Kingdom of classification

Presented by: Ezzah ShaukatTayyaba Ilyas

What are the characteristics of Living Things?What makes something alive?

• Living things are made of cells.

• Living things get and use energy.

• Living things grow and develop.

• Living things reproduce.

• Living things respond to their environment.

• Living things adapt to their environment.

If something follows one or just a few of the rules listed above, it does not mean that it is living. To be considered alive, an object

must have all of the characteristics of living things.

The early Greeks tried to classify all nonliving objects such as fire, air, earth, and water, and the Greek philosopher Aristotle further classified living things as either Plant or Animal. He grouped animals into Land Dwellers, Water Dwellers, and Air Dwellers. This didn't work very well, as this system grouped elephants and earthworms, whales and water striders, flies and falcons. These things aren't very much alike!

Classification History:

Classification History:

• Linnaeus classified living world into two kingdoms. Plantae and Animalia.

• This system was used till very recently. This system does not distinguish between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.

5 Kingdoms classifications• R.H. Whittaker (1969)

proposed a Five Kingdom Classification.

• Plantae • Animalia. • Fungi• Monera • Protista

5 Kingdoms classificationsThe main criteria for classification used by him include cell structure, thallus organization, and mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.

All eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms were placed in Kingdom Plantae. The multicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom Animalia.The heterotrophic organisms were placed in Kingdom Fungi.All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom Monera. The unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom Protista.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called plants. A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the parasites. The plant cells have a eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose.Plantae includes:

•Mosses.•Ferns.•Pine trees.•Cycads.•Flowering plants.

Kingdom Animalia

• Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues.

• Heterotrophic nutrition• Cells not surrounded by cell

walls.• Includes sponges, sea

anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Animals, on the other hand, either eat plants (such as deer) or they eat other animals that do not eat plants (such as mountain lions who eat the deer). This classification system works pretty well, and we still talk about deer as being members of the Animal Kingdom and redwood trees as being members of the Plant Kingdom.

until they try to classify a mushroom!

Hmmm. Let's see. It's not green. Scientists tell us that's because it does not contain chlorophyll. It doesn't make its own food, so it can't be a plant. We learned that all plants make their own food.But it doesn't eat, either: mushrooms don't have mouths!

So it can't be an animal, because we learned that all animals eat food. Mushrooms are a type of fungus, and all fungi (the plural of "fungus") neither make food nor eat it: they absorb it. Almost all of the body of a mushroom is actually underground, made up of tiny little strings of cells called hyphae. They are so tiny that they are only 1/50th the diameter of a human hair!

Kingdom Fungi

• The kingdom Fungi encompasses a wide variety of living organisms. Scientists estimate that there are hundreds of thousands of fungus species on Earth. At one time, it was thought that fungi were simply primitive versions of plants. However, further discoveries led to the realization that fungi were different enough to belong to their very own kingdom.

Cont…..

• Eukaryotic, generally multicellular, organisms.

• Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive) nutrition.

• Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin)

• Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms.

So we need to add the Fungi Kingdom to the Plant Kingdom and the Animal Kingdom. Now we have three

kingdoms. This system works pretty well until ...

• ...they try to classify bacteria!

• Bacteria are actually more different from plants and animals than a mouse is from an elephant! They really need to be in their very own kingdom, the Kingdom Monera ("monera" comes from the Greek word for "single", referring to the fact that these organisms are all single-celled.)

Kingdom Monera

• Bacteria mainly comprises of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms. They live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans .Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites. Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape– the spherical Coccus – the rod-shaped Bacillus – the comma shaped Vibrium – the spiral Spirillum

Types of Monera

Archaebacteria:•These bacteria live in the most harsh habitats such as extreme salty areas, hot springs and marshy areas. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.

Types of Monera

Eubacteria:•There are thousands of different eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’. They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum. They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and Sulphur. Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature. The majority are important decomposers. Many of them have a significant impact on human affairs.

Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic, generally single-celled, organisms.

• If multicellular, then cells not well-organized into tissues and organs.

• A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms.

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Kingdom Protista• Diatoms• Dinoflagellates• Green algae• Brown Algae• Red algae

Halimeda opuntia

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Codium edule

Sargassum polyphyllumSargassum echinocarpum

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Turbinaria ornata

Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus

Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis taxiformisGalaxaura fastigiata

Acanthophora spicifera

Ahnfeltia concinna

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

The Five Kingdoms