Protestant Reformation
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Transcript of Protestant Reformation
Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation
Background on Christianity
Rooted in Jewish tradition/Torah and the person of Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus – rabbi? who encouraged ethical self sacrifice – Love God Love others Care for the vulnerable/outcastes
Gospels Many stories written about the
teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Canon of 4 gospels established 4th
century CE Place Jesus as Messiah of Judaism;
also: son of God and resurrection
Paul (Saul of Tarsus) Proclaims special revelation: Jesus’
message meant to be universal – not just for the Jews
Travels & begins inclusion of Gentiles in synagogues…eventually separate churches
Some conflict with Jerusalem church
Letters / Epistles Most from Paul Advice to early church communities How to live in the world Imminent 2nd coming of the Christ
(Messiah/Savior) By 2nd century – church leaders begin
collecting manuscripts
Christianity in power
315 CE – Edict of Milan – Constantine Christianity becomes legal
325 CE Council of Nicaea – uniform Christian doctrine
Later 4th century (Emperor Theodosius) Christianity becomes state religion of Roman Empire
382 CE – Latin Vulgate: New Testament
Christological disputes
What is the Nature of Christ? “Heresies” – unofficial ideas/ ideas
that go against official church Eg: Nestorians, Arians
Nicene creed meant to settle Eventually doctrine of the Trinity
Early Middle Ages Roman Catholic/Latin Church
becomes unifying factor among Germanic tribes & others
Charlemagne sees himself as the military protector of the Church
High Middle Ages- church power at height
Great east-west Schism 1054 – Latin West v. Byzantine Emp
Latin Church (Roman Catholic) Eastern Orthodox
Excommunicated each other; After 1453 – Moscow/Muscovy
declared self center of Orthodoxy
Scholasticism Reconciling classical reasoning
(Aristotle) and Christian faith Thomas Aquinas - Summa
Theologica Forms the theological basis of
the Roman Catholic Church
Corruption v. Heresy
Wealth & power of upper clergy (nobles) Investiture: simony & nepotism
Lack of discipline among clergy Lack of education/knowledge among
clergy Avignon Papacy & Great Schism
“Heretics” John Wycliffe – theology prof @ Oxford
English translation of NT John Huss – theology prof @ Prague
Burned at the stake This heresy: objected to worldliness of
clergy; advocated personal salvation;
challenge to church authority
Northern Renaissance
Renaissance Humanism outside of Italy:
Different emphasis – concern over problems in society
Search for more personal religious practices
“New Monarchies”
The Protestant Reformation ended the unity of the Christian church in the West –
Christianity was eventually fragmented into dozens of denominations…
Why did Christian unity come to Why did Christian unity come to an end and how did that impact an end and how did that impact society?society?
Origins of the Origins of the ReformationReformation
Began in German states because it lacked a strong central government
Holy Roman Empire included over 300 semi-independent states
Some wanted independence from the Holy Roman Empire
Weak emperor could not control independent ideas about religion within the German states
Martin LutherMartin Luther
started Reformation German monk, became
professor of theology at University of Wittenberg
Came to believe in Justification By Faith: a person could be made just, or good, simply by faith in God's mercy and love
How did it start…?
Selling Selling IndulgencesIndulgences
Pope Leo X sold church positions and indulgences to raise money for the church
Indulgences - certificates issued by the Church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person's sin
People purchased indulgences, believing it insured them a spot in heaven
John Tetzel, Church's agent for selling indulgences in N.Germany, promised peasants that indulgences would relieve them of guilt for future sins….
•Could also buy indulgences for salvation of their dead relatives! - "Once you hear the money's "Once you hear the money's ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring."ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring."•Purgatory - place in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven
Luther’s ProtestLuther’s Protest October 31, 1517:
nailed on door of Wittenberg Church the 95 Theses –
arguments to debate - Criticized sale of indulgences
Printed copies of Theses spread
Two Main Teachings Two Main Teachings of Lutherof Luther
justification by faithjustification by faith only God’s grace through Christ saves; no
amount of good works could do it...
priesthood of all believerspriesthood of all believers all Christians are equal before God
these ideas challenged basic church doctrine…that is, they were heresy
•1521: Pope Excommunicated Luther•Diet of Worms (Germany) - tried to get Luther to recant criticisms•Luther refused; condemned as a heretic•Went into hiding; translated Bible into German
The The Empire Empire Strikes Strikes Back!Back!
LutheranismLutheranism vs. vs. CatholicismCatholicism
Emphasized salvation by faith alone
Bible only source of religious truth
Church = community of individual believers
Stressed faith and good works in salvation
Church authority & teachings important as spiritual guide
Church = clerical hierarchy
LutheranismLutheranism vs. vs.
CatholicismCatholicism All occupations
were vocations in which people could serve God
Ministers – guides
only baptism & communion
Priesthood only calling in which people could serve God
Priests – special powers
administer 7 sacraments
Religious WarReligious War Luther’s conflict with the church led to
violence Peasants revolted - the Lutheran princes
crushed the rebellion Civil War between the HRE supported by
Catholic princes & the Lutheran princes 1555 Peace of Augsburg – gave each
German prince the authority to chose the religion of his state (Cath. or Luth)
The Spread The Spread of of ProtestantisProtestantismm
Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli Swiss priest wanted to break completely
with Catholic tradition and the Holy Roman Empire
1525 established a protestant THEOCRACY (church-run state) in Zurich, Switzerland
1531 died in battle between Catholics & Protestants
John CalvinJohn Calvin Frenchman who fled to Switzerland argued that God determines
fate of every person before born- PREDESTINATION Those predestined (chosen beforehand)
were called “the elect” Calvin turned Geneva into model religious
community (theocracy)
Consistory (Church council) required citizens to attend services; inspected homes - Geneva earned title "City of God."
While Lutheranism spread in Northern Germany and Scandinavia
Calvinism spread into Scotland (presbyterians), England (puritans), Netherlands (Dutch Reformed) especially
Huguenots were Calvinists in France
John KnoxJohn Knox Leader of the Reformation in Scotland Founded Presbyterian Church based on
Calvin’s teachings Presbytery - group of elected
decision makers of the church “Priesthood of all believers”
--equality
AnabaptistsAnabaptists Only baptized adult members Denied authority of local governments to
direct their lives - said Christ was their only authority (separation of church and state)
1534 - radical Anabaptists seized power in German city of Munster (burned books, took property) Lutherans & Catholics united to crush them
Sketch of the 1535 execution of leaders of the sect in Münster, and photo of the church where their corpses were displayed. The cages still remain.
Henry Henry VIIIVIII England’s King Henry
wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon for not producing a male heir to the throne
(daughter: Mary) Catholic Church forbade
divorce - refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage
Henry withdrew England from Catholic Church married Anne Boleyn and created a new church
Act of Supremacy - Parliament created Church of England (Anglican Church) with king as its head
King took church lands and abolished monasteries
important Englishmen were required to swear oath accepting king as head of the church instead of the Pope...
Sir Thomas MoreSir Thomas More - - King Henry’s former chancellor who
refused to take the oath…. As humanist believed in
religious tolerance - but was loyal to the Catholic Church
(author of Utopia!) Beheaded for treason
Henry’s wives & Henry’s wives & ChildrenChildren
Catherine of Aragon Mary Anne Boleyn Elizabeth Jane Seymour Edward Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr
Son Edward inherited throne 1st
DivBehDiedDivBehSurv
Changes in the English Changes in the English ChurchChurch
Henry was NOT a protestant The English church was separated from
the Roman Catholic Church But few changes were allowed in the
church by Henry However, changes were made during the
reign of Henry’s son and the English church became protestant
Edward Edward VIVI – under a – under a regentregent
The boy king, Edward, was under a regent because of his minority
The 1st regent – his uncle – introduced Protestant reforms into the church:
English liturgy – Anglican Prayer Book Salvation by faith Images, ornamentation & much ritual removed When sickly Edward died at 16 some protestant
nobles attempted to keep his sister Mary from inheriting the throne because she was Catholic
{ { Lady Jane Lady Jane GreyGrey }}
Edward’s 15 year old cousin Lady Jane Grey was claimed Queen by some dominant nobles
Duke of Northumberland had arranged a marriage between her and his son, Guilford Dudley
But quickly people rallied to the support of the rightful heir, Mary Tudor
Troops abandoned Jane for Mary Guilford & Jane were executed for treason She had been queen 9 days
Mary Mary II Catholic daughter of Catherine
of Aragon Married to Catholic Philip II
of Spain Sought to revive Catholicism Protestants revolted Persecution of Protestants led to her
being known as: Bloody MaryBloody Mary
Elizabeth Elizabeth I (I (1558-1558-
16031603)) 25 years old; ruled 45 years! Protestant; re-established the Anglican
Church as the National Church “The Virgin Queen” never married
because…. “Courted” the English people Emphasized loyalty for England over
religion
Subject of assassination plots 1587 – forced to give the order to execute
her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots Catholic Mary (Stuart) had been living in
England after haven been driven from Scotland by scandal
Mary communicated with Catholic Spain who wanted Elizabeth dead so Mary could take the throne
War with War with Spain!Spain!
After Mary’s execution, Spain attempted an invasion with their feared “invincible” Armada (navy)
English “pirates” had been attacking Spanish ships and New World ports
The Armada was defeated by the weather and the smaller, faster English ships
Other Religious WarsOther Religious Wars Spain Spain tries to put down Protestantism in
the Netherlands Dutch Netherlands eventually gains
independence from Spain FranceFrance endures religious wars through 4
kings – eventually protestants (Huguenots) are given some religious freedom – for a while…