine--Henry VIII

of Aragon of Eng.

---------Mary Tudor

“Other nations wage war; you, Austria, marry.”

The Flames Leap Up• Threatened with excommunication• Refuses to retract

• Condemned & excommunicated by Leo X– Exsurge Domine – Luther publicly burns the bull!

• Charles V – sees need to end heresy– Calls Diet of Worms– Luther says – can’t go vs. conscience

• “God help me! Amen.”• Banned from Holy Roman Empire• Saxony Elector & others protect him • Writes German edition of Bible

The Reformation Spreads

• Luther denies authority soo can’t others?

• Call to German nationalism!– Lutheran princes form Schmalkald

League vs. Rome• Peasant War-based on Luther’s teaching

of equality-Luther condemns, says it is equality for salvation-not here on earth

• Back in France --- Francis I (Valois) --- vs. Charles --- b/c he’s sandwiched – Sig: Catholic w/Prot vs. Catholic!!!!!– fought in Italy--- (oops – mercenaries

attack Rome!)

Peace of Augsburg1555

• STATUS QUO!!!

• What is Protestant remains so (N)

• What is Catholic remains so (S)– Cuius regio, eius religio

• But doesn’t mean tolerance!!!!

Part II: ZWINGLI 1484-1531• Hellenist – friend of Erasmus

– “People’s Priest” in Zurich, Switzerland

• Teaching – vs. all authority– No Mass – only a memorial– Condemned relics, incense, pilgrimages…– Iconoclasm: destroyed images + crucifix

• Determined to take over Switzerland– Dies in battle 1531

• ANABAPTISTS: disgruntled Zwinglians

John Calvin 1509-1556• Layman – French, fled to Geneva

– SYSTEMATIZED PROTESTANT THOUGHT

– Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Teachings:– salvation through Scripture alone– justification by faith– no dancing, cards, drink…– Predestination-seen outwardly through

wealth

• Presbyterian (Reformed) --- Knox– PREDESTINATION – Man totally corrupt– Huguenots (French) / Puritans (US)

Part III: THE ENGLISH REFORMATION

• Not “Lutheran” --- Causes Different

• Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon-1521 “Defender of the Faith” vs. Luther!-Henry wants a son! --- so Anne Boleyn-asks Pope Clement VII for annulment

Yes? – then Julius II wrongNo? - Henry may throw a fit

So???????

The Plot Thickens. . . • Clement VII stalls • 1529 Henry head “as far as the law of Christ

allows”– Thomas More made Lord Chancellor – but resigns!

• 1533 Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, declares the marriage null!!!

• 1534 Act of Supremacy– 1534 Oath of Supremacy: “the only supreme head on

earth of the Church of England”– 1535 Thomas More executed

• 1539 6 Articles --- “Catholic” except for supremacy

• 1535-39 Dissolution of monasteries“bare ruined choirs where late the sweet bird sang”

• Ireland:::Church driven underground - illegal

I ’m Henry the VIII, I am. . . Catherine of Aragonm.1507?-1533

Children: Mary Tudor

Divorced

Henry the VIII, I am…

Anne Boleyn, m.1533-1536

Children: Elizabeth I

Accused of adultery

BeheadedElizabeth I

… I am …

Jane Seymourm. 1536-1537

Children: Edward VI (ah!)

Dies in childbirth

I ’m Henry the VIII, I am. . .

Anne of Clevesm. 1537

“annulled” (i.e.--- divorced)

Henry the VIII, I am. . .

Catherine Howardm. 1540-1542

Accused of adulteryBeheaded!

I ’m Henry the VIII, I am. . .

Katherine Parr

m. 1543-1547

Survives!!!

Henry dies!

…back to our story• Edward VI 1547-1553

– 9 years old – sickly – so Archbishop Thomas Cranmer (Prot) rules

– English Church became more Protestant– Book of Common Prayer, 1549 (Revised 1553)

• 42 Articles, 1551 --- repeals 6 Articles– Calvinist ideas on the rise / Clergy marry

• But then…..– 1553 – Edward dies – Who will rule England???

But then what happened?

• Mary Tudor (daughter of Catherine)– 1553-1558

• Marries Philip II of Spain (Charlie’s son)

• Tries to bring England back to Rome!

• Called “Bloody Mary” for executing Cranmer, Latimer – and 300 other Protestants

Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603

Diplomacy: middle line between Puritans / Catholic

“Elizabethan Settlement” – outward conformity or fine (or death for Catholics)

Act of Supremacy, 1559

Repealed Pro-Catholic laws

Act of Uniformity, 1559

Modified version of Book of Common Prayer

39 Articles, 1563

Defined the teachings of Anglican Church

Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603

• Challenges:– Protestants called Puritans

– Duke of Norfolk’s revolt, 1569 – executed

– Mary Queen of Scots• Accused of plots vs. Eliz. 1567-1587 –

executed

– Philip II of Spain• Spanish Armada, 1588