Macromolecules Macromolecules A Little More on A Little More on

Carbon,Carbon,Carbohydrates & Carbohydrates &

LipidsLipids

Organic and Inorganic compoundsOrganic and Inorganic compounds

Organic compounds-Organic compounds- consist of Carbon, consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and sometimes OxygenHydrogen and sometimes Oxygen

Inorganic compounds- Inorganic compounds- do not contain do not contain Carbon (exception COCarbon (exception CO22 ) )

The uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself.  Carbon atoms can form long straight chains:                                                                                                                                  

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

Or as branched chains:                                                                                                                                  

Or as rings:                                                                             

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/carbon-compounds/saturated-unsaturated.php

                                                        

A carbon-carbon single bond

                                                     

A carbon-carbon double bond

                                                                 

A carbon-carbon triple bond

Neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds   Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds.  As you increase the number of bonds between carbon atoms, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

What are carbohydrates?• Sugars and starches

• Used for:•Energy storage•Structural materials

• Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)x

• 3 types• Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Question 1Question 1

Give 2 examples of carbohydratesGive 2 examples of carbohydrates1. 1.

2. 2.

Simple sugars – one

_________?

Function – major source of quick energy

Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose

Monosaccharides

main source of energy

• Formula: C6H12O6

• Sources: ripe fruits,

nectar, sap, blood

Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose

•Formula:

C6H12O6

•Sources: Fruits

• Formula: C6H12O6

• Sources: Milk

Question 2Question 2What do you notice about the chemical What do you notice about the chemical

formulas for glucose, fructose and formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose?galactose?

All C6H12O6 – they are isomers

Question 3Question 3What about their names???What about their names???

They all end in ose

IsomerIsomer

Let’s make a definition for isomer……Let’s make a definition for isomer……

Ideas?Ideas?

Disaccharides• 2 monosaccharides joined by

covalent bond

How does this happen?

Dehydration synthesis (aka)

Condensation reaction – water molecule released

when bond is formed between two monomers

Animation

Example?

How are sugars broken down?

Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite of dehydration reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers

Examples:1. Maltose (used in

brewing beer)glucose + glucose maltose +

H2O

2. Sucrose (table sugar)glucose + fructose sucrose

+H2O

3. Lactose (sugar in milk)glucose + galactose lactose

+ H2O

Polysaccharides • Polymer – large chains of

monosaccharides

Examples:1. Starch – storage polymer in plants2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi

Glycogen stores in liver cells

Exit CarbohydratesExit Carbohydrates

On a separate sheet of paper write On a separate sheet of paper write down:down:

1.1. 3 things you learned about 3 things you learned about carbohydratescarbohydrates

1.1. 1 thing that is confusing to you1 thing that is confusing to you

Please answer the followingPlease answer the following

1. What are the elements in 1. What are the elements in carbohydrates and lipids?carbohydrates and lipids?

2.What types of carbohydrates are 2.What types of carbohydrates are there?there?

3. Give an example of a polysaccharide 3. Give an example of a polysaccharide and what is it used for?and what is it used for?

4. What are two types of lipids? 4. What are two types of lipids?

LIPIDS!LIPIDS!• Used for energy

storage, protective structures

• Non-polar (NOT water soluble)

• Higher ratio of C to H than carbs(Ex: C57H110O6)

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The common categories of lipids are:The common categories of lipids are:

Fats (triglycerides) - Fats (triglycerides) - saturated or saturated or unsaturated unsaturated

Oils- Oils- liquid fatliquid fat

Waxes- Waxes- protective/waterproof coveringprotective/waterproof covering

Steroids- Example: Steroids- Example: cholesterol and cholesterol and hormoneshormones

Common Lipids Common Lipids Fats – Fats – triglycerides and triglycerides and

phospholipidsphospholipids Oils, butterOils, butter

Steroids (sterols)- Steroids (sterols)- Steroids have a four Steroids have a four carbon ring structure carbon ring structure and a high hydrogen to and a high hydrogen to carbon ratio.carbon ratio.

Waxes- Waxes- one long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol group

ear wax Leaf protective from

water loss

Hydrophilic, “water-loving” head

Hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tail

C-H bonds nonpol

ar

Structure - Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids

What makes the C-H bonds nonpolar?

Triglycerides (Triglycerides (most fat we most fat we consume is from triglycerides)consume is from triglycerides)

3 fatty acids

1 glycerol

Used as energy storage. When you lose weight you want to lose triglycerides.

Question Question

1. What type of bonds 1. What type of bonds are formed when are formed when Carbon is bonded to Carbon is bonded to Hydrogen in the fatty Hydrogen in the fatty acid chains? acid chains? (Left side)(Left side)

2. What type of bonds 2. What type of bonds are formed when are formed when Carbon is attached to Carbon is attached to Carbon in the fatty Carbon in the fatty acid chain? acid chain? (right side)(right side)

2 Types of fatty acids2 Types of fatty acids

SaturatedSaturated

ALLALL carbons carbons bonded to 4 bonded to 4

atomsatoms

UnsaturatedUnsaturated

Carbons Carbons NOTNOT bonded to 4 bonded to 4

atomsatoms

Single bonds

Double bonds

Straight chain

Kinks

Saturated – solid at room temperature

Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat

Unsaturated – soft or liquid at room temperature

Examples: fish fats, corn oil

QuestionQuestion

Is this a saturated or unsaturated fat? Why?

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Structural fat used to build cell

membranes

EXIT QUESTIONEXIT QUESTION

On the same paper you used for On the same paper you used for carbohydrates answer the following:carbohydrates answer the following:

1.1. What is the major difference between What is the major difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

2.2. Many people say fats are not good for Many people say fats are not good for you, so why not give them up? Explain.you, so why not give them up? Explain.