Saptrang Shikshak Darshika 7 - SARASWATI HOUSE Material/Saptrang_TM_7.pdfSecond Floor, MGM Tower, 19...

lIrjaxf'k{kd&nf'kZdkf'k{kd&nf'kZdk

7

ysf[kdk

MkWú eatq"kk lat; Lokeh

vÙet mejmJeleer neGme (Fbef[Ùee) Øee0efue0eqacbZ-400062 (Fbef[Ùee)

Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600Fax : +91-11-43556688E-mail : [email protected] : www.saraswatihouse.comCIN : U22110DL2013PTC262320Import-Export Licence No. 0513086293

Branches:

• Ahmedabad (079) 22160722 • Bengaluru (080) 26619880, 26676396 • Bhopal +91-7554003654 • Chennai (044) 28416531 • Dehradun 09837452852• Guwahati (0361) 2457198• Hyderabad (040) 42615566 • Jaipur (0141) 4006022 • Jalandhar (0181) 4642600, 4643600 • Kochi (0484) 4033369 • Kolkata (033) 40042314 • Lucknow (0522) 4062517 • Mumbai (022) 28737050, 28737090 • Patna (0612) 2570403 • Ranchi (0651) 2244654

Reprint 2016

ISBN: 978-93-5041-625-9

Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

©Reserved with the Publishers

All rights reserved under the Copyright Act. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopy or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Printed at: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Sahibabad (Uttar Pradesh)

This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.

izLrkoukjk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd /ksj.kkph :ijs"kk (2005) ;keè;s gh lwpuk fnyh xsyh vkgs dh eqykauk 'kkys; thoukcjkscj vkiY;k lHkksorkyP;k okrkoj.kk'kh tksMk;yk gos- uohu jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd /ksj.kkr eqykaps f'k{k.k ‘Learning without Burden’ Ogkos vls lkafxrys vkgs- gs èkksj.k iqLrdh Kkukph th ijaijk vkgs] R;kP;k usedh myV vkgs- uohu vH;klØekoj vkèkkfjr vkeps ^lIrjax* gs ikBÔ iqLrd eqykapk o;ksxV vkf.k R;kaph uSlfxZd vkoM y{kkr ?ksÅu r;kj osQys vkgs- gs iqLrd eqykauk ikBkarj dj.;kiklwu ijko`Ùk djsy o ejkBh Hkk"kk f'kd.;kph vkoM fuekZ.k djsy-

;k iqLrdkP;k okpukeqGs eqykaps Kku o`f¼xar gksbZy vkf.k R;kapk lok±xh.k fodkl] thou tx.;kph dyk] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] mRÑ"V pkfjf=kd xq.k rlsp uSfrd ewY; ok<hl ykxrhy- eqys tsOgk vkbZ&oMhy vkf.k ?kj ák orqZGkarwu ckgsj ;srkr o f'kLrhP;k ckaèkysY;k okrkoj.kkr izos'k djrkr rsOgk R;kaP;k eukr Hkhrh vlrs- R;kaP;klkBh 'kkGk] R;kaps uohu fe=k] f'k{kd ák lx›;k xks"Vh uohu vlrkr- thoukP;k ekxkZoj ifgys ikÅy Bso.kk:;kalkBh gs iqLrd Eg.kts ,d [kjk lkFkhnkj vkf.k ekxZ nk[kfo.kkjk fe=k Eg.kwu mi;ksxh gksbZy-

eqykauk Hkk"ksP;k O;kogkfjd okijklkBh ák iqLrdkr osxosxGs jax] 'kjhjkps vo;o] iQGs&iqQys] i'kq&i{kh ;kaph fp=ks fnyh vkgsr- ák fp=kkaoj dke dj.;kus eqykaP;k Kkukr Hkj iMsy R;kpizek.ks uohu Kku R;kauk feGsy o ijLij O;ogkjkr Hkk"kspk 'kq¼ okij djk;yk rs f'kdrhy- Hkk"ksph loZ izdkjph ;ksX;rk&,sd.ks] cksy.ks] f'kd.ks vkf.k fyfg.ks] fopkj dj.ks vkf.k let.ks b- f'kd.;klkBh dkgh vH;kl fnysys vkgsr-

f'k{kd&nf'kZdk gs iqLrd f'k{kdkalkBh fyfgY;kxsysys vkgs- lIrjax& iqLrdkr fnY;kxsysyh mfn~n"Vs fon;kF;k±i;Zr iksgpkoh o R;kaP;k Kkukr Hkj iM.;klkBh gs iqLrd ekxZ n'kZuij vlsy-

f'k{kdkadMwu rlsp vuqHkoh f'k{kdkadMwu fnY;k tk.kk:;k ly.;kaps vkEgh Lokxr djrks R;keqGs ;k iqLrdkP;k la'kks/ukr enr feGsy-

ysf[kdk

(iii)

vuqØef.kdk

1. larok.kh ................................................................... .05

2. Lokoyacukph f'kdo.k ................................................ .07

3. cksydk 'ka[k ............................................................. 10

4. ikolkr [kaMkGk ......................................................... 13

5. ek>s ekgsj ia<jiwj ...................................................... 14

6. rjhgh eh tkbZu ......................................................... 17

7. [kksI;ke/h [kksik ........................................................ 20

8. rsFks dj ek>s tqGrh ................................................... 22

9. ukxiwj ..................................................................... 24

10. vkrys vkf.k ckgsjps .................................................. 27

11. iapkjrh .................................................................... 30

12. ek>h thou'kSyh ........................................................ 33

13. eksMsu i.k okd.kkj ukgh ............................................. 35

14. ek; ........................................................................ 38

15. lfpu rsaMqydj ......................................................... 41

16. xq<hikMok ................................................................ 44

(iv)

lIrjax % f'k{kd nf'kZdk (Hkkx&7) | 5

1. larok.kh

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';dfork Lojcn~/ d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh fon;kF;k±uk dforsrhy

'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?;koh-

l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-

l foB~Bykoj vlhe HkDrh dj.kk:;k lk/q&larkfo"k;h o R;kaP;k dk;kZph ekfgrh fon;kF;k±uk ns.ks-

ewGHkkofoVsoj dVhoj gkr Bsowu mHks jkg.kk:;k foB~Bykps è;ku eukyk

vkuafnr djrs- foB~Bykus firkacj- uslys vkgs xG;kr rqG'khgkj ?kkrysyk vkgs dkukr oqaQMys 'kksHkwu fnlr vkgs- o oaQBkr dkSLrqHke.kh fojktr vkgs- rqdkjke Eg.krkr vls g;k foB~Bykps :i eukyk loZ lq[k nsrs-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl egkjk"Vªkrhy larkaph ukos fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh vkgsr dk ;kfo"k;h

iMrkG.kh dj.ks-

l foB~Bykps fp=k nk[kowu R;kaps Lo:i fon;kF;k±uk letkowu lkaxkos-

l foB~Bykph ,[kknh dFkk fon;kF;k±uk lkaxkoh-

l lar rqdkjkekapk ifjp; fon;kF;k±uk d:u ns.ks-

ikBkjaHkdfork Lojcn~/ d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh- ,d&,d vksG Eg.kwu

nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-

dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkjkdMs y{k n;kos-

tlsµè;ku] rqGlhgkj] oqaQMys] fojkftr] loZ-

6 | lIrjax % f'k{kd nf'kZdk (Hkkx&7)

'kCnkFkZiwohZizek.ks vH;kl dj.ks-

vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. lar rqdkjke foB~Bykps HkDr vkgsr- oaQcjsoj gkr Bsowu

foB~By foVsoj mHks vkgsr R;kaP;k xG;kr rqG'khgkj vkgsr o R;kauh firkacj uslys vkgsr R;kaP;k dkukr oqaQMys rGir o xG;kr dkSLrqHke.kh fojktr vkgs- vls foB~Bykps eksgd :i lar rqdkjkekauk vkoMrs-

2. lar rqdkjkekauk foB~Bykps :i [kwi vkoMrs- xG;kr rqG'khgkj o ihrkacj uslysys :i rqdkjkekauk fujarj ikgkosls okVrs- foB~Bykps lkSan;Z ikgwu rqdkjkekauk czãkuan okVrks- foB~Bykaps :i ikg.;kr R;kauk lq[k okVrs lar rqdkjke Eg.krkr R;kauk foB~Bykps eukyk vfr'k; vkuafnr dj.kkjs :i gn;kr lkBokosls okVrs-

2. 1. rqdk Eg.ks ek>h gsfp loZA

lq[k ikfgu Jheq[k vkoMhAA

2. rqGlhgkj xGk dkls ihrkacjA

vkoMs fujarj rsfp è;kuAA

3. foB~BykP;k dkukr edjoqaQMys rGir vkgs vkf.k xG;kr dkSLrqHke.kh fojktyk vkgs-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. nwj 2. jM.ks 3. ygku 4. jk=k 5. vfopkj 6. vksgksVh 7. mFkG l okpk o fygk gk iz'u fon;kF;k±uh Lor% fygkos-


2. Lokoyacukph f'kdo.k

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';/Mk okpwu ?ks.ks o /Mk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk

èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

fon;kF;k±e/s Lokoyacu o`Rrhpk fodkl dj.ks-

ewGHkko';keph izHkw jkekoj [kwi fu"Bk gksrh i.k R;kP;ktoG jkej{kk

ulY;kus rks rs ikB d: 'kdr uOgrk i.k R;kpk fe=k HkkLdj R;kP;kiq<s jkej{kk Eg.kr vls o R;kyk fpMor vls Eg.kwu R;kyk HkkLdjpk jkx ;sbZ vkbZus ';keyk jkxow udks o vkiY;kdMs jkej{kk ukgh rj HkkLdjdMwu jkej{ksps iqLrd ?ks o 'yksd fygwu ikB dj vls ekxZn'kZu osQys ';keus ns[khy vkbZP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj jkej{kk lqanj v{kjkr fygwu- ikB osQyh o ckckauk Eg.kwu nk[koyh vkbZ ofMykauh ';keps dkSrqd osQys- usgehp Lokoyach vlkos ijkoyach gksÅ u;s gh f'kdo.k ;k ikBkrwu fon;kF;k±uk n;koh-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl Lokoyacu Eg.kts dk;! vlk iz'u fopk:u R;kaph ers tk.kwu

?ks.ks-

l lkus xq#thaph nqljh ,[kknh xks"V lkaxkoh-

l fon;kF;k±uh vkiya dke Lor% dj.;kph o`Rrh vaxh ckGxkoh ;kfo"k;h f'k{kdkauh ekxZn'kZu djkos-

l vkiya dke djrkauk vkuan izkIr gksrkss gh Hkkouk fon;kF;k±P;k eukr #tokoh-


ikBkjaHkf'k{kdkauh ,d mrkjk okpwu nk[kokok- fon;kF;k±uh R;kps vuqdj.k

d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkj.kkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµHkDr] ekÖ;k] HkkLdj] rqEgh] d"V] laè;kdkGh] EagVY;koj

cq¼h- b-


vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. iwohZP;k dkGh laè;kdkGh ?kjkr jkej{kk EgaVyh tkr vls

Eg.kwu HkkLdj ';keP;k ?kjh jkst 'yksd Eg.kk;yk tkr vls-

2. HkkLdjdMs jkej{ksps iqLrd gksrs- R;k iqLrdkrwu HkkLdj jkst ,d 'yksd ikB djr vls- ';kegh jkekpk HkDr gksrk ijarq jkej{ksps iqLrd ulY;keqGs ';keyk jkej{kk ;sr uOgrh- vkiY;kyk jkej{kk ;sr ukgh ;kps ';keyk okbZV okVs HkkLdjyk jkej{kk ;sr vlY;keqGs ';keyk HkkLdjpk jkx ;sbZ-

3. ';kedMs jkej{ksps iqLrd uOgrs i.k R;kyk jkej{kk ikB djk;ph gksrh- HkkLdjdMs jkej{ksps iqLrd gksrs R;kyk jkej{kkgh ikB gksrh Eg.kwu ';keyk R;kpk jkx ;sbZ- HkkLdjpk jkx dj.;kis{kk R;kyk udks vlsy rsOgk R;kP;kdMwu iqLrd ?ks vkf.k jkej{kk fygwu iqLrd ijr dj vls vkbZus lqpfoY;koj ';keyk gk fopkj vkoMyk R;kus HkkLdj dMwu iqLrd vk.kys lqanj v{kjkr jkej{kk fygwu dk<yh o 'yksd ikB osQys-


4. vkbZP;k lkax.;ko:u ';keus HkkLdj dMwu iqLrd feGoys o jkej{kk lqanj v{kjkr fygwu rh ikBgh osQyh- laè;kdkGh oMhy ?kjh vkY;koj ';keus iw.kZ jkej{kk ofMykauk Eg.kwu nk[koyh ,dk fnolkr ';keus jkej{kk fyfgyh o ikB osQyh gs ,sowQu ofMykauh R;kps dkSrqd osQys- ';ke eèkhy Lokoyacu o`Rrh ikgwu R;kauk vkuan >kyk-

5. vkbZus ';keP;k eukr HkkLdj fo"k;hpk jkx vksG[kyk o }s"k o`Rrh ikfgyh R;keqGs R;kP;k ;k o`Rrhps leFkZu u djrk frus R;kyk HkkLdjdMwu iqLrd vk.kwu 'yksd fygwu ?;k;yk lkafxrys dkj.k nsokus vkiY;kyk gkr] ik;] MksGs] fnys vkgsr rsOgk vki.k Lor%P;k ik;koj mHks jkgkos o d"V d:u eksBs Ogkos v'kkizdkjs vkuanh] LokfHkekuh] Lokoyach o`Rrh vkbZus ';keP;k eukr fcacoyh-

2. 1. ckckauh ';keyk fopkjys- 2. vkbZuh HkkLdjyk fopkjys-

3. HkkLdj ';keyk Eg.kkyk-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. HkwrdkG 2. Hkfo";rdkG

3. orZekudkG 4. Hkfo";dkG

2. 1. 'kkckl! vlkp vH;kl dj-

2. vjs! eh lxGh mRrjs pqdhph fyfgyh-

3. ok! fdrh pkaxys ekoZQ feGkys-

4. ckia js! gk fdrh Hk;adj vi?kkr vkgs-

l gs okpk o dFkkys[ku iz'u fon;kF;k±uh Lor% fygkos-


3. cksydk 'ka[k

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';

/Mk okpwu ?ks.ks o /Mk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

ekuoh LoHkkokps fofo/ iSyw o LoHkkooSf'k"V;s;kaph ekfgrh ns.ks-

ewGHkko

eU;kus cjsp lkfgR; fyfgys i.k R;kaph n[ky oqQ.khp ?ksryh ukgh- ?kjh] dk;kZy;kr] lektkr R;kyk izfr"Bk uOgrh ;kph [kar eukr R;kP;k lnSo gksrh- R;keqGs rks nq%[kh gksÅu leqæktoG xsyk okGwr fiQjr vlrkuk R;kP;k ik;kyk ,d oLrq ykxyh R;kus [kkyh ikfgys rks ,d 'ka[k gksrk rks e.;k'kh cksyr gksrk eU;kus rks 'ka[k ?kjh vk.kyk rks ,oQ nSoh 'ka[k gksrk- rks lqjokrhyk 'kqHkokrkZ nsÅ ykxyk R;keqGs eU;kyk vkuan >kyk i.k rks 'ka[k dkgh fnolkauh v'kqHk okrkZ lkaxw ykxyk R;keqGs eU;k ?kkc# ykxyk 'ka[kkP;k Eg.kk.;kizek.ks eU;kus R;kyk rksMY;koj R;kph okpk tkbZy gs lkafxrY;kojgh eU;kus R;k 'ka[kkyk rksMwu Vkdys 'ka[k iqQVY;koj eU;kph okpk xsyh i.k R;keqGs R;kyk lgkuqHkwrh feGkyh o c?krk c?krk euksgj oqQyd.khZ ,d izfl¼ dFkkdkj >kyk-

dFks}kjs fon;kF;k±uk lq[k nq%[kkph tk.kho d:u ns.ks o R;keqGs [kpwu tkÅ u;s gh f'kdo.k ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l tknwph oLrw feGkY;koj rqEgh frP;k dMs dk; ekx.kkj ;k fo"k;h fon~;kF;k±ph mRrjs tk.kwu ?ks.ks-

l tknwpkfnok ;kfo"k;h ,[kknh dFkk fon;kF;k±uk lkaxkoh-


l dYiuk'kDrhpk mi;ksx d:u ,[kknh dFkk fygk;yk lkaxkoh-

l eU;kP;k vk;q";kryh O;Fkk dFkk:ikus fon;kF;k±uk lkaxkoh-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-

fon;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-

tlsµokÄ~e;hu] uOgrs] oLrw] {kqæ] nSoh] [kk=kh] iz'u] ekSu] ok.kh-


vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. eU;k dFkkys[ku djhr vls R;kus ,d mRre ^y?kqdFkk*

fyfgyh gksrh i.k R;kP;kdMs dks.kh y{k nsr uOgrs- R;kph dFkk dks.kh Nkir uOgrs- ?kjkryh rlsp ckgsjph lxGh ek.kls R;kP;koj vU;k; djr gksrh ;kps R;kyk okbZV okVs-

2. eU;kyk ?kjkrY;k rlsp ckgsjP;k yksdkapk jkx vkyk gksrk dkj.k rh R;kP;koj vU;k; djr gksrh R;kps gs nq%[k fpjaru gksrs R;kpk d/hp 'ksoV uOgrk- R;kP;k okÄ~e;hu dk;kZpk vk<kok dks.kh ?ksr uOgrs- R;kps dkS'kY; dks.kh vksG[kr uOgrs ;k lxG;k vMp.khaiklwu nwj tk.;kP;k csrkr rks leqædkBkoj xsyk-

3. leqædkBkoj okGwr ,dk ika<:;k oLrqyk ikgwu eU;kyk vk'p;Z okVys rh ika<jh oLrw Eg.kts eksBk 'ka[k gksrk vkf.k rks 'ka[k ek.klkj[kk cksyr gksrk-


4. eU;kus R;k okGwr lkiMysY;k 'ka[kkyk ?kjh usys o nso?kjkr Bsowu rks R;k 'ka[kkph iwtk d: ykxyk- rks 'ka[k nSoh gksrk- rks Hkfo";dFku djr vls 'kqHkokrkZ lkax.kkjk 'ka[k ¶rqyk 20 #i;s ixkj ok< gks.kkj¸ vls eU;kus ,sdys o dkgh fnolkauh eU;kpk ixkj ok<yk ;k xks"Vhps eU;kyk vk'p;Z okVys-

5. 'ka[kkus osQysyh ixkj ok<hph Hkfo";ok.kh [kjh BjY;koj euksgjyk 'ka[kkP;k nSoh 'kDrhph [kk=kh iVyh- 'kqHk okrkZ lkax.kkjk 'ka[k gGw gGw v'kqHk okrkZ lkaxw ykxyk /MèkkdV tks'kh ej.kkj gs 'ka[kkus lkafxrys- tks';kP;k ckcrhr Hkfo"; [kjs >kY;keqGs eU;kyk Hkhrh okVw ykxyh Eg.kwu R;kus 'ka[kkyk iz'u fopkj.;kps VkGys-

6. xksiw esY;kuarj euksgjP;k ck;dksus vkaFk#.k èkjys&eU;kyk osM ykx.;kph ikGh vkyh eU;k 'ka[kkyk cksyw udksl vls lkafxrY;kuarjgh 'ka[k eU;kP;k ck;dks cn~ny Hkfo";ok.kh lkaxw ykxyk 'ka[k iQksMY;koj 'ka[kkP;k ok.kh cjkscj vkiyhgh ok.kh tkbZy- gs ekfgrh vlwulq¼k eU;kus 'ka[k iQksMyk okpk xsY;keqGs rks iQkoY;k osGkr fygw ykxyk- laikndeaMGh lgkuqHkwrhiksVh R;kps ys[ku izfl¼ d: ykxys- c?krk c?krk euksgj oqQyd.khZ izfFkr;'k dFkkdkj >kyk-

2. 1. 'ka[k eU;kyk Eg.kkyk- 2. eU;k Lor%yk Eg.kkyk- 3. eU;k 'ka[kkyk Eg.kkyk- 4. lfjrk eU;kyk Eg.kkyk- 3. 1. U;k; 2. v/ksxrh 3. doZQ'k 4. nq"V@ozwQj 5. dkGk 6. ukbZykt 7. foLe`rh 8. vik;


4. 1. eqyxh 2. rh 3. ckck 4. uojk 5. vktksck 6. ns[k.kh 7. eksBh 8. va/Gh

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. rØkjh 2. jLrs 3. ladVs 4. ykVk 5. psgjs 6. njokts 2. 1. djhr Eg.kkyk 2. xsyk 3. uOgrh 4. mtkMyk 5. gksrh

4. ikolkr [kaMkGk


'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-

fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-

ewGHkkoikolkG;krhy laqnj fulxZo.kZu ;k dforsrwu vk<Gwu ;srs-

MksaxjekF;ko:u isQlkGwu okg.kkjs >js] fgjohxnZ] iqQyysyh jkeiwQys vkf.k fHktysyh fgjoh /jrh vkuafnr gksrs-

ikBkjaHk iwoZfon;kF;k±uh fulxkZpk vkLokn ?ksÅu vkuafnr Ogkos- ikolkr fulxkZps

cnyrs :i vuqHkok.;kl lkaxkos-



dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkjkdMs y{kn;kos-



vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. xorkP;k ikR;kus dkukr tGFksckaps Mwy ?kkrys vkgs-

2. fuGlj e[key /qD;kyk EgaVys vkgs-

2. 1. dof;=khus ikolkG;kr Mksaxjko:u okg.kk:;k èkc/C;kps o.kZu osQysys vkgs dh dkG;k [kMdke/qu nq/kizek.ks ika<js 'kqHkz >js laFki.kkus okgr vkgs-

2. ;k laqnj fulZxkr dof;=khyk xksftjok.;k djMw izek.ks ckxMkosls okVrs- rj d/h ikdksGh gksÅu iqQykiqQykrwu mMkosls okVrs-

5. ek>s ekgsj ia<jiwj



paæHkkxsP;k rhjkoj clysY;k ia<jiwj rhFkZ{ks=kkph ekfgrh ns.ks-

ewGHkkoia<jiwj ;k {ks=kkr foB~Bykps vizfre iqjkru eafnj vkgs- paæHkkxsP;k

rhjkoj clysys gs xko okjdjh laiznk;klkBh t.kw eks{kizkIrh dj.kkjs ,d lk/u gks;- iqaMfydkP;k iRuhojhy mRoaQV izsekus rks vkiY;k vkbZofMykadMs nqyZ{k d: ykxyk dkgh fnolkauh ek=k R;kyk i'pkrki


>kyk- ,dnk oqQDoqQV Í"khaP;k vkJekr R;kusrhu oqQ:i fL=k;k ikfgY;k R;kauh Í"khaP;k vaxkoj vLoPN ik.kh VkdY;koj R;k lqanj fnlr gksR;k- R;k fL=k;k rhu un;k gksR;k- oqQDoqQV equhauh vkbZofMykaph lsok d#u iq.; laiknu osQys gksrs- iqaMfydyk gs dGrkp R;kus vkbZofMykauk 'kksèkwu dk<ys o ?kjh usÅu R;kaph lsok d: ykxyk- R;kus JhÑ".kkus jkèkkyk eku fnyk rs dkgh #fDe.khyk vkoMys ukgh rh ?kj lksMwu xsyh- fryk 'kks/.;klkBh JhÑ".k fnaMhjoukr iksgpys rs iqaMfydkP;k ?kjh xsys iqaMfydkph ekr`fir` HkDrh ikgwu R;kauk [kwi vkuan >kyk o R;kauh R;kyk vk'khokZn nsÅu JhÑ".k foB~BykP;k :ikus frFksp mHks jkfgys-

fon;kF;k±uk nsokaP;k egkRE;kfo"k;h ekfgrh ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl fon;kF;k±uk rhFkZ{ks=k d'kkyk Eg.krkr ;kfo"k;h iz'u fopkj.ks-

l nsoGkapk bfrgkl R;kauk ekfgrh vkgsr dk ;kfo"k;h ppkZ djkoh-

l ia<jiwj d'kklkBh izfln~/ vkgs ;kfo"k;h R;kaph ekfgrh tk.kwu ?;koh-

l lxG;kr eksBh HkDrh vkbZofMykaph lsok vlrs- R;keqGs R;kauk eku n;kok] R;kaps ,sdkos] R;kaps eu d/hgh nq[kow u;s ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk f'k{kdkauh ekxZn'kZu djkos-



fon;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkj.kkdMs y{k n;kos-

tlsµvk"kk<h] oS".ko] czkã.k] fL=k;k] Í"kh] ekr`fir` mYys[k] izlUu] rFkkLrq-



vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. vkbZofMykaP;k 'kks/kr iqaMfyd dk'khyk xsyk- okVsr R;kyk

oqQDoqQV Í"khapk vkJe fnlyk- R;kus rhu oqQ:i fL=k;kauk MksD;ko#u ?kMs vk.krkuk ikfgys R;kauh Í"khauk f'kGsoj oloys o vkikiyk?kMk R;kaP;k eLrdkoj fjdkek osQyk-

2. iqaMfyd tkuqnso ukokP;k czkã.kkpk ,oqQyrk ,d eqyxk gksrk- vkbZofMykauh R;kps yXu ,dk lqanj eqyh'kh d#u fnys- iqaMfydk dMwu o R;kP;k ck;dksdMwu vkbZofMykapk NG osQyk xsyk- R;keqGs rs oaQVkGwu ?kj lksMwu xsys- iqaMfydkyk vkiyh pwd letyh-

3. iqaMfydkpk tUe fnaMhjoukr >kyk R;kP;k fiR;kps uko tkuqnso gksrs-

4. JhÑ".k vkf.k #fDe.kh }kjosQr jkgr gksrs- #fDe.kh gh Ñ".kkph iV~Vjk.kh gksrh- JhÑ".k xksoqQGkrY;k] vkBo.kh lkaxrkuk jk/spk okjaokj mYys[k djh- txkr izse djkos rs jk/susp frph lj dks.kkykgh ;s.kkj ukgh- gs mn~xkj ,sowQu #fDe.khyk jkx vkyk-

5. #fDe.khP;k 'kks/kr fu?kkysyk JhÑ".k fnaMhjoukr iksgpyk rsFks rks iqaMfydkP;k ?kjh xsyk- iqaMfyd vkiY;k ekrsps ik; psir gksrk iqaMfydkP;k vkbZofMykaP;k lsosus JhÑ".k izlUu >kys o R;kus iqaMfydkl dk; gos rs ekxk;yk lkafxrys rs ekx.ks ,sowQu JhÑ".kkus oaQcjsoj gkr Bsowu foVsoj mHkk jkgwu loZ HkDrkauk n'kZu nsÅu R;kaps euksjFk iw.kZ dj.;kps opu fnys-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. pwd 2. pwd 3. cjkscj


4. cjkscj 5. pwd 2. 1. vLoPN 2. oqQ:i 3. lq[k@vkuan

4. cjkscj 5. vkMok 6. viw.kZ

3. 1. JhÑ".kkph 2. }kjdk 3. euksjFk 4. rFkkLrq 4. 1. orZekudkG 2. orZekudkG 3. HkwrdkG

l fygk o fp=ko.kZu iz'u fon~;kF;k±uh Lor%P;k eukus fygkos-

6. rjhgh eh tkbZu



MkW- vkuanhckbZ tks'kh ;k ifgY;k Hkkjrh; efgyk MkWDVj ;kaph vksG[k R;kaps ifjJe fon~;kF;k±uk lkaxwu ekxZn'kZu djkos-

ewGHkko

iwohZ czkã.kkP;k ck;dk ,dV;k ?kjkrwu ckgjs tkr ulr usgeh R;kaP;k cjkscj dks.khrjh vls xksikGjkokauk vkiY;k iRuhus vesfjosQr tkÅu MkWú Ogkos v'kh bPNk gksrh i.k gs lektfo?kVd gksrs- lrjk o"kkZP;k eqyhyk vesfjosQr ,dVs dls ikBokos vlk R;kaP;kiq<s iz'u fuekZ.k >kyk xksiGjkokauh vkuanhps eu iDosQ dj.;kpk iz;Ru osQyk- vki.k vkiY;k vk;q";kr fdrh v;'kLoh Bjyks gs R;kauh vkuanhyk letoys- vkuanhusgh eksBs /S;Z nk[kowu eh vesfjosQr ,oaQVh tkbZu vls vk'oklu fnys o vesfjosQr tkÅu MkWDVj gh inoh izkIr osQyh-


ikBkjaHk iwoZl Hkkjrkrhy izfln~/ O;Drh R;kaps dk;Z] R;kaP;k 'kks/kfo"k;h

fon~;kF;k±uk dk; ekfgr vkgs ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-l iwoZlektkP;k pkyhjhrh ;kaph fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh ns.ks-l vkuanhckbZ o xksikGjkoka fo"k;h ekfgrh nsÅu ikBkyk lqjokr

djkoh-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkj.kkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµisQ:;k] fLuX/] fgjO;k] Ogkoa] L=kh] LrC/rk] /S;Z] iDdh]

'kkL=kdkj] dk"B-


vH;klikB&Kku

1. 1. xksikGjkokauk vkiY;k iRuhyk iq<hy f'k{k.kklkBh vesjhosQr ikBok;ps gksrs ijarq R;kdkGh xksikGjkokauk rs v'kD; okVr gksrs R;k dkGh fL=k;k ?kjkckgsj ,dV;k iMr ulr R;kauk lkscrhyk oqQ.khrjh cjkscj ykxr vls vkuanh gh lrjk o"kkZph eqyxh gksrh fryk vesjhosQyk dls ikBok;ps\ frFks dls yksd vlrhy\ frFks dls izlax ;srhy ;kpk fopkj djr gksrs-

2. xksikGjkokaP;k eukr vusd iz'u iMys gksrs- vkiY;k iRuhyk vesjhosQyk dls ikBok;ps frFks dls yksd vlrhy\ dls izlax ;srhy\ ;k o v'kk vusd iz'ukauh R;kaps eu xzklys gksrs- ;k fopkjkr vlrkauk rs f[kMdh ik'kh xsys rsOgk fuGs


vkdk'k o ykac iljysys 'ksr R;kauh ikfgys- ,d ygkulk i{kh fuG;k map vkdk'kkr Hkjkjh ?ksrkauk fnlyk-

3. xksikGjko vk/qfud fopkjkaps gksrs lektkr lq/kj.kk Ogkoh v'kh R;kaph bPNk gksrh- fL=k;kaP;k vaxh lkeF;Z ukgh gs tqU;k yksdkaps er R;kauk [kksVs Bjok;ps gksrs- vkiY;k iRuhP;k ekè;ekrwu R;kauk lektkyk mnkgj.k ?kkywu n;k;ps gksrs vkf.k Eg.kwu R;kauk vkuanhyk oSn;dh; f'k{k.kklkBh vesfjosQyk ikBok;ps gksrs-

4. ¶oSn;dh; f'k{k.kklkBh rw ,dVh vesjhosQl tk gs xksikGjkokaps 'kCn ,sdrkp vkuanh ckb±uk vk'p;Z okVys i.k uarj R;kauh Lor%yk lkojys- vkiY;k ifrph bPNk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh- vesjhosQrhy ladVkaph dYiuk] vlwugh lkjs /S;Z ,doVwu ^rjhgh eh tkbZu* vls vkuanh Eg.kkyh vkuanhus okpysY;k ^Dykfldy VsYl* e/hy ,fy>kcsFk ukokP;k eqyhph fryk vkBo.k >kyh R;k oqQVqackrhy fiR;kP;k lqVosQlkBh R;k eqyhus lkslysY;k gkyvis"Vk vkuanhyk vkBoY;k-

2. 1. xksikGjko vkuanhyk Eg.kkys- 2. vkuanh xksikGjkokauk Eg.kkyh- 3. xksikGjkokauh vkuanhyk fopkjys- 3. 1. vkoktkr 2. 'kkarrsu 3. f{kfrtki;±r

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. iq<s 2. o:u 3. ns[khy 2. 1. rqÖ;klkj[kk iq#"k fojG- 2. ckck eqykyk f'kdorkr- 3. eqyxh [ksGr gksrh- 3. 1. vkKkFkhZ okD; 2. iz'ukFkZd okD; 3. mn~xkjokpd okD;


7. [kksI;ke/h [kksik


'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?;koh-l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-l i{;kaps ?kjVs cuo.;kps dkS'kY; R;kaP;kr vlysyk uhVusVosQi.kk

R;kaps ifjJe dkS'kY; iznf'kZr dj.ks-

ewGHkkolqxj.k i{kh vkiY;k fiyklkBh >ksdk >kMkyk Vkaxrs- fiya [kksI;kr

futrkr rs ?kjVa t.kw caxY;kizek.ks fnlra lqxj.kh pk tho >kMkyk Vkaxysyk vlrks- ekuokyk ,o<k lqanj caxyk cka/rk ;sr ukgh i.k gh i{kh.k vlwu rh vkiY;k ckGkps laj{k.k gks.;klkBh lqanj vls ?kjVs cka/rs R;kykp [kksik Eg.krkr-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl osxosxGs i{kh rlsp izk.kh ;kaP;k ?kjkauk dks.kR;k ukokus lacksèkys

tkrs ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk ekxZn'kZu djkos-

l i{;kaP;k ?kjkyk] i'kq&i{;kaP;k jkg.;kP;k tkxsyk dk; Eg.krkr gs f'kdokos tls- eqaxh&ok#G-

l lqxjh.k i{khps fp=k nk[kowu frP;k ?kjV;kps dkS'kY; eqykauk letokos-



dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkj.kkdMs y{kn;kos-

tlsµ[kksI;kr] tYekpk] x:;kxatk] ns[k] gkr-



vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. lqxj.khus [kksik vkiY;k fiykalkBh cka/yk vkgs-

2. [kksI;kyk >qyR;k caxY;kph miek fnyh vkgs-

3. [kksik >kMkyk Vkaxyk vkgs-

4. nsokus vkiY;kyk nksu gkr o ngk cksVs fnyh vkgsr i.k vki.k R;kP;k mi;ksx djr ukghr- i.k lqxj.k i{kh [kwi esgur d:u vkiys ?kj cka/rks gs yksdkauh lqxj.k i{;kdMwu f'kdkos fiYykapk vkuankus lkaHkkG djkok gk lans'k vkiY;kyk ;k dforsrwu feGrks-

2. fiya futys [kksI;kr tlk >qyrk caxyk frpk fiyke/h tho tho >kMkys Vkaxyk

l vFkZµ lqxj.khus r;kj osQysya ?kjVa vFkkZrp [kksik- rks [kksik [kwi ygku vlrks- t.kw dkgh fxydh >kMkoj ykxysyh vlrs R;kpizek.ks lqxj.khps ?kjVs >kMkoj Vkaxysys vlrs- [kjks[kj ik[kjkph gh dkjkfxjh ikg.;klkj[kh vlrs ek.klkykgh ykt okVkoh v'kh dykÑrh@?kj i{kh r;kj djrkr-

3. 1. xksBk 2. chG 3. xqgk 4. rcsyk 5. ?kj 6. >kM 7. ok:G 8. iksGs 9. tkGs l ek>k vkoMrk i{khµfon;kF;k±uh Lor% fygkos-


8. rsFks dj ek>s tqGrh



osxosxG;k jkT;kaph jkT; dj.;kph o`Rrh d'kh gksrh ;k fo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk ekxZn'kZu dj.ks-

ewGHkkoxqtjkrpk ckn'kgk iQkj ijkØeh- lk"Vh ,d xko R;k xkokr BkowQj

?kjk.;krhy ,dp ekrsph lkrgh eqys vkiys drZO; ctko.;klkBh ;q¼koj xsyh vkiY;k eqykauk izksRlkgu ns.;klkBh Lor% R;kaph vkbZ rGkoj ;sÅu Fkkacyh- va/kj gksrkp y<kbZ Fkkacyh lxGs lSfud ijr vkys i.k lkr BkowQjkaiSdh ,dgh t.k rGkdMs ijryk ukgh- #ikbZus cjhp okV ikfgyh- 'ksoVh #ikbZ ,d fnoVh gkrkr ?ksÅup j.kkax.kkoj xsyh- fryk vksG[k.kkjs nksu pkj yksoaQ ikBksikB xsys- fryk frph loZ eqys esysyh fnlyh ckn'kgk vkiY;k 'kkfe;kU;krwu gs lxGs ikgr gksrk R;kauh uksdjkauk fopkjys uksdjkdMwu ekfgrh feGY;koj rs Lor% frFks xsys #ikbZu ckn'kgkyk vkiY;k eqykauk vXuh ns.;kph ijokuxh ekafxryh- rsOgk vYykph bPNrk dk; ikg.;klkBh ckn'kgkus ;qDrh osQyh o 'ksoVh pkSy izkrkarhy orus #ikbZP;k ukrokyk ns.;kr vkys-

jktkaph jkT; dj.;kph i¼r tk.kwu ?ks.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl ejkB;kaP;k dkGkrhy dksd.kP;k bfrgklkph ekfgrh fon~;kF;k±uk

ekfgr vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh dj.ks-l BkoqQjkaP;k ijkØekph ekfgrh ns.ks-


l 1500 lkyP;k bfrgklkr dk; ?kMys gksrs R;kfo"k;h] jktkafo"k;h ekfgrh f'k{kdkauh n;koh-

l R;kdkGkrhy fL=k;kP;k eukrhy o`Rrh] R;kaps ijkØe ;kfo"k;h ekfgrh ns.ks-



fon~;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkj.kkdMs y{k n;kos-

tlsµijkØeh] [kkMh] R;kr] l'kDr] n`f"V] lk"Vh] n;kZr] bZ'ojh] bPNk-


vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. lk"VhP;k Hkkxkr vtqZu BkowQj gk ,d eksBk ekudjh gksrk-

rks {kf=k; gksrk- R;kyk lkr eqys gksrh ckck BkowQj] ukj BkowQj] jke BkowQj] cky BkowQj] lksu BkowQj] gfj BkowQj x.k BkowQj] #ikbZ ukokph vkbZ- ,o<s t.k jkgr gksrs-

2. cgknwj'kgk jktkus y<kbZ dj.kkj vls tkghj osQY;koj drZO; ctko.;klkBh loZ iq=k ;q¼koj xsyh vkiY;k eqykauk izksRlkgu ns.;klkBh #ikbZ Lor% lSU;kP;k rGkoj xsyh- y<kbZ laiY;koj va/kj iMY;koj vkiyk ,dgh iq=k j.kkax.kkrwu ijr vkyk ukgh rs oqQBs vlrhy- R;kps dk; >kys- vlsy Eg.kwu R;kauk 'kks/.;klkBh #ikbZ j.kkax.kkoj xsyh-

3. #ikbZ BkowQjph lkrgh eqys cgknwj'kgkP;k y<kbZr LoxZoklh >kyh gksrh- vkiY;k eqykauk vfXu&laLdkj n;kok v'kh


#ikbZph bPNk gksrh R;keqGs #ikbZyk cgknwj iq=kkaP;k ej.kks ijkUr R;kauk dkgh- rjh n;kos vls ckn'kgkyk okVys Eg.kwu vYykph ;kr ethZ vkgs dk gs ikg.;klkBh R;kauh ¶rs lkr eqnsZ ,dk eaftykr uhV nksjhus cka/ys R;kauk diMs o eafny cka/ys R;k eaftykps lqdk.kw 'khM dk<wu rh n;kZr usÅu lksMyh 'ksoVh rs eaftys pkSy toG okusys ;k xkoh fduk:;koj ykxys-

4. cgknwj'kgkus j.kkax.kkoj ikfgys dh e'kky vkf.k pkj ek.klkph gkypky fnlyh y<kbZo:u vkiyh lkrgh eqys ijr vkyh ukgh R;kauk 'kks/.;klkBh R;kaph ekrk #ikbZ j.kkxa.kkoj xsyh o R;kauk 'kks/w ykxyh-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. jkT;s 2. ;q¼s 3. lSfuoQ 4. ?kjs 5. eqys 6. eqMns 2. 1. fHk=kk 2. nkuo 3. NksVk 4. ijkt; 5. voxq.k 6. dBh.k 3. 1. ckn'kgk #ikbZyk Eg.kkyk- 2. #ikbZ ckn'kgkyk Eg.kkyh- 3. uksdj ckn'kgkyk Eg.kkyk- 4. 1. cgknwj'kgkps 2. 'kkfe;kU;kr 3. orus 4. #ikbZus 5. n;kZr

9. ukxiwj


èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr


;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

ukxiwj ;k 'kgjkph HkkSxksfyd rlsp izfl¼ {ks=kkaph ekfgrh d:u ns.ks-

ewGHkkoeè;Hkkxkr fLFkr vlysys 'kgj ukxiwj vkgs- ukxiwj gs Hkkjrkrhy

13 os o txkrhy- 114 os Øekadkps 'kgj vkgs- ukxiwj 'kgjkr vk/h xksaM jktkps jkT; gksrs R;kuarj Hkkslys o uarj ejkBk lkezkT; Eg.kwu ukxiwj mn;kl vkys- ukxiqjkr ejkBh cksyh ¶ukxiwjh cksyhP;k¸ :ikr izpfyr vkgs- ukxiqj ;sFks vusd eafnj] ,sfrgkfld bekjrh] ryko ;klkBh izfl¼ vkgs- ukxiwj ;k uxjkps uko ukx unho:u Bsoys xsys- ukxiwj gs 'kgj i;ZVuklkBh izfl¼ vkgs- ukxiwj ;k 'kgjkph LFkkiuk 1703 eèks >kyh- gs 'kgj ¶vkWjsat flVh¸ Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- la=kh vkf.k la=kkciQhZ ;klkBh gs 'kgj izfl¼ vkgs- vlk laiw.kZ bfrgkl o 'kgjkps egRRo fon;kF;k±uk lkaxkos-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l ukxiwj 'kgj d'kk lkBh izfl¼ vkgs ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk fopkjkos-

l vki.k T;k Hkkxkr@'kgjkr@xkokr jkgrks R;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk fdrh ekfgrh vkgs gs tk.kwu ?;kos-

l ukxiwj 'kgjkfo"k;hph ekfgrh fon~;kF;k±uk n;koh-




tlsµeè;] fLFkr] egkjk"Vª] Lokra=;] osaQæ] jkT;] rhFkZ{ks=k-



vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. egkjk"Vªkph mijktèkkuh ukxiwj vkgs-

2. ukxiwj 'kgjkph LFkkiuk nsoxMps xksaM jktk cj[ksr cqyan'kkgus 1903 e/s osQyh-

3. ukxiwj gs 'kgj ^vkWjsat flVh* Eg.kwu izfl¼ vkgs-

4. ukxiwjps uko frFks okg.kk:;k ukx unhP;k ukoko:u Bsoys xsys vkgs ukxiwj 'kgjkr lkikps izek.k [kwi vkgs Eg.kwu ;k 'kgjkyk ukxiwj Eg.krkr- ukxiwj egkuxjikfyosQP;k fpUgkoj unh vkf.k ukxkps fp=k uksanoys vkgs-

5. ukxiwj gs 'kgj i;ZVu 'kgj Eg.kwu izfl¼ vkgs bFks jkeVsd] lkoaxh] vack>jh ryko] ckykth eafnj] iks|kjs'oj eafnj-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. xksaM 2. lkikps 3. 1703 4. lhrkcMhZ fdYyk

5. eè; Hkkxkr 2. 1. pwd 2. pwd 3. cjkscj 4. pwd 5. cjkscj 3. 1. ;q¼kr lSfud ,desdkaoj pky djrkr-

2. jkeus 'kkeyk ek#u vkiyk tquk cnyk ?ksryk-

3. lk/w lar lnSo mins'k djrkr-

4. eksBh ek.kla ygkukauk vk'khokZn nsrkr-

4. 1. vifjfpr 2. ukihd


3. fu%ladksp 4. lkoZtfud

5. ikjra=; 6. vieku

7. oqQ:i 8. uos 5. 1. f'kLr 2. la'k; 3. ikgq.kpkj 4. vkS|ksfxd

6. 1. eu% $ jFk 4. vfr $ vko';d

2. v $ Kku 5. ns'k $ vfHkeku

3. dk;Z $ vky; 6. l $ vFkZd

7. Kku $ vtZu

7. 1. orZekudkG 2. HkwrdkG 3. Hkfo";dkG

10. vkrys vkf.k ckgsjps


èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d#u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

Lor%P;k lq[kkpk LokFkhZi.ks fopkj dj.kk:;k ekuoh izo`Rrhfo"k;hph ekfgrh fon~;kF;k±uk lkax.ks-

ewGHkkoys[kdkauh vkiyk izoklkosGslpk vuqHko lkafxryk vkgs- ys[kdkauk

LVs'kuoj iksgpk;yk m'khj >kY;koj ys[kdkauh xkMh xkB.;kpk iz;Ru osQyk nkjktoG vkY;koj xkMheè;s clysY;k yksdkauh ys[kdkauk nkjkr p<wp fnys ukgh myV R;kauk mins'k nsÅ ykxys- dlsrjh djr ys[kd xkMhr p<ys o njokT;ktoG mHks vl.kk:;k ek.klktoG mHks jkfgys


vkf.k dk; vk'p;Z FkksM;k fefuVkrp ys[kd o xkMhr clysY;k yksdkaps 'k=kqRo fol:u ckgsjps ys[kd vkrys >kys-

vkrys ckgsjps gk iQjd fon~;kF;k±uk letkowu lkax.ks o 'ksoVh ckgsjps vkrys dls gksrkr gs lkax.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl xkMh idMrkauk rqEgkyk dks.krk vuqHko ;srks ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk

fopkjkos-

l vkrys&ckgsjps ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±P;k eukr dks.krs fopkj ;srkr R;kaph dYiuk dks.krh ;kfo"k;h fopkj dj.ks-

l f'k{kdkauh ikBkrhy lans'k vksG[kwu ekuoh eukr gks.kk:;k cnykps o.kZu d:u ikB f'kdokok-




tlsµlqLi"V] egÙo] i¼r] gV~Vkxzg] xR;arj] oØrqaM] vk'p;Z] [kkYys] Li`';k] R;kx] f'kLr-


vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. ys[kdkauh ek.klkaP;k vkrys vkf.k ckgsjps v'kk nksu tkrh

lkafxrY;k vkgs-

2. ys[kd T;k osGsyk LVs'kuoj mf'kjk iksgpys R;kosGsyk ,d ?kaVk B.kk.kyh ?kaVk oqQBY;kgh xkMhph vlyh rjh


rh vkiY;kp xkMhph vlY;kpk Hkkl vlrks xkMh lqVsy dh dk; vlk fopkj ys[kdkaP;k eukr f'kjrks v'kk osGh ys[kdkaph eu%fLFkfr eksBh fofp=k >kyh-

3. ys[kd LVs'kuoj mf'kjk iksgpY;keqGs xkMh lqVk;ph ikGh vkyh- ys[kdkauh xkMh xkB.;kpk iz;Ru osQyk xkMhP;k nkjktoG cl.kk:;k ek.klkus ys[kdkauh pa<w u;s vlk ifo=kkp èkjyk i.k dkgh osGkuarj ys[kd MC;kr p<ys o vkrys >kys o nkjktoG mHks jkfgys iq<P;k xkMhrGkoj tsOgk nql:;k [ksMqrkaps ys[kdkauh laj{k.k osQys ckgjspk vkryk >kyk Eg.kts ek.klkar cjkp varckZg; cny ?kMwu ;srks- R;kP;k rksaMkr R;kx] f'kLr] lgdk;Z b- 'kCn ?kksGw ykxrkr-

4. ys[kdkauk th ek.kls xkMhr p<w nsr uOgrh R;kaps VkGosQ iQksMkos vlk fopkj ys[kdkaP;k eukr ;sr gksrk- xkMhr vkr f'kjY;koj ys[kd vkrY;kaP;k VksGD;kr lkehy >kys-

5. vkrys vkf.k ckgsjps gk ,d xw< tkfrHksn vkgsr- ;k vk| tkfrHksnkph LFkyµdkyµe;kZfnr Eg.kts dkGs&xksjs] Li`';kl`';] L=kh&iq#"k] ekyd&etwj b-

Hkk"kk&Kku

1. 1. vkbZus loZ iqLrosQ [kjsnh osQYkh- 2. eh vusd ikolkGs ikfgys vkgsr- 3. ?kjV;kar vaMh vkgsr- 4. R;kP;kdMs iQGs vkgsr- 5. ekÖ;kdMs ikp VksI;k vkgsr- 2. 1. xMxM 2. /ks&/ks 3. lks&lks 4. [kG[kG 5. dMdM


3. 1. xqjk[kh 2. f'kaih 3. dksGh 4. lqrkj 5. xoaMh

4. 1. jek va/kjkyk Nkcjrs- 2. lhek [kwi jMrs- 3. jke vkack [kkrks- 4. ygku eqyxh glrs- 5. jLR;koj eyk vkbZ HksVyh-

5. 1. ckgsj 2. NksVs 3. nq%[k 4. m?kMs 5. ve;kZfnr@ekstosQ

6. 1. xjhc 2. lqanj 3. n;kGw 4. xksM 5. dMw

fygk l gk iz'u fon~;kF;k±uh Lor%P;k eukus fygko- l fp=ko.kZu fon~;kF;k±uh Lor% djkos-

11. iapkjrh


'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?;koh-l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-l egkjk"VªkP;k [kk.khr tUeysY;k ekukP;k fL=k;kaps xkSjo xhr

xkÅu R;kaP;k dk;kZph efgek o.kZu djkoh-

ewGHkkobafnjk lar ;kauh dforsr egkjk"VªkrY;k fL=k;kaps xkSjo xku O;Dr

osQys vkgs- egnacsP;k gkrkr 'kqHk'koqQukpk fnok vkgs frus fnO;kph vkjkl jpwu nkgh fn'kk mtGY;k vkgs- tukckbZus lMk VkowQu gkrkus


jkaxksGh dk<yh o vchjkus jax Hkjys- y{ehckb±uh tGD;k dkMhus fp=ks js[kkVyh rlsp cfg.kkckbZus egkjk"Vªkyk n`"V ykxw u;s Eg.kwu Hkkdjh r;kj d#u vksokGyh- nsoh vfgY;sP;k gkrh iq.;rhFkkZpk dy'k vkgs- rj fttkbZP;k gkrh lw;kZP;k rstkus iapkjrh ?ksr vkgsr- v'kkizdkjs fL=k;kaph xkSjoxkFkk of.kZysyh vkgs-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl fon;kF;k±uk egkjk"Vªkfo"k;h Fkksj iq#"kkfo"k;h dk; ekfgrh vkgs

;kph iMrkG.kh djkoh-l egkjk"VªkrY;k lkfgR;dkj] lar] ;kfo"k;h ekfgrh ns.ks-l dforsr xkSjoysY;k fL=k;kaph ekfgrh nsÅu fp=ks nk[kokoh-


nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµegkjk"Vª] lg;kæh] Lokxr] lMklaektZu] tGD;k] rRij] lg"kZ]

lw;kZP;k-


vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. egkjk"VªkP;k Lokxr lg;kæhps dMs o ekukP;k Hkfxuh djr

vkgsr-

2. lg;kæhP;k dM;koj ok:;kph ukScr oktr vkgs-

3. iapkjrh fttkbZP;k gkrh vkgs-

4. vfgY;k nsohP;k gkrkr iq.;rhFkkZpk dy'k vkgs-

5. vfgY;kjk.kh cfg.kkckb±uh Hkkdj vk.kyh-


2. 1. egkjk"Vªkps Lokxr dj.;klkBh ekukP;k Hkfxuh vkY;k vkgsr y{ehckbZ fVGd ;k ,d ysf[kdk gksR;k- R;kaps lkfgR;kr Hkjiwj ys[ku vkgs- R;kauh vkiY;k izk.kkaps jax Hk:u tGD;k dkMhph ys[k.kh d:u y{ehckb±uh fp=ks js[kkVyh vkgsr-

2. egkjk"Vªkr vusd 'kwj ohj gksÅu xsys rlsp dkgh ohjkaxuk gksÅu xsY;k R;k rstLoh fL=k;kaP;k dk;kZpk xkSjo vktgh vkiY;kyk bfrgklkr ikgk;yk feGrks- R;kp egkjk"VªkP;k Lokxrkyk ekukP;k Hkfxuh vkY;k vkgsr- 'koqQukpk fnok gkrkr ?ksÅu egnack vkyh- tukbZus lMklaektZu osQys- rj y{ehckb±uh fp=ks js[kkVyh- cfg.kkckbZuh n`"V dk<.;klkBh Hkkdj vk.kyh rj vfgY;kckbZ gkrh dy'k ?ksÅu us=k ifo=k dj.;klkBh R;kaps gh vkxeu >kys- fttkbZus vkiY;k gkrkr iapkjrh ?ksryh o egkjk"Vªkps Lokxr osQys-

Hkk"kk&Kku

1. dkG&dokM iQksMwu

vkY;k&vkY;k lk:;kt.kh

egkjk"VªkP;k Lokxrk

vkt ekukP;k Hkfxuh!

2. osQyh tGD;k dkMhph

y{ehckbZus ys[k.k

fp=ks jsf[kyh Lokxrk

jax izk.kkps Hk:u

3. 1. nhikaph 2. nkgh 3. vchj 4. lg;kæh 5. ifo=k 6. lw;Z 7. iapkjrh 8. egkjk"Vª


12. ek>h thou'kSyh


èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M~;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

MkW-,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke ;k 'kkL=kKkaP;k thoukoyhpk ifjp; d:u ns.ks-

ewGHkko

MkW dyke gs lqjs[k dfork djrkr] oh.kk oktorkr] oqQjk.kkcjkscj Hkxon~xhrkgh okprkr- rs rkfeGukMw jkT;kr jkes'ojh;k xkokr tUeys- R;kaps vkbZofMy tkLr f'kdysys uOgrs] rjhgh ygkui.kkiklwu rs oqQ'kkxz cqn~/hps gksrs- R;kaph fnup;kZ vk[kho vkgs- r#.kkauh eksBh LoIus ikgkohr] eksBh è;s;s MksG;kleksj Bsokohr vls R;kauk okVrs- R;kauk ijns'kh tk.ks iQkjls vkoMr ukgh ¶ekÖ;k ns'kkr ek>s dke vkgs¸ vls rs Eg.krkr- rs vkiyh ers oqQ.kkoj yknr ukgh- e;kZnsr jkgwu R;kaph xaer osQysyh R;kauk vkoMrs- vkiY;k pqdkalkBh gkrk[kkyP;k yksdkauk tckcnkj /j.ks R;kauk vftckr #pr ukgh- dks.krhgh HksV rs oqQ.kkiklwu ?ksr ukgh-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l fon~;kF;k±uk osxosxG;k mPpfoHkwf"kr O;fDrph ukos fopkjkohr-

l Hkkjrkrhy jk"Vªirhph ukos R;kauk ekfgrh vkgsr dk gs riklwu ?;kos-

l jk"Vªirh vCnqy dyke ;kaph ekfgrh feGowu fon;kF;k±uk R;kaps thoudk;Z lkaxkos-



d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon~;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n~;kos-tlsµmRlqd] O;Drh] ØhMk] mPpfo|kfoHkwf"kr] izkFkZuk] fiÅu]

vkotwZu] lDrh] x`gLFk] o`Rrh] ifjorZu-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. MkW- dyke gs Lor% ,d la'kks/d vkgsr- MkW- dyke r#.k

la'kks/dkauk lkaxrkr dh- r#.kkauh eksBh LoIus ikgkohr] eksBh è;s;s MksG;kleksj Bsokohr R;kaP;k gkrk[kkyh dke dj.kk:;k la'kks/dkauk rs ijns'kh tk.;klkBh mRrstu nsrkr- ¶frFks tkÅu 'kks/fuca/ okpk] foKku laesyukr Hkkx ?;k- ifjlaoknkauk gtj jkgk] uos dk; pkyys vkgs rs ikgk] ,sdk¸ vls rs vkotwZu lkaxrkr- MkW- dyke ;kaps vkiY;k ns'kkoj iQkj izse vkgs-

2. ¶ek>s ekÖ;k ns'kkrp dke vkgs - vls R;kaps fopkj vkgsr- rs dV~Vj 'kkdkgkjh vkgsr vkf.k e| ?ksr ukghr R;kaps Hkkjrkoj [kwi izse vkgs Eg.kwup R;kauk ijns'kh tk.ks iQkjls vkoMr ukgh- lkr o"kZ dke djrkauk rs iQDr rhupkjnk ijns'kh xsys- ijns'kh xsY;koj rs dkgh [kjsnh djr ukghr-

3. MkW- dyke ;kapk fnuØe vkk[kho vkgs- ldkGh fiQj.ks izkFkZuk] ;ksxklus] vka?kksGhiwohZ osQlkauk [kkscjsy rsy yko.ks- fnolHkjkP;k dkekuarj jk=kh 'kkL=kh; laxhr] ckrE;k] isykHkj nw/ fiÅu >ksi.ks R;kauk vkoMrs- rs VhOgh ikgr ukgha-


4. ekÖ;k ers MkW- dyke ;kaps fopkj uohu txkrhy r#.kkauk] fon~;kF;k±uk izsj.kk ns.kkjs vkgs- osxosxG;k /ek±pk vknj] Lor%P;k eukoj fu;a=k.k Bso.;kps dkS'kY; [ksykMwo`Rrh] dks.kkiklwu dks.krhgh HksV u ?ks.ks ;k lkj[;k c:;kp'kk xks"Vh o R;kaps fopkj eyk vkoMrkr-

5. ¶lk/h jkg.kh vkf.k mPp fopkj¸ gk cks/ MkW- dyke ;kaP;k thou'kSyhrwu ?;kok-

2. 1. rs 2. rs 3. eh 4. vkEgh l okpk o fygk gk iz'u fon~;kF;k±uh Lor% fygkok-

13. eksMsu i.k okd.kkj ukghaf'k{k.k&mn~ns';

/Mk okpwu ?ks.ks o /Mk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon~;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

Hkz"Vkpkjkfo#¼ y<k ns.kk:;k iksyhl bULisDVjkps fp=k.k d:u R;kaP;k eukrhy la?k"kZ Hkkouk lok±leksj ekaM.ks-ewGHkko

ykY;k gk iksfyl bULisDVj gksrk- R;kus dks.kR;kgh O;fDrdMwu ykp ?ksryh ukgh i.k ,d x`gLFk R;kyk iQlorks o R;kus ykp ?ksryh vkgs vls tkghj djrks- ykY;k f}/k eu%fLFkrhr vlrkauk paæys[kk R;kph iRuh ykY;kyk letkors- ykY;k eè;s cG tkx`r gksrs o rks xqUgsxkjkafo#¼ ijr vkokt mBorks o eksMsu i.k okd.kkj ukgh vls tkghj djrks-

;k ikBk}kjs Hkz"Vkpkjkfo#¼ y<k n;kok gh f'kdo.k ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl Hkz"Vkpkj Eg.kts dk; ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±ph ers tk.kwu ?ks.ks-


l ,[kknh ,adkfddk oxkZrY;k eqykauk Hkz"Vkpkjkfo#¼ lknj djk;yk yko.ks-

l bULisDVjpk izkekf.kdi.kk R;kaps Hkz"Vkpkjkfo#¼ caMo`Rrh lkaxwu ikB letkfo.ks-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n~;kos-tlsµxks"Vh] rqEgha] ?;koh Hkz"Vkpkj] gkL;kLin] xqUgsxkj] drZO;]

Hkz"V] iqUgk] csbTtrh-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. ykY;k ,d izkekf.kd iksyhl bULisDVj gksrk- ,dnk ykY;kus

dkgh xqUgsxkjkauk eqn~nsekykldV idMys gksrs i.k laè;kdkGh dpsjhr xsY;koj R;kauk lksMwu ns.;kr vkys o eqn~nseky ukghlk >kyk vkf.k ykY;kyk lDr rkdhn nso.;kr vkyh o xqUg;kpk rikl Fkkacokok vlk vkns'k feGkyk Eg.kwu ykY;k nq[kkoyk xsyk-

2. ykY;k eksMsu iFk okd.kkj ukgh ;k rRokoj okx.kkjk gksrk- ;k iwohZ R;kus ,dk [kVY;kr izkekf.kd jkgwu >qat fnyh gksrh- i.k vkrk ekrhrp dhM ektyh gksrh ;k ik.;krp fu[kkjk ikslyk vkgs ewBHkj ekrh Hkktwu /jrhph dhM ejr ukgh R;keqGs eh pkaxys dke djr vlrkuk eyk viekukLin okxoys tkrs ekÖ;kojp xqUgsxkj o`Rrh Bso.;kpk vkjksi ;srks- vki.k ;k txkr ,dVs iMyks vkgs vlk fopkj d:u ykY;kps eu nq%[kh gksrs o rks ykp ?;k;yk r;kj gksrks-


3. paæys[kk gh ykY;kph iRuh- frps vkiY;k uo:;koj izse gksrs- rks ykp ?ksr ukgh Eg.kwu fryk uo:;kpk vfHkeku okVr gksrk- i.k ;k okbZV txkr pkaxY;k&ek.klkpk fVdko ykxr ukgh- ykY;kps erifjorZu gksrs rks ykp ?;k;yk r;kj gksrks vkiY;k uo:;kus okbZV ÑR; d: u;s vlk fopkj d:u rh ykY;kyk ykp ?ks.;kiklwu ijko`Rr djrs-

4. ykY;k ykp ?;k;yk r;kj >kyk ;k xks"Vhps paæys[kkyk [kwi vk'p;Z okVys- dks.kR;k xks"Vh eqGs rks ykp ?;k;yk r;kj >kyk ;kpk rh fopkj d: ykxrs dkghgh >kys rjh rh ykY;kus ykp ?ksÅ u;s vls fryk okVrs Eg.kwu paæys[kk ykY;kyk letors o R;kus EgVysY;k ;k d/hdkGh 'kCnkaph R;kyk ijr vkBo.k d#u nsrs dh ¶eksMsu i.k okd.kkj ukgh¸-

5. oqQVqackP;k lqjf{krrslkBh ykY;k ykp ?;k;yk r;kj gksrks- gh [kjh ifjfLFkrh y{kkr vkY;koj paæys[kk ykY;kyk Hkz"Vkpkjfo#¼ y<~;kr eh vkf.k eqyxk ikBh'kh vkgs vls lkaxrs R;keqGs ykY;kyk iqUgk cG izkIr gksrs- 'ksoVh vkiY;k vk;q";kps dkghgh >kys rjh pkysy i.k eh eksMsu i.k okd.kkj ukgh rks vlk fu.kZ; ?ksrks-

2. 1. pwd 2. pwd 3. cjkscj

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. oqQ.kkiq<sgh grcy u gks.ks-@vkiY;k erkoj Bke jkg.ks- lSfud vkradokn~;kaiq<s eksMrkr i.k okdr ukghar- 2. izk.kkiZ.k dj.ks- ns'kkP;k j{k.kklkBh Økafrdkjdkus thovksokGwu Vkdys-

2. izkekf.kdi.kk osMsi.kk /S;Zrk 'kkarrk iQlosfxjh HkkeVsfxjh


14. ek;f'k{k.k&mn~ns';

dfork Lojcn~/ d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh fon~;kF;k±uk dforsrhy 'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?;koh-

l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-

l dke dj.kk:;k ekrsps o.kZu d:u dfoP;k vk;q";krhy nq%[k dfors}kjs fon~;kF;k± iq<s ekaM.ks-

ewGHkkonjokT;kr laè;kdkG gksrkp ys[kd o R;kaph HkkoaMs clr vlr-

lxG~;kaP;k ?kjh laè;kdkG gksrkp fnos ykxr vls i.k ys[kdkaP;k ?kjh ek=k dkGks[k vls- lxG;kauk laè;kdkG >kY;koj Hkwd ykxs i.k ?kjh ek=k f'ktok;yk dkghgh /kU; uOgrs yksdkaP;k ?kjps vUukps okl mik'kh eqykaP;k ukdkr tkr vlr- ys[kdkaph vkbZ jkukr tkbZ ykowQM xksGk djh o R;kaph eksGh fodY;koj /kU; ?ksÅu ?kjh ;sbZ o Lo;aikd djh i.k tj eksGh fodyh ukgh rj rh ygku HkkoaM r'khp mik'kh >ksir vls ,dnk vkbZ jkukr ykdMs vk.k.;klkBh xsyh frFksp fryk lki pkoyk o rh esyh vktgh doh ,[kkn~;k eksGh fod.kk:;k ckbZyk ikgrkr rsOgk frph eksGh fodr ?ksrkr- xjhc eqykaP;k thoukrhy nq%[k fon~;kF;k±uk letkowu lkax.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl vkbZps vkiY;k vk;q";krhy LFkku fdrh egRokps vkgs ;kfo"k;h

fon~;kF;k±ph ers tk.kwu ?ks.ks-l lHkksorkyP;k ifjljkr jkg.kk:;k xjhc O;Drhps oqQVqac dls

thou txrkr ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±P;k eukr oqQrwgy fuekZ.k d:u R;kapk ifjp; d:u ns.ks-

l dfoP;k thoukrhy nq%[k] dBh.k ifjfLFkrhph ekfgrh ns.ks-



nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon~;kF;k±P;k mPPkkjkdMs y{k n~;kos-tlsµnjokT;kr] Ñ'k] rsOgk] gksR;k] fpYys] fiYys-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. doh o R;kaph HkkoaMs laè;kdkG >kY;koj vkbZph okV

ikgr njokT;kr clr dkj.k vkbZ vkY;kojp Lo;aikd gksr vls o R;kauk tsok;yk feGr vls-

2. dfoph ifjfLFkrh iQkjp okbZV gksrh- rs iQkj xjhc gksrs- R;keqGs ?kjkr vUugh iksVHkj [kk;yk R;kauk feGr uls- dfoph vkbZ iQkjp Ñ'k gksrh rh jkukr tkÅu ykdMph eksGh vk.kr vls- ykdM 'kks/.;klkBh ldkGiklwu laè;kdkGi;±r jkukr fiQjr vls- ldkG iklwu iksVkr vUukpk nk.kkgh uls R;keqGs ldkGiklwu fiQ:u frps ik;gh {kh.k gksr Eg.kwu vkbZpk pkyrkauk rksy tkr vlkok vls okVs-

3. laè;kdkG gksrkp 'kstk:;kadMs fnos ykxr vls laè;kdkG >kY;koj Lo;aikd djrkauk ;s.kkjk inkFkk±pk lqxa/ ukdkr tkr vls- ldkGiklwu doh o R;kaph HkkoaM mik'kh jkgr vlr- HkqosQeqGs R;kaps iksV nq[kr vls o MksG;kr vJw nkVwu ;sr Eg.kwup HkkdjhP;k oklkus doh jMr vls-

4. vkbZ ldkGiklwu dkckM d"V djr vls o jkukr tkÅu eksGh r;kj d:u fodr vls- ys[kdkauh ygkui.kh ts nq%[k


Hkksxys] R;kaph xjhc ifjfLFkrh R;kauk vkBor vls- vki.k ts nq%[k Hkksxys rs ;k xjhc Ñ'k eksGhokyhP;k eqykauh Hkksxw u;s vlk fopkj d:u doh Ñ'k eksGhokyhph eksGh fodr ?ksr vlr-

5. vkbZ ldkGiklwu jkukr ykdMa xksGk dj.;klkBh tkr vls feGysY;k ykdMh dkM;kaph eksGh r;kj djr vls- o rh fod.;klkBh ckgsj tkr vls-

2. 1. va/kj fpjr] rsOgka ,d lkoyh tM ;sbZ MksbZ frP;k Hkkjk vls pkyrkuk rksy tkbZ-

2. ek; iMyh /j.khoj ....... xaMs >kys] oSnw vkyk fnol fu?krk fu?krk frP;k nsgkrwu izk.k xsyk-

fygk

vksGhapk vFkZ

laè;kdkG >kY;koj lok±P;k ?kjh fnos ykxr Lo;aikdkyk

lqjokr gksbZ vkf.k Hkkdjh&Hkkth cuoyh tkbZ i.k R;kp

osGh dfoaP;k ?kjh ek=k va/kj vls- Hkkdjhpk okl R;kaP;k

ukdkrwu iksVkr tkr- rlsp R;kaP;k iksVkr vUukpk nk.kk

ulY;kus R;kaP;k MksG;krwu HkqosQP;k osnusus vJw ;sr vlr-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. yB~B 2. yodj 3. fnol 4. va/kj 5. ;sbZ 6. ika<jk 7. vkuanh 8. mtsM 2. 1. fnok 2. >ksiMh 3. Hkkdjh 4. HkkÅ 5. fojyk 6. Ñ'k 7. frph 8. dfoaph 3. 1. ek;kGw 2. d.kokGw 3. n;kGw 4. >ksikGw 5. ÑikGw 4. 1. nq% $ dkG 2. dkgh $ vlk 3. ?kj $ bZ 4. ,d $ ,d 5. ldkG $ bZ 6. laè;kdkG $ bZ


5. 1. MkSynkj 2. nenkj 3. tksjnkj 4. tckcnkj 5. j[kokynkj 6. 1. Hkkofud 2. O;kolkf;d 3. izkR;f{kd 4. lkfgfR;d 7. 1. oDrk 2. Jksrk 3. xk;d 4. u`R;kaxuk 5. dfo

15. lfpu rsaMqydjf'k{k.k&mn~ns';

/Mk okpwu ?ks.ks o /Mk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M;klwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

lfpu rsaMqydj fØosQV [ksGkMwP;k thoukpk ifjp; d:u ns.ks-

ewGHkkojktkiwjP;k ejkBh oqQVqackr lfpupk tUe 24 ,fizy 1973

lkyh >kyk- lfpu ps uko lfpunso ceZu ;kaP;k ukok izek.ks Bso.;kr vkys- lfpuyk ygkui.kk iklwup fØosQV [ksG [ksGk;yk vkoMr vls- jekdkar vkpjsdjkadMwu lfpuus fØosQVps /Ms ?ksrkys dkacGh cjkscj vtÏ Hkkxhnkjh jp yh- lfpuyk nksUgh gkrkus mRre izdkjs dkes djrk ;srkr- lfpups nqljh ukos ¶fyfVy ekLVj¸ ¶ekLVj CykLVj¸ gh vkgsr- lfpuyk cjsp cgqeku feGkys lfpu vkiY;k dkekfo"k;h xksiuh;rk ckGxr vlrkr- v'kk izdkjs lfpupk thoukpk ifjp; d#u ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl ØhMk{ks=kkfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk fdrir ekfgrh vkgs ;kfo"k;h

iMrkG.kh dj.ks-


l osxosxGs [ksG o R;kr izfln~/ vl.kk:;k O;Drhaph ukos fon~;kF;k±uk fopkjkoh-

l lfpu rsaMqydj ;kaP;kfo"k;h fdrh ekfgrh vkgs ;k fo"k;h iz'u fopk:u ikBkyk lqjokr djkoh-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµiqLrosQ] Js"B] LVaIl] fØosQV] cWV] foØe] laLFks-


vH;kl

ikB&Kku 1. 1. lfpu gs uko lfpunso ceZu ;kaP;k ukoko:u Bso.;kr

vkys dkj.k lfpuP;k oqQVqafc;kaps vkoMrs laxhr fnXn'kZd lfpunso ceZu gksrs-

2. lfpu ygku vlrkuk 'kkjnkJe fo|keafnj 'kkGsr tk;ps frFks R;kaph HksV jekdkar vkpjsdj ;kaP;k cjkscj >kyh-

3. lfpuus 'kkGsr vlrkuk fØosQVP;k ljkokyk lqjokr osQyh 'kkGsr vlrkuk R;kus vkiyk fe=k lg[ksGkMw fouksn dkacGhcjkscj 1988 lkyh gSjhl f'kYM eè;s 994 èkkokaph vtL=k Hkkxhnkjh jpyh- lfpuus ;k [ksGkr 320 /kok dk<Y;k-

4. lfpupk egRokpk xq.k Eg.kts rks nksUgh gkrkus rso<~;kp ;ksX; i¼rhus dke djrks- rks psaMw Vkdrkuk vkf.k cWV idMrkuk MkO;k gkrkpk mi;ksx djrks- i.k fyfgrkuk ek=k


mtO;k gkrkus fyfgrks- [ksGrkuk rks lnSo eukoj la;e Bsowu [ksGrks-

5. rk#.;koLFksr lfpu vkiY;k izf'k{kdkcjkscj vH;kl djrkuk] R;kaps izf'k{kd LVEIloj ,d #i;kpa uk.ka Bsor vlr vkf.k tj ,[kkn;k xksyanktkus lfpuyk vkÅV osQys rj rs uk.ka R;kyk fnya tkr vls i.k lfpu tj vkÅV u gksrk iw.kZosG [ksGyk rj rs uk.ka lfpuyk ikfjrksf"kd Eg.kwu feGr vls- lfpuyk feGkysyh rh 13 uk.kh R;kyk vfr'k; fiz; vkgs-

6. 1999 eè;s in~eJh iqjLdkjus R;kyk lEekfur osQys xsys- lfpuP;k ,dk o"kkZr 1000 èkkok dj.;kpk foØe vkgs-

gk foØe R;kus lgk osGk osQysyk vkgs 1998 lkyh ,dfnolh; lkeU;kr R;kus 1894 /kok osQY;k- gk R;kpk foØe vtwu dks.khgh eksMw 'kdyk ukgh-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. jktkiqjP;k 2. 320 3. jekdkar vkpjsdj 4. ¶fyfVy ekLVj¸ vkf.k ¶ekLVj CykLVj¸ 5. LVEIloj

2. 1. pwd 2. pwd 3. cjkscj 4. cjkscj 5. pwd

3. 1. toG 2. oj 3. dMs 4. rwu 9. iq<s

4. 1. orZekudkG 2. HkwrdkG 3. HkwrdkG 4. orZekudkG 5. orZekudkG


5. 1. R;k ek.klkus d'kkph ekx.kh osQyh\ 2. oxZ ?kjhp ikBokok- 3. rqyk dkgh ekghr ukgh- 4. vkbZ izseG gksrh- 5. fdrh HkaMkoys eh fryk!

6. 1. gk [kjk vktpk ;qx/eZ- 2. eh xHkZ Jhear vkgs- 3. fiz; veqpk ,d egkjk"Vª ns'k gk- 4. lgy oqQBs pkyyh vkgs\ 5. vkdk'kkr dkGs <x fnlw ykxys-

7. 1. ¶i.k rw oSQnsrwu dk iGkykl\¸ 2. eh jketoG gk iz'u dk<yk] EgVy] ¶vjs] 3. ¶dk; js! olrhx`g Eg.kts dk; gksra\ 4. pVdu jkeus iz'u osQyk Eg.kts dk; gksra\¸ 5. ukFk Eg.kkys] rqyk dk; ikfgts\¸

fygk l gk iz'u fon~;kF;k±us Lor% eukizek.ks fygkok-

fp=ko.kZu l fon~;kF;k±uh Lor%P;k eukizek.ks djkos-

16. xq<hikMokf'k{k.k&mn~ns';

/Mk okpwu ?ks.ks o /Mk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k /M~;krwu dks.krk cks/ >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-


ewGHkkofganw /feZ;kaP;k uohu o"kkZph lqjokr dj.kkjk l.k xq<hikMok gks;µgk

l.k pS=k efgU;kr ;srks- pS=k efgU;kr loZ=k izlUu okrkoj.k vlrs- loZ=k i.kZ:ih jaxkph m/G.k lq: vlrs- uohu o"kkZpk vkuan Eg.kwu ?kjks?kjh xq<h mHkkjyh tkrs- xq<h mHkkj.;kph fof'k"V in~/r vlrs- lw;kZLrkiwohZ xq<h mrjorkr- ;k fnolkyk ,sfrgkfld egÙo vkgs- ;k fno'kh jkekus jko.kkoj fot; feGowu v;ksè;sr izos'k osQyk- czãnsokus ;k fnolkiklwu l`"Vhyk fuekZ.k dj.;kl lqjokr osQyh- baækus o`=kklqjkl ;k fno'khp Bkj osQys- ;k fnolkiklwu vki.k vkiys vkpj.k ifo=k djkos- ;kizek. ks fon~;kF;k±uk xq<hikMok ;k l.kkph ekfgrh n;koh-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl fganw /feZ;kaps l.k dks.krs&dks.krs vkgsr ;kfo"k;h fon~;kF;k±uk

iz'u fopkjkus-l dks.kdks.kR;k /ekZr uohu o"kZ osQOgkiklwu lq:a gksrkr rs dls

lktjs djrkr ;kfo"k;h iz'u fopkjkos-l xq<hikMok ;k l.kkph ekfgrh ns.ks-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon~;kFkhZ /Mk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµloZ=k] i.kZ:ih] O;Dr] oL=k] oLrw] in~/r] iQkSt-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. pS=k efgU;kr xq<hikMok gk l.k lktjk djrkr-


2. ;k fno'kh igkVs mBwu ?kj LoPN osQys tkrs- lqcd'kh jkaxksGh dk<wu ?kjkrhy oMhy/kjh eaMGh osGwph dkBh LoPN /q owu frP;k Vksdkl rkacMs oL=k o iqQykaph ekG cka/rkr- oj yksVh Bsorkr- iqQykaP;k ekGs cjkscj lk[kjsph inosQ vlysyh ekG vlkoh- jkaxksGh dk<ysY;k tkxsoj dkBh map mHkh djkoh vkf.k iwtk d:u dMqfyackP;k dksoG;k ikukr] gjHk:;kph MkG] vksok] xwG] ehB ?kkywu gs feJ.k okVys tkrs] o uarj izlkn Eg.kwu lok±uk nsrkr-

3. ;k fnolkyk ,sfrgkfldfjR;klq¼k [kwi egÙo vkgs- ;kpfno'kh izHkw Jhjkepaækuh yadk/h'k jko.kkyk Bkj ek:u fot; feGoyk o v;ksè;k uxjkr izos'k osQyk] czãnsokus ;k l`"Vhyk fuekZ.k dj.;kr ;k fnolkiklwu lq#okr osQyh- clw ukokpk jktk ri'p;kZ d#u euqtsaæ >kyk o vejsaækus ;k fno'kh oL=kkyadkj nsÅu R;kpk xkSjo osQyk baækus o`Rrklqjkl ;k fno'khp Bkj ekjys- 'kkfyokgukus 'kdkpk ijkHko dj.;klkBh ekrhps lgk gtkj lSfud r;kj osQys-

4. eukyk izlUu okV.kk:;k pS=k efgU;kr loZ=k izlUursps okrkoj.k vlrs- o`{kkauk uohu ikyoh iqQVrs- ygku ckGkizek.ks >kMs lqanj fnlrkr- ;k efgU;kr loZ=k i.kZ:ih jaxkph m/G.k lq:p vlrs- efgU;kr uoo"kkZyk izkjaHk gksrks-

5. ;k fno'kh vki.k ladYi djkok dhµvkiys vkpj.k ifo=k Bsokos- vki.k 'kstkjh] fe=k] eS=kh.k ukrsokbZd ;kauk izsekus HksVkos o 'kqHksPNk n;kO;k- fon~;kF;k±uh fu;fer vH;kl dj.;kpk vkbZofMykauk eku Bso.;kpk ladYi djkok- vkysY;k ifjfLFkrhr] vkuanh jkg.;kps ozr ?;kos-

2. 1. pS=k efgU;kr 2. vf/irhph 3. yksVh 4. oLrq 5. ri'p;kZµeuqtsaæ


3. 1. Jhear ek.kla xjhc ek.klkapk usgehp vieku djrkr-

2. eyk jkepk [kwi vfHkeku okVrks-

3. [kwi ifjJe d:ugh 'ksrd:;kps fnol ikyVr ukghr-

4. vkbZofMykaph lsok d:u thoukps lkFkZd gksrs-

5. vfrfFkps usgeh Lokxr djkos-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. 'kwj 2. gydk 3. dBh.k 4. piG 5. [kksMdj 6. xksM 7. ew[kZ

2. 1. fuGk'kkj 2. ykyHkMd 3. dkGkoqQV~V 4. fgjokxkj 5. ika<jk'kqHkz 6. fioGk/ed

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. ?kM 2. iqat 3. ?kksGdk@teko 4. jkl@iQGkaph 5. dGi 6. ?kM 7. jkl 8. isa<h

2. 1. :ioku 2. /uoku 3. cyoku 4. cqn~/hoku 5. rkdnoku 6. 'khyoku l okpk o fygk gk iz'u fon~;kF;k±uh Lor% eukizek.ks fygkok-


NOTES

Saptrang Shikshak Darshika 7 - SARASWATI HOUSE Material/Saptrang_TM_7.pdfSecond Floor, MGM Tower, 19...

Documents

Transcript of Saptrang Shikshak Darshika 7 - SARASWATI HOUSE Material/Saptrang_TM_7.pdfSecond Floor, MGM Tower, 19...