Modul bahasa inggris i

STUDENT’S HANDOUT OF ENGLISH 1

LEARNING ACTIVITY I : GRAMMAR

Basic Understanding about English GrammarGrammar dalam bahasa inggris dapat diartikan tata bahasa atau sistem bahasa. Yang mencakup : Pronoun and Noun, Word/Part of speech, Phrase, Sentence, Tenses, Moda Auxiliaries, Gerund and Infinitive, Passive Voice, Reported Speech, and Relative Clause.

I. PRONOUN AND NOUN

Macam Pronoun

PenjelasanContoh Kalimat Pronoun

Personal Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.

I, you, us, them, its

Demonstrative Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance (jarak).

this, that, these, those

Interrogative Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.

Who is that man?(Siapa lelaki itu?)

Relative Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti yang biasanya digunakan untuk memperkenalkan relative clause yang menerangkan noun.

The packet, which was sent a week ago, has received.(Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.)

Indefinite Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara umum atau tidak spesifik.

anything, everything, none

Reflexive Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu clause atau kalimat.

I‘m going to buy myself new jeans.(Saya akan membeli celana jins.)

Intensive Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan pada noun yang mendahuluinya.

I myself promise not to corrupt the project.(Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek tersebut.)

Reciprocal Pronoun

Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek melakukan aksi yang sama satu sama lain.

each other, one another

Kata Ganti orang atau Personal Pronoun.

English is the window of the world


Berikut ini adalah tabel kata ganti untuk orang pertama (first person), kedua (second person), dan ketiga (third person).

Number PersonCaseSubjective Objective Possessive

Singular 1st I me mine2nd you you yours3rd she, he, it her, him, it hers, his, its

Plural 1st we us ours2nd you you yours3rd they them theirs

Subject Pronouns

Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai subjek kata kerja adalah I, you, he, she, it, we, dan they. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:- Lisa likes cats. She has four cats.

Pada kalimat pertama, Lisa (proper noun) adalah subjek kalimat atau subjek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, she adalah subjek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk Lisa.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai subjek:- My name is Michael. I am fourteen.- My father works hard. He works in a factory.- My sister is older than me. She is twelve.- Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.- Bob, you are a bad boy!- David and I are playing football. We like sports.- Jim and Jeff are my brothers. They are older than I am.

Object Pronouns

Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai objek kata kerja adalah me, you, him, her, it, us dan them. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:- Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.

Pada kalimat pertama, cats adalah objek kalimat atau objek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, them adalah objek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk cats.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai objek:- I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.- Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later.- Where is John? I need to speak to him.- Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her.- The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.- - My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.

Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, pembicara atau orang yang berbicara disebut dengan orang pertama (first person), sedangkan yang diajak berbicara adalah orang kedua (second person), dan orang yang dibicarakan disebut sebagai orang ketiga (third person).Possessive Pronoun vs Possessive Adjective



Kata ini mirip dengan possessive adjective (disebut juga possessive determiner) — semakna namun berbeda dalam struktur. Possessive pronoun menggantikan noun sedangkan possessive adjective ditempatkan sebelum noun.

Person

Number Possessive Pronoun Number Possessive Adjective

1st singular mine singular/plural

my2nd yours your3rd hers, his, its her, his, its1st plural ours our2nd yours your3rd theirs their

Catatan:Hers dan her untuk female (perempuan), his untuk male (laki-laki), sedangkan its untuk gender netral.Contoh Kalimat Possessive Pronoun vs Adjective:

Possessive Pronoun Possessive AdjectiveMine has worn out. (Punya saya sudah aus.)

My shoes have worn out. (Sepatu saya sudah aus.)

I like yours. (Saya suka punyamu.) I like your style. (Saya suka gayamu.)This is hers. (Ini miliknya.) This is her scarf.(ini syalnya.)They are using ours. (Mereka sedang menggunakan punya kita.)

They are using our tools. (Mereka sedang menggunakan peralatan kita.)

Yours are on the table. (Punya kalian di atas meja.)

Your tickets are on the table.(Tiket kalian di atas meja.)

Theirs are the best for dry skin.(Punya mereka terbaik untuk kulit kering.)

Their products are the best for dry skin. (Produk mereka terbaik untuk kulit kering.)

Penggunaan Possessive PronounPossessive pronoun digunakan ketika object of possession diketahui berdasarkan konteks. Biasanya ada bagian pendahulu atau antecedent, singular atau plural, yang berhubungan dengan object of possession tersebut.Contoh Kalimat Possessive Pronoun: My brother’s study table was pink. Mine was light blue. (Meja belajar saudara saya

merah muda. Punya saya biru muda.) I hate my job. Do you hate yours? (Saya benci pekerjaan saya. Apa kamu benci

(pekerjaanmu)?) Whose wallet is this? It’s hers. (Dompet punya siapa ini? Itu miliknya.) Those aren’t our new uniforms. Those are theirs. (Itu bukan seragam baru kita. Itu

punya mereka.)

Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns adalah kata benda atau nomina yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Bentuk possessive dipakai bersama suatu nomina yang menunjuk pada seseorang, sekelompok orang, negara, atau binatang.Contoh possessive nouns yang menyatakan kepemilikan suatu benda: Tom owns a car. “Tom” adalah pemilik dari “a car”, maka bentuk possessive-nya

adalah: It is Tom's car.Contoh possessive nouns dengan bentuk sebelumnya: The car of John = John’s car.- The room of the girls = The girls’ room. The sister of Charles = Charles’ sister.



The boat of the sailors = The sailors’ boat.

Selain menyatakan kepemilikan atas benda, possessive nouns juga dapat menyatakan relasi antara seseorang terhadap hubungan kekeluargaan, tempat kegiatannya, dan sifat atau karakternya. Contoh:- Mark goes to that school. That is Mark’s school.Camilla’s mother.- Luke’s patience.

Perhatikan catatan dan aturan pembentukan possessive nouns berikut di bawah ini.Jika singular nouns tidak berakhiran –s, tambahkan ‘s (apostrof dan s) The delivery boy’s truck was blocking the driveway. Bob Dole’s concession speech was stoic and dignified. The student’s attempts to solve the problem were rewarded

Jika singular nouns berakhiran –s, tambahkan ‘s, kecuali bila kata berikutnya diawali dengan huruf s, maka tambahkan saja apostrof (termasuk juga kata yang bersuara s and sh.) The boss’s temper was legendary among his employees.- The boss’ sister was even

meaner. The witness’s version of the story has several inconsistencies.

Jika singular proper nouns berakhiran –s, tambahkan saja apostrof Chris’ exam scores were higher than any other students.

Jika plural nouns berakhiran –s, tambahkan apostrof saja. Hal ini juga berlaku untuk kata berbentuk singular yang berakhiran -s (seperti kata mathematics dan measles) The instructor asked us to analyze ten poems’ meanings. The dog catcher had to check all of the dogs’ tags. It is hard to endure the Marine Corps’ style of discipline.

Jika plural nouns tidak berakhiran –s, tambahkan ‘s (apostrof dan s) Many activists in Oregon are concerned with children’s rights. Everyone was disappointed with the American media’s coverage of the Olympics in

Atlanta.

Jika memakai gabungan nomina possessive (joint possession), maka gunakan bentuk possessive pada nomina yang paling dekat dengan kata berikutnya. Clinton and Gore's campaign was successful. She was worried about her mother and father's marriage. Beavis and Butthead's appeal is absolutely lost on me.

Jika dua nomina atau lebih dipakai untuk menyatakan kepemilikannya masing-masing (separate possession), maka gunakan bentuk possessive pada setiap nomina.- The owner’s and the boss’s excuses were equally false.- The dog’s and the cats’ owners were in school when the fire broke out.

Dalam suatu konstruksi gabungan (compound constructions), gunakan bentuk possessive pada nomina yang paling dekat dengan kata berikutnya (sebaiknya hindari pemakaian bentuk possessive untuk konstruksi gabungan berbentuk plural (compound plurals)).- My father-in-law’s BMW is really fun to drive.- The forest ranger’s truck is painted an ugly shade of green.



Bentuk possessive juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebuah toko, restoran, sekolah, tempat ibadah, dsb. dengan memakai nama, merek, atau pekerjaan dari si pemilik, misalnya: the grocer's, the newsagent's, the dentist's, Saint Mary's, the doctor's, the chemist's, etc.

Beberapa ungkapan umum yang memakai bentuk possessive:- a day's work- a fortnight's holiday- a month's pay- today's newspaper- in a year's time- For God's sake!- a pound's worth of apples.- the water's edge- a stone's throw away (= very near)- at death's door (= very ill)- in my mind's eye (= in my imagination)

Noun: Singular and Plural

Singular nouns adalah kata benda tunggal. Perbedaan kata benda tunggal (singular nouns) dan kata benda jamak (plural nouns) dalam kalimat bahasa inggris perlu diperhatikan karena berpengaruh terhadap kata kerja (baik verb tobe, verb to have maupun kata kerja. Plural nouns adalah kata benda jamak. Pada umumnya kata benda jamak di bentuk dengan menambah “S” atau “ES” pada kata benda tunggal, degan beberapa pengecualian.Kata benda tunggal dalam kalimat harus memakai kata kerja tumggal, sedangkan kata benda jamak harus menggunakan kata kerja jamak. Contoh :* This car is expensive : mobil ini mahal ( car bentuk tunggal menggunakan is )

* These cars are expensive : mobil-mobil ini mahal ( cars bentuk jamak menggunakan are )

Cara-cara membentuk kata benda jamak:A. Dengan menambah “S” pada kata benda tunggal jika tidak termasuk dalam daftar huruf

desis.Singular (tunggal) plural (jamak) meaning (artinya)door doors pintuhand hands tanganschool schools sekolahhouse houses rumahtable tables mejastudent students pelajar (murid)dog dogs anjingcat cats kucingpencil pencils pensilbird birds burungcake cakes kuetree trees pohonlecturer lecturers dosenruler rulers penggaris



flower flowers bunga

B. Dengan menambah “ES”, jika kata benda tunggal berakhiran huruf desis, seperti S, SS, CH, TCH, SH, X, Z.Singular (tunggal) plural (jamak) meaning (artinya)Ash ashes abuBus buses basBrush brushes sikat/kuasDish dishes piringClass classes kelasGlass glasses kelasBox boxes kotakBuzz buzzes dengunganQuiz quizes ulangan/kuisBranch branches dahanChurch churches gerejaMatch matches korek apiWatch watches arlojiDress dresses gaunFox foxes srigalaSex sexes jenis kelaminTax taxes pajakBench benches bangku

EXERCISES

A. complete the sentences with him/her/them1. I don’t know those girls. Do you know .................................?2. I don’t know tha man. Do you know .................................?3. I don’t know those people. Do you know .................................?4. I don’t know Bill’s wife. Do you know .................................?5. I don’t know Mr. Joe. Do you know .................................?6. I don’t know Gate’s parents. Do you know ........................?7. I don’t know the woman in the black dress. Do you know...........?

B. complete the sentences. Use I/me/you/she/her etc.1. I want to see her, but ...........doesn’t want to see ..............2. They want to see me, but .......don’t want to see .................3. She wants to see him, but ..............................4. We want to see them, but .............................5. He wants to see us, but ..............................6. They want to see her, but ...........................7. I want to see them, but ...............................8. You want to see her, but ............................

C. complete the sentences1. I don’t eat tomatoes. I don’t like them.2. George is a very nice man. I ..... ...................3. This jacket isn’t very nice. I ................... ........4. This is my new car. Do ............................?5. Mrs. Clark is not very friendly. I ..................6. These are my shoes. ..............................?



D. complete the sentences1. Who is that woman? Why are you looking at ..........?2. ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes, I work with .............’3. Where are the tickets? I can’t find ....................4. I can’t find my keys. Where are ................?5. We’re going out. You can come with ...........6. I’ve got a new computer. Do you want to see ...........?7. Maria likes music. ................plays the piano.8. I don’t like dogs. I’m afraid of ..........................9. I’m talking to you. Please listen to .........................10. Where is Anna? I want to talk to ..........................11. You can have these CDs. I don’t want ................12. My brother has a new job. But ....... doesn’t like ..........

E. complete the sentences1. I need that book. Can you give it to me?2. He wants the key. Can you ........................3. She wants the keys. Can you ..................4. I want the letter. Can you ...............5. They want the money. Can you ...............6. We want the photographs. Can you .............

F. complete the sentences1. I’m going to wash my hands.2. she’s going to wash ......................3. we’re going to wash.........................4. he’s going to wash...........................5. they’re going to wash.......................6. are you going to wash......................?

G. complete the sentences1. He lives with his parents. 2. They ..............................................3. We ..............................................4. Jane .............................................5. I ...................................................6. John .............................................7. Do you ........................................?8. Most children .................................



LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

Pada Bahan Belajar ini, mahasiswa mengena l kelompok kata (Parts of Speech) pembentukan kata (‘word formation’) melalui pemberian awalan (prefixes) dan akhiran (suffixes) baik yang bersifat derivatives, maupun inflectional, yang berdampak pada pengayaan kelompok kata bahasa Inggris. Mahasiswa juga mengenali persamaan kata (synonym), lawan kata (antonym), serta mengetahui pasangan kata yang sesuai (collocation) dalam bahasa Inggris.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Umum Mahasiswa dapat menguasai sejumlah kosa kata dalam bahasa Inngris dengan melakukan pengelompokkan kata, pembentukkan kata maupun pemasangan kata yang tepat dalam bahasa Inggris, dan menggunakannya dalam kalimat sederhana.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus 1. Mahasiswa dapat menganalisa kalimat sederhana ke dalam unsur-unsur kalimat. 2. Mahasiswa dapat mengelompokkan kata dalam bahasa Inggris dengan

pengelompokan fungsi yang tepat. 3. Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan ciri-ciri awalan maupun akhiran pembentuk kata

bahasa Inggris dan mengaplikasikannya dalam kalimat. 4. Mahasiswa dapat menggabungkan kata dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi frasa yang

bermakna. 5. Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan persamaan kata, lawan kata, maupun pasangan kata.

Untuk membantu Anda mencapai tujuan tersebut, Bahan Belajar ini diorganisasikan menjadi dua Kegiatan Belajar (KB), yaitu: KB1 : Reviewing ‘Parts of Sentence’ through analyzing simple sentences. KB2 : Reviewing ‘Parts of Speech’ through analyzing simple sentences.

2. WORD, PHRASE, SENTENCE

Explanation and Example

Word : a meaningful sound or combination of sounds that is a unit of language or its representation in a text. (=Kata adalah bunyi yang mengandung arti atau kombinasi bunyi sebagai satu kesatuan bahasa dalam bentuk teks)High, tall, house, room, books

Phrase : a string of words that form a grammatical unit, usually within a clause or sentence. (=Frasa adalah untaian kata-kata yang membentuk suatu unit tata bahasa, biasanya terkandung dalam kalimat/klausa).



Part of speech

Ketika kita memahami jenis-jenis kata (Part of speech) maka kita akan dengan mudah merangkai kata-kata tersebut menjadi sebuah kalimat sederhana secara grammatical.

Part of Speech

PengertianContoh Kalimat Part of Speech

Noun(Kata benda)

Part of speech ini digunakan untuk menamai orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak.

book, house, car, love;Your book is on the table. (Bukumu di atas meja.)

Pronoun(Kata ganti)

Pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan noun. Part of speech ini bermanfaat untuk menghindari repetisi penggunaan noun.

I, you, she, this, those, none;It is on the table.(Itu di atas meja.)

Verb(Kata kerja)

Part of speech ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindakan dari subject,menunjukkan peristiwa, atau keadaan.

hit, touch, write;You hit the nail on the head. (idiom: melakukan sesuatu dengan cara paling efektif.)

Adjective(Kata sifat)

Part of speech ini digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun.

a beautiful girl, the expensive carVina is a beautiful girl.(Vina adalah gadis yang cantik.)

Adverb(Kata keterangan)

Part of speech ini digunakan untuk menerangkan verb, adjective, maupun adverb lain. Macam-macam kata ini antaralain:adverb of time, manner, degree, modality, frequency, place & direction, dan focus.

yesterday, quicky, very, maybe, always, there, justThey met by chance yesterday.(Merekabertemu tidak sengaja kemarin.)

Preposition(Kata depan)

Part of speech ini dikombinasikan dengan noun atau pronoun, membentuk phrase (frasa) yang menerangkan verb, noun, atau adjective.

in the classroom, onthe floorIs sleeping on the floor good for my back?(Apakah tidur di lantai baik untuk punggung saya?)

Conjunction(Kata sambung)

Part of speech ini digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kata, phrase (frasa), clause (klausa), atau paragraph (paragraf). Kata ini terbagi menjadi coordinate, correlative, subordinate, dan adverbial conjunction.

but, both … and, although, however;I like that car, but I don’thave enough money to but it. (Saya suka mobil itu, tapi saya tidak punya cukup uang untuk membelinya.)

Interjection Interjection merupakan ucapan pendekdigunakan untuk mengungkapkan emosi.

“Alas, he failed.”“Oy! Look at me!”



Reviewing ‘Parts of Speech’ through analyzing simple sentences Pada kegiatan pembelajaran sebelumnya, Anda telah mempelajari unsur-unsur kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris, pada kegiatan pembelajaran ini Anda akan mempelajari pengelompokkan kata dalam bahasa Inggris berikut fungsinya dalam kalimat. Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal pengelompokkan kata (Parts of Speech), yakni: Kata Benda (Noun), Kata Kerja (Verb), Kata Sifat (Adjectives), dan Kata Keterangan (Adverb). Dalam paragraf selanjutnya akan diuraikan secara rinci masing-masing kelompok kata.

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1:Reviewing ‘Parts of Sentence’ through analyzing simple sentences. Kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris pada dasarnya terdiri dari dua unsur, yaitu (1) subject dan (2) predicate. Predicate dalam bahasa Inggris, terdiri dari (1) a predicating word (Verb), yang biasanya disertai dengan object, dan (2) a linking verb, yang biasanya disertai dengan complement berupa adjective (kata sifat) atau adverb (kata keterangan).

SubjectPredicating Words Object Adverbs

Linking verbs Complement

Subject Predicate

Dengan demikian kalimat bahasa Inggris memiliki unsur berikut

Subject Verb Object Adverb Complement (SVOAC)

Perhatikan contoh kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris berikut:1. The boy throws the ball into the water2. Mary is beautiful

Kalimat di atas diuraikan menjadi:

1.The boy throws the ball into the water

Subject Predicating Word Object Adverb

Subject Predicate

2.

Mary is beautiful

Subject Linking Verb Complement

Subject Predicate



LATIHANUntuk memperdalam pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah diuraikan di atas, kerjakanlah soal latihan berikut.

Task 1.1: Analyze the pattern of these sentences. Put S for subject, V for verb, O for object, C for complement, and A for adverb

RANGKUMANMaka pola kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris merupakan variasi dari Subject (S) Verb (V) Object (O) Complement (Adverb). Perhatikan pola kalimat di bawah ini:



TES FORMATIF IFrom the four words or phrases (A), (B), (C), or (D), choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. ____________ in fluorescent lamps, television tubes, and other devices.(A) Phosphors are used (C) To use phosphors(B) It is phosphors (D) Using phosphors

2. The tips of some undersea mountains ____________ islands in the middle of the ocean.(A) to form (B) they form (C) form (D) forming

3. ____________ of fish: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish.(A) It is three types (C) Three types(B) There are three types (D) Three types are

4. ____________to stop yourself from blinking except for a short period of time.(A) Impossible it (C) It impossible(B) Impossible (D) It is impossible

5. ____________ the Sitka spruce a hundred years to grow eleven inches.(A) It takes (C) By taking(B) To take (D) That takes

6. ____________ today was developed by the Swiss scientist Horace de Sassurearound 1773.(A) Mountaineering it as we know (C) We know mountaineering is(B) Mountaineering as we know it (D) We know there is mountaineering

7. ____________ of the surface of the Earth is covered by water.(A) Three-quarters is nearly (C) It is nearly three-quarters(B) There is nearly three-quarters (D) Nearly three-quarters

8. By the mid-eighteenth century ____________ many new immigrants entering North America from Europe that the original colonies in the Northeast were overcrowded.(A) it were (B) were (C) there (D) there were

9. ____________ not until the end of the seventeenth century that scientists began to stress the importance of experiment as a way of gaining knowledge.(A) There was (B) It was (C) There (D) It



GRAMMAR & TENSES

TENSES

Simple Present TenseBentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan bahwa pekerjaannya dilakukan pada waktu sekarang sebagai suatu kebiasaan.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+V1(es/s orang ketiga tunggal (she, he,it)+O...

She goes to hospital everyday (-) S+does/do not V1+O...

She does not go to hospital everyday; They do not go to hospital everyday(?) Does/do+S+V1+O...

Does she go to hospital everyday?

Waktu sekarang sebagai kebiasaan, dinyatakan dengan keterangan waktu seperti:Every day : setiap hariEvery week : setiap mingguEvery month : setiap bulanEvery year : setiap tahunEvery Friday : setiap hari Jum'atOn Friday : setiap hari Jum’atTwice a week : dua kali semingguOnce a week : sekali semingguIn the morning : di pagi hariAdverb of Frequency Always : selaluSometimes : kadangkalaUsually : biasanyaSeldom : jarang-jarangOften : seringkaliNever : tidak pernahHardly ever : hampir tidak pernah

Present continuous tenseDigunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang sedangberlangsung saat sekarang.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+to be (is, are, am)+ V1-ing+O...

I am studying English now(-) S+to be +not+V1+O...

She is not leaving now(?) To be+ S+V1-ing+O

Is she coming this morning ?

Present Perfect TenseBentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan bahwa pekerjaannya dimulai pada waktu lalu (indefinite time) dan pada saat diucapkan “sudah selesai dan ada hasilnya”Pola Kalimat :(+) S+has/have+V3/been+O...I have taken a medicine(-) S+has/have-not + V3/been + O...

I haven’t seen you for may age(?) Has/have + S + V3/been + O...



Have you taken a medicine ?

Present Perfect Continuous TenseBentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan bahwa pekerjannya telah dimulai pada waktu yang lalu, entah kapan dan masih berlangsung terus pada saat diucapkan entah sampai kapan.Bila diikuti keterangan”for....” atau “since....” Bisa juga mengandung pengertian bahwa pekerjannya masih berlangsung terus pada saat kalimatnya diucapkanPola Kalimat :(+) S+has/have+been+V1-ing+O...

I have been studying English for two months.(-) S+has/have+not+been+V1-ing

Joni has not been out for about one month.(+) Has/have +S+been+V1-ing

Have they been walking for an hour.

Simple Past TenseBentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan “pekerjannya” dilakukan padawaktu lampau.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+V2/to be (was/were)+O...(-) S+did not /was-were not + V1/Adjective(?) Did/was-were + S+V1-ing

Pada waktu lampau itu dinyatakan dengan kata keterangan waktuseperti :

yesterday : kemarin the day before yesterday : kemarin dulu two days ago : dua hari yang lalu three months ago : tiga bulan yang lalu many years ago : bertahun-tahun yang lalu last night : tadi malam last month : bulan yang lalu last week : minggu yang lalu last year : tahun yang lalu Last Friday : hari Jum’at yang lalu this morning : tadi pagi formerly : dahulu

Past Continuous TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau.

Pola Kalimat :(+) S+was/were+ V1-ing

I was working hard all day yesterday(-) S+ was/were not +V1-ing

She was not walking last night(?) Was/were + S+V1-ing

Was she walking ?

Past Perfect Tense



Untuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang telah selesai dilakukan di waktu lampau sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+had+ been +adj/adv/N

She had been ill(-) S+Had not +been +Adj/Adv/N

She had not been ill(?) Had+S+been +Adj/Adv/N

Had she been ill?

Past Perfect Continuous TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang sedang berlangsung terus di masa lampau, biasanya dalam jangka waktu tertentu.Pola Kalimat :(+) S + had + been + V1-ing

I had been sleeping(-) S + had not + been + V1-ing

She had not been sleeping(?) Had + S + been + V1-ing

Had you been sleeping ?

Present Future TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang akan terjadidi masa depan.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+ shall/will + be + V1-ing

I will be hungry, I am going to go home tomorrow(-) S + shall/will + not + have + been +adj/adv/N

I will not be hungry; I am going to go home.(?) Shall/will + S|+be+Adj/Adv/N

Will she be hungry ? ; Won’t you be hungry ? ; Are you going to go home ?

Present Future Continuous TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang akan sedang berlangsung di masa datang.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+Shall/Will+Be+V1-ing

I will be going home(-) S+Shall/Will not +Be+V1-ing

I will not be going home(?) Will/Shall +S+Be+V1-ing

Will you be going home

Present Future Perfect TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang telah dimulai di waktu lampau dan akan telah selesai di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datangPola Kalimat:(+) S+Shall/Will+Have+Been+Adj/Adv/N

I will have been there(-) S+Shall/Will+Not+Have+Been+Adj/Adv/N

You will not have been there(?) Shall/Will+S+Have+Been+Adj/Adv/N

Will you have been there ?



Past Future TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+Should/Would+Be+Adj/Adv/N

I should be hungry(-) S+Should/Would Not + Be+Adj/Adv/N

I should not be hungry(?) Should/Would +S+Adj/Adv/N

Would you be hungry ?

Past future continuous tenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang akan sedang dilakukan di waktu lampau.

Pola Kalimat:(+) S+Should/Would+Be+v1-ing

You should be running(-) S+Should/Would not + Be+V1-ing

You should not be running(?) Should/Would +S+Be+V1-ing

Would she be running?

Past Future Perfect TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang akan telah dilakukan di waktu lampau.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+Should/Would+Have+Been+Adj/Adv/N

I should been late(-) S+Should/Would not +Have+Been+Adj/Adv?

I should not have been late(?) Should/Would+S+Have+Been+Adj/Adv?N

Should I have been late?

Past Future Perfect Continuous TenseUntuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang akan telah sedang terjadi di waktu lampau.Pola Kalimat :(+) S+Should/Would+Have/Been+V1-ing

I should have been sleeping(-) S+Should/Would not+Have+Been+V1-ing

I should not have been sleeping(?) Should/Would+S+Have+Been+V1-ing

Would I have been sleeping?

COMMANDS-REQUESTS



COMMANDS(Kalimat perintah)Pola : Open + Your bookContoh:1. Sweep the floor.2. Polish your hair.3. Comb your hair.

NEGATIVE COMMANDS(Kalimat larangan)Pola: Do not + smoke atau Don’t + smokeContoh:1. Don’t talk2. Don’t make noise3. Don’t write on the wall

REQUEST (Kalimat permintaan)

Open thedoor Please!

ATAU

Please open the doorDo not talk, Please! Please do not talkWill you come here

Please! Will you please come here?

Would you write your name

Please! Would you please,

write your name?

Would you like To smoke?

Would you mind helping me?

Won’t join us?

Let us study here

Let’s study here

Ada juga pola klaimat yang tidak menggunakan Verb (kata kerja), sehingga pola yang digunakan sebagai berikut:

Pola Contoh

Be + Adjective Be diligent !

Be + Adverb Be here !

Be + Nouns Be a teacher!



LANGUAGE FUNCTION

1. Functional expressions

Introducing yourself Skills For introduction yourself is the first step of starting communication between nurse and patient. The most important things of introducing yourself are by saying greeting, contract time, and mention your name.For example: 1. Hello, my name is Joni 2. How do you do? 3. Nice to meet you 4. I am in charge today 5. How do you spell your name?

Practice the dialogue

(1) Visit the patient N: Hello, Mr. Joni, I’m Ani. I’m on duty tonightP: I see… N: How are you? P: I’m better thanks N: Alright Mr. Joni, see you later.

Offering services In some activities, one of the nurse’ role is encouraging patient to offer nursing care to the patient.For example: 1. What can I do for you? 2. Do you need any help? 3. Do you want me to help you? 4. If you need anything, let me know. 5. Is there anything I can do?


(1) In the patient room N : Did you press the buzzer Joni? P : Yes I did N: What is it? P : Can I have rice for my lunch today? N : I’ll ask the doctor. Anything else? P : I miss ice cream N : Wow… let me ask the doctor, OK? P : Thanks. N : Welcome

1.3 Giving direction Giving direction is one of competence that nurse and midwife must be posses. Nursing intervention needs the direction, clearly, accurately, and relevance.For example: 1. You’d better sit down, madam



2. After that, you need to do the pre admission test. 3. Before the test you must be fasting 4. When you get the results, please come back here. 5. The laboratory is down the hallway


(1) In the laboratory P : Good morning, I’m Rini. This is the note from the registration officeN : Thank you Mister/Mrs.… P : Rini… Rini Dahlan N : Mr Dahlan… Right. Now, Mr. Dahlan… you take this (note) to the gentleman in that

room P : I see N : You will have a urine test. When it’s done, you’ll go to the lady in the opposite

room. P : Alright. What did I do there? N: She will do the blood test P : Thank you N : Welcome

1.5 Explaining Explaining is used to explain something about information questions. You need to use some conjunction wards such as: and, but, or, then, after that, because, for example etc.For example: 1. Let me tell you this… 2. Generally speaking, smoking is harmful 3. However, they should maintain balanced diet. 4. This will give you a lot of energy 5. Because milk contains a lot of energy.

Practice the dialogue: (1) A patient afraid will be examined by doctor P : Nurse, what’s going to happen there? N : First, the doctor will ask you detailed questions. P : About what? N : About your health… and any illness you may have had. P : Then? N : The doctor will physically examine you. P : With my cloths on? N : Well you may need to take off most\t your clothing. P : But…? N : You can ask to be examined by a doctor of the same sex as yourself. P : Oh Okay.

1.6 Describing The Function of describing is focused on describing something, such as instruments, part of the body, diseases, and procedur es of intervention.

For example: 1. How is she? 2. She doesn’t look very good (seriously ill) 3. How was it? (How was the operation?) 4. It went very well



5. The theatre was very cold though.

Practice the dialogue: (1) The condition of patient S : How is you little patient? N : His throat is swollen and he’s got temperature. S : Do you think it’s just infection? N : I guess so…the secondary viral infection after the flu S : I see… So, nothing serious. N : Well looks better than yesterday, but I’d better watch out S : He’s a happy kid. N : You’re right. He’s a lovely boy

1.7 Convincing The function of convincing is to make sure about our intervention that it will help patient of recovery.

For example: 1. Don’t worry, it has no side effects. 2. I’m sure you’ll get well soon 3. I think surgery is the only solution 4. You’ll be home in a couple of days 5. You should really consider it

Practice the dialogue: (1) Convincing the patient in order to reduce the weight P : What do you think? N : It looks like you’ve been putting on weight, madam P : Really? Wow N : You’re supposed to loose some/ it’s extremely important P : Is it? N : Sure it is P : But I’ve tried to eat less and sometimes I skip dinner N : well, you need to consider both quantity and quality. You consider the carbohydrate

and fat content P : That is not easy, isn’t it?

1.8 Persuading Persuading purposes to persuade patient to obey all regulations. The words that commonly used in persuading are probably, would be, likely etc. For example: 1. I would say that you need a doctor 2. It is a likely that you need medication 3. We really need your supports 4. Could you consider the proposals? 5. Staying in the hospital is not bad idea Practice the dialogue:

(1) Persuading to see the operate N: Doctor Joni, can I ask you something? D: Sure, what is it? N: May I watch you perform the operation today? D: But you’re a ward nurse. N: I know, but I want to be in the theatre once a while. O doesn’t dare ask the other doctors. D: Wouldn’t you be on duty this afternoon?



N: No, I’ll be free after lunch. Is okay doctor? D: Not a problem. I’ll let the theatre people know. N: Thank you very much, doctor. I really appreciate that. D: Don’t mention it. See you there. N: see you, doctor.

1.9 Consoling/soothing Consoling purposes to consul patient to be calm down or relaxFor example: 1. Take it easy… 2. Calm down… 3. Don’t worry… 4. Take a deep breath … 5. You’re in pain. Aren’t you?

Practice the dialogue: (1) Patient need comfortable and relaxing N : Good morning… How are you? P : Well… not very good, I’m afraid N : I can see that…, but we’ll help you out. Now… shall we try to something to make

you relaxed? P : Do you think it will work?N : It usually does. Just relax… Take this seat and put your head down here…Dr, Joni is

a real expert here. P : Is she? N : Yes… she knows what to do. You will like her P : I hope so.

1.10 Encouraging/motivating Encouraging is used by nurse to encourage patient to have a positive thinking about her/his disease

For example: 1. I’m sure you will make it. 2. Have faith and everything will work out well 3. Be brave and you’ll be okay 4. You need to see the bright side of it. 5. Just does it, you’ve got nothing to loose.

Practice the dialogue: (1) A patient gets loss of her leg and doubt to go home. P : I don’t know what to do… N : You may not know what to do now, Sir. But once you’re out there…There’s so

much to do. P : I feel so useless N : I understand the feelings. Some people think this is the end of the world. But many

handicapped people do useful things, Things they never thought of before. P : Like what? N : One of our patients last year… You know, he writes now. He says he can’t be

happier. P : Really? I should think of hobby now. N : Why not. Everyone has potentials. P : That’s true. Thanks. N: Welcome.



Telling the timeTiming (hours, month, date)



Smallpox Cacar Measles Campak Mumps Gondongan/ gondok Whooping-cough Batuk kodok (kinkhus)34Chicken-pox Cacar air Polio (infantile paralysis) Sakit lumpuh (polio) Diphtheria Dipteral These diseases are all contagious Penyakit-penyakit ini semuanya menularSome of them can be prevented by vaccinationAda diantaranya yang dapat dicegah dengan vaksinasiHave the children been vaccinated yet? Apakah anak-anak sudah dicacar (disuntik)? Yes, they have just had their smallpox vaccination Ya, mereka baru dicacar They have been vaccinated against smallpox (Melawan sakit cacar)Other illness Penyakit-penyakit lain Dysentery Mejan, disentri Tonsillitis Sakit amandel Appendicitis Sakit usus buntu Pneumonia Radang paru-paru Indigestion Pencernaan makanan kurang baik Rheumatism Encok, rematik Heart trouble Sakit jantung High blood pressure Darah tinggi Diabetes Kencing manis, penyakit gula Hepatitis, jaundice Sakit kuning Tuberculosis TBC Malaria Malaria Cancer Kanker35Dengue Demam berdarahc. At the Hospital Di Rumah SakitHe’s in (the) hospital Ia di rumah sakit He has to go to (the) hospital Ia harus pergi ke rumah sakit He was taken to (the) hospital Ia dibawa ke rumah sakit He went by ambulance Ia dibawa ke rumah sakit pakai ambulansPlease phone Emergency and call for an ambulanceToonglah, telpon nomor Darurat, dan minta dikirim ambulansHe has to be operated on He has to have an operationIa harus dioperasiHe has been operated on He has had an operationIa telah dioperasiThe operation was successful Operasinya berhasil Was he under anesthesia Apakah ia dibius? What are the visiting hours? Jam berapa terima tamu (waktu kunjungan)? The visiting hours is from eleven to twelve Waktu kunjungan dari jam 11 sampai 12d. Getting Well Menjadi sembuhHow are you today? Bagaimana keadaan anda hari ini? I’m much better, thank you Baikan, terima kasih Is he well now? Sudah sembuh dia? Yes, he’s well now Ya, sudah sembuh36He has recovered from his illness he’s worse todayHari ini keadaannya kurang baikHe’s had a relapse Penyakitnya kambuh I hope you will get well soon I wish you a speedy recovery Best wishes for a speedy recovery Mudah-mudahan cepat sembuhTo heal – menyembuhkan, menjadi sembuh A healer – penyembuh, juga dukun The cut is healing – luka berangsur sembuh His hand is healing very well – tangannya menjadi sembuhe. Hurt, Pain, Sore Merasa sakitOuch! I cut myself Aduh! Terpotong! Terluka! Does is hurt? Sakitkah Yes, it hurts a lot Ya, sakit sekali No, it doesn’t hurt Tidak, tidak sakit - What’s the matter? Did you hurt yourself? (Mengapa?) Ada apa? Ada sakit? Cedera, luka? - Yes I think I broke my arm atau my arm’s broken Ya, saya kira tangan saya patah Don’t hurt me Jangan menyakiti saya37You hurt me Anda saya menyakiti saya You hurt his feelings Anda menyakiti hatinya He feels hurt Dia merasa sakit hati Does it hurt? = Is it painful? Sakitkah? Yes, it hurts = Yes, it’s very painful Ya, terasa sakit sekali He is seriously ill, but he doesn’t feel any



pain Ia sakit keras, tetapi tidak merasa sakit My arm hurts = I have pain in my arm Lengan saya sakitSore – sakit, terutama kalau dipegang A sore – luka terbauka yang terasa sakit56f. Bagaimana Bahasa Inggrisnya:1. - Sudah dengar khabar tentang John? - Tidak. Ada apa? - Dia dibawa ke rumah sakit semalam - Ada apa dengan dia? - Ia harus dioperasi. Sakit usus buntu - Mudah-mudahan operasinya berhasil - Jam berapa terima tamu? - Dari jam 11 sampai 122. - Dokter mengatakan apa? / Apa kata dokter? - Katanya saya harus menambah berat badan dan saya harus beristirahat - Dia memberikan saya suntikan dan memberi resep untuk pil. Te tapi tidak ada yagn berat - Mudah-mudahan cepat sembuhg. Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini:1. What’s the matter? Did you hurt yourself? 2. How are you today? 3. When you went to the dentist, what did he do? 4. When you went to the doctor, what did he say? 5. What did he do? 6. Is it anything serious? No, it’s only……….. 7. Have you taken the patient’s temperature? Yes, he/ she…………


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