Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Macromolecules.
CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS.
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Transcript of CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS.
CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5THE STRUCTURE & THE STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION OF FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDSPROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS
Objectives:Objectives: Macromolecules are polymersMacromolecules are polymers Sugars (smallest carbohydrate) are used for fuel and Sugars (smallest carbohydrate) are used for fuel and
carbon sourcescarbon sources Polysaccharides (polymers of sugar) have storage and Polysaccharides (polymers of sugar) have storage and
structural rolesstructural roles Fats store large amounts of energyFats store large amounts of energy Phospholipids are a part of the cell membranePhospholipids are a part of the cell membrane Steroids = cholesterol and hormonesSteroids = cholesterol and hormones Proteins' function depends on its shapeProteins' function depends on its shape Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary infoNucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary info RNA and DNARNA and DNA
Root Words:Root Words:
Con – Con – Di – Di – Glyco – Glyco – Hydro – Hydro – Macro – Macro – Meros – Meros – Mono – Mono – Poly – Poly – Tri – Tri –
MOLECULES TO
RECOGNIZE
Basic Protein Structure Cellulose
Amino Acid Structure Glycogen
Steroids Glucose
Phospholipids
The The Synthesis Synthesis
&&
Breakdown Breakdown of of
Polymers.Polymers.
Fig. 5.2Fig. 5.2
Monosaccharides - Simple Sugars (Fig. 5.3)
Note: Asymmetric Carbons in Hexose Sugars:
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates - “Carbon” “Hydrated” - “Carbon” “Hydrated”
( 1:2:1 ratio ) ( C ) ( H( 1:2:1 ratio ) ( C ) ( H22O )O )
Sugars - Major role - Energy. Fig. 5.4)Sugars - Major role - Energy. Fig. 5.4)
DisaccharideDisaccharide - Dehydration Synthesis & - Dehydration Synthesis & Glycosidic Linkage. (Fig. 5.5)Glycosidic Linkage. (Fig. 5.5)
Sucrose = Glucose & Fructose
Lactose = Glucose & Galactose
1-4 & 1-2 1-4 & 1-2 LinkageLinkage
Starch is in the form of Amylose & Amylopectin (Fig. 5.7)
(in PLANTS)
GLYCOGEN GLYCOGEN
is also called animal starch, stored in muscles & liver.
POLYSACCHARIDES -3 OR MORE MONOSACCHARIDES.
1. Structural:
a. Cellulose - cell walls of plants.
b. Chitin - exoskeleton of arthropods (insects; spiders etc.) and exterior of mushrooms
2. Storage - Starch & Glycogen
LIPIDS - Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules (Fig. 5.10)
Made of 1 Made of 1 glycerol & glycerol & 3 fatty 3 fatty acids (16 acids (16 to 18 to 18 carbons).carbons).
C-H on C-H on fatty fatty acids acids make make lipids lipids hydrophohydrophobicbic
FATS:
Saturated Fatty Acids - have no double bonds between the carbons in the chain (solids at room temp)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - have double bonds between the carbons in the chain. (Liquids at room temp due to “kinks” in the fatty acid which prevents it from solidifying)
Fat Molecules are storage for energy.
Second Type of Lipid: PhospholipidPhospholipidHave 2 fatty acids NOT 3 like lipids
Major components of cell membranes.
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail.
Kink in one fatty acid means it has double bonds
(Fig. 5.12)
Phospholipid Bilayer is found in cell membrane.
Fig. 5.13 Outside of cellInside of cell
3rd Type of Lipid3rd Type of Lipid - Steroids
Lipids with carbon skeleton of 4 interconnected rings.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol - common component of cell membranes. (Fig. 5.14).
Also precursor for other steroids such as hormones including sex hormones.
Sex Hormones:Sex Hormones:
What is the male sex hormone?What is the male sex hormone? What is the female sex hormone?What is the female sex hormone?
Nucleic Acids:Nucleic Acids:
DNADNA RNARNA
ProteinProteinss•StorageStorage•Structural supportStructural support•Transport of Transport of substancessubstances•Cell to cell signalingCell to cell signaling•MovementMovement•Defense against Defense against foreign substancesforeign substances•Enzymes – speed up Enzymes – speed up chemical reactionschemical reactions
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Amino acids – contain carboxyl and Amino acids – contain carboxyl and amine functional groupamine functional group
Link together by peptide bonds to Link together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chainform a polypeptide chain
Only 20 amino acidsOnly 20 amino acids
Protein StructureProtein Structure
4 levels4 levels– Primary Structure: precise sequence of Primary Structure: precise sequence of
amino acidsamino acids– Secondary Structure: coils or folds within Secondary Structure: coils or folds within
the sequence due to Hydrogen bonding.the sequence due to Hydrogen bonding. The H bonds are weak, but can support a The H bonds are weak, but can support a
particular shapeparticular shape Alpha (a) helix - coilAlpha (a) helix - coil Beta (B) pleated sheet - foldBeta (B) pleated sheet - fold
Protein Structure Cont.Protein Structure Cont.
– Tertiary Structure: Tertiary Structure: Irregular looping and folding of the Irregular looping and folding of the
protein bc of interactions of side groupsprotein bc of interactions of side groups
– Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure The addition of one or more polypeptide The addition of one or more polypeptide
chains to the original structurechains to the original structure
Changes in ProteinChanges in Protein
Denature – when a protein Denature – when a protein unravels due to changes in pH, salt unravels due to changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature and concentration, temperature and environmentenvironment