Protestant Reformation
Transcript of Protestant Reformation
William Shakespeare: English Renaissance writer
“The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a
fool.”
― William Shakespeare, As You Like It
“Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.”
― William Shakespeare, All's Well That Ends Well
“Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind,
And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind.”
― William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
“Be not afraid of greatness. Some are born great, some achieve
greatness, and others have greatness thrust upon them.”
― William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night
Renaissance Writer Critical Intro.
William Shakespeare – Which is your favorite and why? Also how
does the quote reflect Renaissance thinking?
Protestant Reformation 1517
Renaissance's effect
People began to question their lives and
authority
Catholic Church had been
biggest authority of the
Middle Ages.
I. Conflicts that challenged the
authority of the Church in Rome
A. Merchants challenged the Church’s
opposition to usury (charging interest)
B. German & Eng. nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church
C. Church’s great political power & wealth
caused conflict
D. Corruption & sale of indulgences
II. Church Dissenters
prior to Martin Luther
A. John Wycliffe – English philosopher
1320 -1384
Led movement of opposition to medieval
Church
Forerunner of the Reformation
B. Jan Huss – Czech priest
1369-1415
Church reformer
Tried & burned for heresy
Martin Luther
nails
“95 Theses” to
church door in
Wittenberg,
Germany - 1517
III. Martin Luther- 1517
German monk
Questioned Churches practices such as: Sale of indulgences by
Johann Tetzel building a church
“ selling forgiveness for sins” Automatic trip to heaven
"As soon as a coin in the coffer
rings / the soul from purgatory
springs."
The Lutheran Tradition
Views: Salvation by faith
alone
Bible = ultimate authority
Bible should be in vernacular
Priests; no special powers
All humans are equal before God
The Lutheran Tradition
Actions: 95 Theses
95 things church is doing wrong
Nailed to church door in Wittenburg, Germany
Birth of Protestant Church
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Martin Luther Erasmus
“How ‘bout that Reformation…”
The Lutheran Tradition
Luther writes down his “95 Theses” (95 things church is doing wrong) and nails them to the church in Wittenberg (Germany)
Martin Luther
“Faith Alone” will save you
All should read the Bible in their own
vernacular (language)
Priests do not have special powers
Simplify the sacraments to baptism and
communion
Religious Education for all.
How will people react?
How will the church react?
Church’s Reaction
Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he said @ Diet of Worms
Diet –group/assembly
Worms is a place in Germany
Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!!
Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott
helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do
nothing else. God help me. Amen.")
He is excommunicated from church and
forced into hiding for the rest of his life
Results of Luther’s actions?
- Opened people’s eyes to corruption of the
church
-new churches created based on own beliefs– ex
John Calvin-- Calvinism
-Ex. Protestant, Lutheran, Baptists, Puritans,
Methodists, Calvinists, and so on.
IV. John Calvin – Calvinism
A. French lawyer - moved to religious
community in Geneva, Switzerland
B. Main Concept = PREDESTINATION
- God has already decided who is
saved/condemned.
“Faith Alone” saves you
Faith revealed by living a righteous life.
Strong work ethic
John Calvin - Calvinism
C. Actions of Calvinists?
Expansion of the Protestant
movement in Europe
The Calvinist tradition
Actions:
Expansion of the
Protestant movement
Spreads to France,
Germany, Netherlands,
Scandinavia, Scotland
Scottish Presbyterians,
American Baptists,
Puritans, from this branch.
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Spread of Calvinist Beliefs
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V. Henry VIII of England
A. Break From Church Wished to divorce Catherine
of Aragon
Pope refused to grant divorce
Henry dismissed the authority of the Pope
Henry VIII of England
B. Act of Supremacy - 1534
The King is head of the national
church in England (Anglican
Church), not the Pope!!
C. Actions:
Divorced
Broke w/Rome
Took lands & wealth of Roman
Catholic Church in England
VI. Queen Elizabeth I
A. Anglican Church Creates formality &
separateness of Anglican Church
Book of Common Prayer -for Anglican services
Queen Elizabeth I
B. Impacts on Reformation
Tolerance for dissenters (Catholics & Protestants)Reduced religious tension
Expansion & colonialismSpread Protestantism
Queen Elizabeth I – Exploration =
Spread of Protestantism
Queen Elizabeth I
C. Victory over Spanish Armada (Navy) (1588)
Catholic Spain attacking Protestant England
Protestantism wins over Catholicism.
VII. Reformation in Germany
A. Religious & State Rivalries Emerge – Thirty Years War
Northern Germany princes –convert to Protestantism
End authority of Pope in their states
Austrian Habsburg family & Holy Roman Empire continue to support RCC Fighting ensues.
Ends with Treaty of Westphalia –Religious choice
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VIII. Reformation in France
A. Edict of Nantes -1598
Catholic monarchy grants Huguenots(French Protestants) religious freedom
Later revoked
Reformation in France
B. Increased centralized power
1. Cardinal Richelieu French Prime Minister
Changed focus of 30 Years War from religious to political.
Reformation in FranceIncreased centralized power
2. Actions
Oppose Habsburg/Spanish aggression/influence
Returned restrictions on Huguenots
Reduced taxation on nobility
Advanced concept of “Absolutism”
Make France most powerful.
IX. Role of Printing Press
A. Growth of literacy
stimulated by Gutenberg
printing press
B. Bible printed in Eng.,
Fr., & Ger.
C. Spread ideas of Ref.
and Ren.
X. The COUNTER-Reformation
Or,
The Catholic
Church
Strikes Back!!
A. 1545 Council of Trent
Determined what was heresy (against
church teachings)
Reaffirmed most church doctrine &
practices
Launched the Inquisition, and the Jesuits
B. The Society of Jesus - Jesuits
Founded to spread Catholic doctrine
around the world
Stop spread of Protestantism
C. The Inquisition Catholic Church’s prosecution of “heretics”
Thousands killed/imprisoned
Galileo – heliocentric theory doesn’t
work for Catholic Church
The
Inquisition
XI. Changing Ideas
A. Growth of:
Secularism
Individualism
Religious tolerance
B. THE REFORMATION
ENDED CHURCH UNITY IN WESTERN
EUROPE