CarbohydratesLipids

Nucleic AcidsProteins

Macromolecules

Energy for life.

Carbohydrates

CarbohydratesEnergy for Life

Building Blocks:Monosaccharides

(simple sugars) are the monomers that make the polymer, a Polysaccharide (starches)

Elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygen

Carbohydrates - FunctionFunction:

Main source of energy for plants and animals(Starches = Stored Energy)

Cellulose is a main part of a plants structure that gives it a rigid structure

Chitin makes up the

exoskeleton in arthropods

Carbohydrates – 3 Basic TypesMonosaccharides: Single sugar molecule

Simple Sugars GlucoseGalactose: component in milkFructose: found in fruit

Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharidesSucrose: table sugar

Polysaccharide: StarchGlycogen: in animals Plants: cellulose

GlucoseGlucose serves as a fuel for lifeThe molecule that provides convertible

energy for all cellsAnimals convert glucose into glycogen to

store the energy of the moleculePlants convert glucose into starches to

store energyGlucose is a simple sugar made of six carbon

atoms in a hexagonal ring

CarbohydratesPolysaccharides

Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates

Large polysaccharides are insoluble in water

This allows cells to use them for storage (starches and glycogen etc.)

Chitin is a polysaccharide used to make the exoskeletons of arthropods

Cellulose is a strong polysaccharide made by plants and used to build cell walls

Cellulose is not easily broken down by most animals and is important as dietary fiber

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Lipids

LipidsElements: C, H, OBuiliding Blocks

2 Parts1. Glycerol:

hydrophillic head (water soluble – it is polar)

2. Fatty Acid Chain (Hydrocarbon) : hydrophobic tail (not water soluble - it is non- polar)

Lipids: Basic FactsLarge, non-polar molecules

Include, fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Insoluble in water

Composed of fatty acids w/a carboxyl group (COOH) and glycerol

Most are waxy or oily (repel water)

Capable of storing large amounts of energy (many C-H bonds)

Lipids: FunctionsStore energyInsulation Chemical Messengers (hormones, steroids)

Make up cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Protect vital organs

Lipids: Functions as SteroidsServe as messengers to other cells Help to make the cell membraneEx: Testosterone, Estrogen, CholesterolMade of 4 fused carbon rings

Types of Fats

Types of Fats

Saturated Fats

Contain only single bonds

Store a lot of energy

Solids at Room Temp.

Unsaturated Fats

Contain a double bond

Will kink at the double bond

Oils at Room Temp.

Poly Unsaturated

Contain >1 double bond

Have many kinks

Saturated Fat “bad fat”

Unsaturated Fat “good fats”

3-D Model of Fat

Lipids: Where are they Found?

DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic AcidsElements: C, O, H, N, PBasic Building Block: Nucleotide

Nucleotide:1) 5-carbon sugar2) a phosphate group3) nitrogenous base

Function:DNA and RNA transmit and store genetic information

Proteins

ProteinsElements: C,H,O,NBuilding Blocks: amino acids that are

held together by peptide bonds~ 20 Amino Acids can form 1000’s of

proteins

Proteins: Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids are composed of an amino group attached to a carbon atom, a carboxyl group and other atoms (R-group)

Structure of Proteins

Polypeptide- Long chain of amino acids

Proteins fold and bend into globular shapes

Functions of ProteinsA protein’s shape is determined by it’s

amino acid sequenceThe different sequences of AA’s change the

shape of each proteinA protein’s shape determines many of it’s

properties

Functions of ProteinsBuild cellsSupport CellsStorageTransportation across the cell membrane

MovementDefense

against foreign substances

Accelerating chemical reactions (Catalysts)

Proteins