Shri VileParle Kelvani Mandal’sDwarkadas J. Sanghavi College

of EngineeringComputer Engineering

Department

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Shri VileParle Kelvani Mandal’sDwarkadas J. Sanghavi College of

EngineeringComputer Engineering Department

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Shri/Kum. ,Roll No., _______ studying in the third year of engineering in the Computer Department has successfully completed the project of Advanced Database Systems under the guidance of Prof.(Mrs.) Shubhangi Gawali. The project topic is

Subject-in-charge:Date:

ADBS Theory

DBS:

A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient.

Some representative applications of database systems are:BankingAirlinesSalesTelecommunicationManufacturing

Instances And Schemas :

The overall design of the database is called the database schema.The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance of the database.

Data Models:

Underlying the structure of a database is the data model: a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints.

The Entity-Relationship Model:

The ER model is based on a perception of the real world that consists of a collection of basic objects called entities, and of relationships among these objects. It represents the database schema at the logical level. It is a semantic data model and is very useful in mapping the meanings and interactions of the real world enterprises into a conceptual schema.

The ER model employs three basic structures: entity sets, relationship sets, and attributes.

Entities And Entity Sets:

An entity is an object in the real world that is distinguishable from all other objects.Examples: a person, a football club.

A set of entities of the same type is called an entity set.Examples: the set of all Resumes, set of all Jobs.

An entity is represented by a set of attributes, which are descriptive properties possessed by each member of an entity set. Each entity has a value for each of its attributes. For each attribute there is a set of permissible values, called the domain, or value set, of that attribute.Types of attributes:SimpleCompositeSingle-valuedMulti-valued

Relationship And Relationship Sets:

A relationship is an association among several entities.Examples: relationship associating a player with a club.

A relationship set is a set of relationships of the same type.Examples: relationship set consisting of relations associating a club withit’s manager.

Mapping Cardinalities:

Mapping cardinalities, or cardinality ratios, express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set.For a binary relation it must be one of the following:One to OneOne to ManyMany to OneMany to Many

Participation Constraints:

The participation of an entity set E in a relationship R is said to total if every entity in E participates in at least one relationship in R. If this is not true, the participation is said to be partial.

Keys :

A super key is a set of one or more attributes that, taken collectively, uniquely identify an entity in an entity set.

A super key for which no proper subset is a super key is called a candidate key.

The primary key is the candidate key that is chosen by the designer to uniquely identify an entity.

Weak Entity Sets :

An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is called a weak entity set.

It must be associated with another entity set, called the identifying or owner entity set. A weak entity set is said to be existence dependent on the identifying set.

The relationship associating the weak entity set with the identifying entity set is called the identifying relationship.

A set of attributes that provide a means of distinguishing among all those entities in a weak entity set that depend on a particular strong entity is called the discriminator.

Extended E-R Features:

Specialization:

The process of designating sub groupings within an entity set is called specialization.Example: The specialization of Job details allows us to distinguish among Eligibility details and Interview details according to the job requirements.

Generalization:

Generalization is a process in which multiple entity sets are synthesized into higher –level entity set on the basis of common features.Generalization can be regarded as a simple inversion of specialization.

Aggregation:

Aggregation is an abstraction through which relationships are treated as higher-level entities. It helps to avoid redundancy and reduce execution cost.Example: The relationship sets Officiated and Commented represent aggregation in which the entity sets Referee and Commentator are associated with Matches which itself is a relation.

Table Creation And Insertion

MEMBER FUNCTIONS:

Type – Date_ty

create or replace type date_ty as object (birthdate date, member function age(birthdate date)return number);

1 create or replace type body date_ty as member function age (birthdate date) return number is 2 a number; 3 b number; 4 begin 5 select to_char(birthdate, 'YYYY')into a from dual; 6 select to_char(birthdate, 'YYYY')into b from dual; 7 return(b-a); 8 end; 9 end;

CREATE TYPES:

1. View - Skillscreate or replace type skills as varray(5) of varchar(20) not final;

2. View – Personal Detailscreate or replace type personaldet as object(gender varchar(5), mstatus varchar(6), dob date_ty) not final;

desc personaldet; Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

GENDER VARCHAR2(5) MSTATUS VARCHAR2(6) DOB DATE_TY

3. View – Qualificationcreate or replace type qualification as object(degree varchar(5), year varchar(4), univ varchar(20)) not final;

desc qualification Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

DEGREE VARCHAR2(5) YEAR VARCHAR2(4) UNIV VARCHAR2(20)

4. View – Qualificcreate or replace type qualific as varray(3) of qualification not final;

desc qualific qualific VARRAY(3) OF QUALIFICATION Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

DEGREE VARCHAR2(5) YEAR VARCHAR2(4) UNIV VARCHAR2(20)

5. View – Jobdettemp create or replace type jobdettemp as object(post varchar(10), jyear number, area varchar(10), company varchar(10), exp number) not final;

desc jobdettemp jobdettemp is NOT FINAL Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

POST VARCHAR2(10) JYEAR NUMBER AREA VARCHAR2(10) COMPANY VARCHAR2(10) EXP NUMBER

6. View - Jobdetcreate or replace type jobdet as varray(3) of jobdettemp not final;

desc jobdet jobdet VARRAY(3) OF JOBDETTEMP JOBDETTEMP is NOT FINAL Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- POST VARCHAR2(10) JYEAR NUMBER AREA VARCHAR2(10) COMPANY VARCHAR2(10) EXP NUMBER

7. View - Accountcreate or replace type account as object(email varchar(40), username varchar(20), pass varchar(20)) not final;

desc account account is NOT FINAL Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMAIL VARCHAR2(40) USERNAME VARCHAR2(20) PASS VARCHAR2(20)

8. View - Phonecreate or replace type phone as varray(3) of number(10) not final;

desc phone phone VARRAY(3) OF NUMBER(10)

9. View - Compcreate or replace type comp under account(coid number, cname varchar(20), cperson varchar(20), area varchar(20), phoneno phone) not final;

desc comp comp extends SYSTEM.ACCOUNT Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMAIL VARCHAR2(40) USERNAME VARCHAR2(20) PASS VARCHAR2(20) COID NUMBER CNAME VARCHAR2(20) CPERSON VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(20) PHONENO PHONE

10. View - Namecreate or replace type name as object(first varchar(20), middle varchar(20), last varchar(20)) not final;

desc name Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

FIRST VARCHAR2(20) MIDDLE VARCHAR2(20) LAST VARCHAR2(20)

11. View - CResumecreate or replace type cresume under account(cid number, cname name, addr varchar(20), phonno phone,pdetails personaldet, qdetails qualific, jdetails jobdet, skill skills) not final;

desc cresume cresume extends SYSTEM.ACCOUNT Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMAIL VARCHAR2(40) USERNAME VARCHAR2(20) PASS VARCHAR2(20) CID NUMBER CNAME NAME ADDR VARCHAR2(20) PHONNO PHONE PDETAILS PERSONALDET QDETAILS QUALIFIC JDETAILS JOBDET SKILL SKILLS

12. View - JobtempCreate or replace type jobtemp as object(jid number, description varchar(20), area varchar(10), location varchar(20)) not final;

desc jobtemp jobtemp is NOT FINAL Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

JID NUMBER DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(10) LOCATION VARCHAR2(20)

13. View - Eligcreate or replace type elig under jobtemp(degree varchar(5),exp number,skill skills) not final;

desc elig elig extends SYSTEM.JOBTEMP elig is NOT FINAL Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

JID NUMBER DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(10) LOCATION VARCHAR2(20) DEGREE VARCHAR2(5) EXP NUMBER SKILL SKILLS

14. View - Intercreate or replace type inter under jobtemp(vdate date, venu varchar(10)) not final;

desc inter inter extends SYSTEM.JOBTEMP Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

JID NUMBER DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(10) LOCATION VARCHAR2(20) VDATE DATE VENU VARCHAR2(10)

CREATE TABLES:

1. Table - Acccreate table acc of account(primary key(email,username));

desc acc Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMAIL NOT NULL VARCHAR2(40) USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20) PASS VARCHAR2(20)

2. Table - Companycreate table company of comp(primary key(coid));

desc company Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMAIL VARCHAR2(40) USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20) PASS VARCHAR2(20) COID NOT NULL NUMBER CNAME VARCHAR2(20) CPERSON VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(20) PHONENO PHONE

3. Table - Candidatecreate table candidate of cresume(primary key(cid));

desc candidate Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMAIL VARCHAR2(40) USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20) PASS VARCHAR2(20) CID NOT NULL NUMBER CNAME NAME ADDR VARCHAR2(20) PHONNO PHONE PDETAILS PERSONALDET QDETAILS QUALIFIC JDETAILS JOBDET SKILL SKILLS

4. Table - Jobscreate table jobs of jobtemp(primary key(jid));

desc jobs Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

JID NOT NULL NUMBER DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(10) LOCATION VARCHAR2(20)

5. Table - Interviewcreate table interview of inter(jid references jobs(jid), primary key(jid));

desc interview Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

JID NOT NULL NUMBER DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(10) LOCATION VARCHAR2(20) VDATE DATE VENU VARCHAR2(10)

6. Table - Eligibilitycreate table eligiblity of elig(jid references jobs(jid), primary key(jid));

desc eligiblity Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

JID NOT NULL NUMBER DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(20) AREA VARCHAR2(10) LOCATION VARCHAR2(20) DEGREE VARCHAR2(5) EXP NUMBER SKILL SKILLS

CREATE RELATIONS:

1. Relation - Postscreate table posts(coid number references company(coid), jid number references jobs(jid), primary key(coid,jid))

2. Relation - Callscreate table calls(cid number references candidate(cid), jid number references interview(jid), primary key(cid,jid))

CREATE SEQUENCE:

1. Sequence - setcoidcreate sequence setcoid 2 increment by 1 3 start with 100 4 ;

2. Sequence - setcidcreate sequence setcid 2 increment by 1 3 start with 1 4 ;

3. Sequence - setjidcreate sequence setjid 2 increment by 1 3 start with 1 4 ;

CREATE SYNONYMS :

create synonym iselected for interview;

CREATE VIEWS

create view e_candidate as select cid, qdetails from candidate;

CREATE INDEXES :

create index ind1 on company(coid, cname);

desc user_indexes;

create index ind2 on jobs(area);

select table_name, index_name, index_type from user_indexes;

desc user_segments;

Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- SEGMENT_NAME VARCHAR2(81) PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR2(30) SEGMENT_TYPE VARCHAR2(18) TABLESPACE_NAME VARCHAR2(30) BYTES NUMBER BLOCKS NUMBER EXTENTS NUMBER INITIAL_EXTENT NUMBER NEXT_EXTENT NUMBER MIN_EXTENTS NUMBER MAX_EXTENTS NUMBER PCT_INCREASE NUMBER FREELISTS NUMBER FREELIST_GROUPS NUMBER BUFFER_POOL VARCHAR2(7)

alter table jobs add(annualreport CLOB);

INHERITANCE:

1. Insert into both acc and companyinsert into acc Values (comp('&email','&username','&pass',setcoid.nextval,'&cname','&cperson','&area',phone(&ph1,&ph2)))select treat (value(p) as comp) from acc pselect value(p) from acc p where value(p) is of (comp);

2. Insert into both acc and companyinsert into acc values(cresume('&email','&username','&pass',setcid.nextval,name('&first','&middle','&last'),'&addr',phone(&ph1,&ph2),personaldet('&gender','&mstatus',date_ty('&birthdate')),qualific(qualification('&degree','&year','&univ'), qualification('&degree','&year','&univ')),jobdet(jobdettemp('&post',&jyear,'&area','&company',&exp),jobdettemp('&post',&jyear,'&area','&company',&exp)),skills('&sk1','&sk2')))select treat (value(p) as cresume) from acc pselect value(p) from acc p where value(p) is of (cresume);

3. Insert into both jobs and eligibility of that jobinsert into jobs values (elig(&jid,'&description','&area','&location','&degree',&exp,skills('&s1','&s2')))select treat (value(p) as elig) from jobs pselect value(p) from jobs p where value(p) is of (elig);

CREATE TRIGGRS

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER too_youngAFTER insert OR updateON candidate FOR EACH ROWBEGINIF : new.pdetails.dob(new.pdetails.dob.birthdate) <18THENRAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(20001,’APPLICANT MUST BE 18 YEARS OF AGE TO POST HIS/HER RESUM THANK YOU FOR VISITING’);END IF;END;

INSERT QUERIES :

insert into acc values('&email','&username','&pass')

SQL> insert into company values('&email','&username','&pass',setcoid.nextval,'&cname','&cperson','&area',phone(&ph1,&ph2));Enter value for email: acc@accenture.comEnter value for username: ACCENTUREEnter value for pass: 123Enter value for cname: ACCENTUREEnter value for cperson: JudasEnter value for area: ITEnter value for ph1: 28765647Enter value for ph2: 9898098765old 1: insert into company values('&email','&username','&pass',setcoid.nextval,'&cname','&cperson','&area',phone(&ph1,&ph2))new 1: insert into company values('acc@accenture.com','ACCENTURE','123',setcoid.nextval,'ACCENTURE','Judas','IT',phone(28765647,9898098765))

1 row created.

insert into candidate values('&email','&username','&pass',setcid.nextval,name('&first','&middle','&last'),'&addr',phone(&ph1,&ph2),personaldet('&gender','&mstatus',date_ty('&birthdate')),qualific(qualification('&degree','&year','&univ'), qualification('&degree','&year','&univ')),jobdet(jobdettemp('&post',&jyear,'&area','&company',&exp),jobdettemp('&post',&jyear,'&area','&company',&exp)),skills('&sk1','&sk2'))

insert into jobs values(setjid.nextval,'&dscription','&area','&location')

insert into eligiblity values(&jid,'&description','&area','&location','&degree',&exp,skills('&s1','&s2'))

insert into interview values(&jid,'&desc','&area','&loc','&date','&venue')

SQL> insert into calls values ('&cid', '&jid');Enter value for cid: 8Enter value for jid: 1old 1: insert into calls values ('&cid', '&jid')new 1: insert into calls values ('8', '1')

1 row created.

SQL> insert into posts values ('&coid', '&jid');Enter value for coid: 120Enter value for jid: 1old 1: insert into posts values ('&coid', '&jid')new 1: insert into posts values ('120', '1')

1 row created.

SQL Queries

1. AccountSQL> select * from acc;

EMAIL USERNAME PASS ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------- ------------virajcdesai@gmail.com viraj 12345 pranavgandhi01@gmail.com pranav 12345 nicthegladiator@yahoo.com nishad 12345 tapan269@gmail.com tapan 12345 urvish_techguy@hotmail.com urvish 12345 khyati310@gmail.com khyati 12345 namya26@hotmail.com namrata 12345 resha232@hotmail.com resha 12345 huzaifa.n@gmail.com huzaifa 12345 karandeajinkya@hotmail.com ajinkya 12345 priyankmg@gmail.com priyank 12345

11 rows selected.

2. CandidateSQL> select * from candidate;

EMAIL USERNAME PASS CID CNAME(FIRST, MIDDLE, LAST) ADDR PHONNO ------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------virajcdesai@gmail.com viraj 12345 8 NAME('Viraj', 'Chetan', 'Desai') Borivali PHONE(28861977, 9920231580) resha232@hotmail.com resha 12345 11 NAME('Resha', 'Pravin', 'Haria') Borivali PHONE(28334455, 9876538712) namya26@hotmail.com namrata 12345 12 NAME('Namrata', 'Kumar', 'Damania') Churchgate PHONE(26648899, 9833987654) nictheator@yahoo.com nishad 12345 13 NAME('Nishad', 'Ketan', 'Chhaya') Malad PHONE(28333482, 9819518722)pgandhi01@gmail.com pranav 12345 14 NAME('Pranav', 'Kumar', 'Gandhi') Goregaon PHONE(28735467, 9869065481) urvish@hotmail.com urvish 12345 15 NAME('Urvish', 'Pinakin', 'Desai') Parle PHONE(26145678, 9820173354)

USERNAME PDETAILS(GENDER, MSTATUS, DOB(BIRTHDATE)) --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------viraj PERSONALDET('male', 'single', DATE_TY('22-MAR-88'))resha PERSONALDET('fema', 'marr', DATE_TY('23-FEB-88')) namrata PERSONALDET('fema', 'single', DATE_TY('26-OCT-87')) nishad PERSONALDET('male', 'single', DATE_TY('14-MAY-87')) pranav PERSONALDET('male', 'marr', DATE_TY('22-JAN-87')) urvish PERSONALDET('male', 'single', DATE_TY('14-JUL-87'))

USERNAME QDETAILS(DEGREE, YEAR, UNIV) ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viraj QUALIFIC(QUALIFICATION('BE', '2009', 'MU'), QUALIFICATION('MBA',

'2011', 'IIM-A'))resha QUALIFIC(QUALIFICATION('BA', '2008', 'MU'), QUALIFICATION('MA',

'2010', 'MU')) namrata QUALIFIC(QUALIFICATION('BCom', '2008', 'MU'),

QUALIFICATION('Mcom', '2010', 'MU')) nishad QUALIFIC(QUALIFICATION('BE', '2009', 'MU'), QUALIFICATION('MS',

'2011', 'CSU')) pranav QUALIFIC(QUALIFICATION('BE', '2009', 'MU'), QUALIFICATION('MBA',

'2011', 'NMIMS'))urvish QUALIFIC(QUALIFICATION('BE', '2009', 'MU'), QUALIFICATION('MS',

'2011', 'CSU'))

USERNAME JDETAILS(POST, JYEAR, AREA, COMPANY, EXP) --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viraj JOBDET(JOBDETTEMP('Trainee', 2011, 'IT', 'TCS', 1),

JOBDETTEMP('Manager', 2012, 'IT', 'TCS', 3)) resha JOBDET(JOBDETTEMP('Trainee', 2010, 'Finance', 'TCS', 1),

JOBDETTEMP('Manager', 2011, 'Finance', 'AIRTEL', 2)) namrata JOBDET(JOBDETTEMP('Accountant', 2010, 'Finance', 'INFOSYS', 1),

JOBDETTEMP('Accountant', 2011, 'Finance', 'TCS', 2))nishad JOBDET(JOBDETTEMP('Trainee', 2011, 'IT', 'AIRTEL', 1),

JOBDETTEMP('Manager', 2012, 'Finance', 'TCS', 2))pranav JOBDET(JOBDETTEMP('Trainee', 2011, 'Finance', 'INFOSYS', 1),

JOBDETTEMP('Accountant', 2012, 'Finance', 'TCS', 2))urvish JOBDET(JOBDETTEMP('Trainee', 2011, 'IT', 'PATNI', 1),

JOBDETTEMP('Manager', 2012, 'IT', 'TCS', 2))

USERNAME SKILLS----------------------- ---------------viraj SKILLS('Java', 'C')resha SKILLS('Accounts', 'Java')namrata SKILLS('Java', 'Accounts')nishad SKILLS('Java', 'Accounts')pranav SKILLS('C', 'C++') urvish SKILLS('Oracle', 'HTML')

6 rows selected.

3. Calls

SQL> select * from calls;

CID JID ---------- ---------- 8 1 8 2 8 4 8 5 15 1 14 2 13 5 13 6 12 4 11 4 11 2

11 rows selected.

4. Company

SQL> select * from company;

EMAIL USERNAME PASS COID CNAME ------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------- ---------- -------------------- acc@accenture.com ACCENTURE 123 120 ACCENTURE tcs@tcs.com TCS 123 121 TCS air@airtel.com AIRTEL 123 122 AIRTEL info@infosys.com INFOSYS 123 123 INFOSYS patni@patni.com PATNI 123 124 PATNI

USERNAME CPERSON AREA PHONENO---------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------- ---------------ACCENTURE Judas IT PHONE(28765647, 9898098765) TCS Ratan IT PHONE(26426767, 9876546780)AIRTEL ShahRukh Finance PHONE(24145665, 9920233445)INFOSYS Narayan IT PHONE(24427656, 9920076876) PATNI Yakub Finance PHONE(26678909, 9821345678)

5. Eligibility

SQL> select * from eligiblity;

JID DESCRIPTION AREA LOCATION DEGRE EXP SKILL ------- ------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------- ------------- -------- ----------- 1 Manager IT Dadar MBA 2 SKILLS('Java', 'C') 2 Trainee IT Borivali BE 1 SKILLS('C', 'Accounts') 3 Accountant Finance Borivali BA 2 SKILLS('Oracle', 'Java') 4 Trainee Finance Malad BCom 2 SKILLS('Accounts', 'Java')

6. Interview

select * from interview;

JID DESCRIPTION AREA LOCATION VDATE VENU ---------- ------------------------------ -------------- ------------------------ ------------------- ---------- 1 Trainee IT Dadar 22-APR-09 Dadar 2 Manager IT Borivali 24-APR-09 Dadar 4 Accountant Finance Malad 25-APR-09 Malad 5 Manager Finance Santacruz 22-APR-09 Santacruz 6 Trainee Finance Parle 23-APR-09 Parle

7. Jobs

SQL> select * from jobs;

JID DESCRIPTION AREA LOCATION -------- ------------------------ ------------ -------------------- 1 Manager IT Dadar 2 Manager Finance Dadar 3 Trainee IT Borivali 4 Accountant Finance Parle 5 Manager IT Malad 6 Trainee Finance Dadar

6 rows selected.