Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla

Grouping Organisms

And Classification

Age of Life on Earth

• 3.5 million years ago

• 1.5 million species named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)

Domains3 largest classification groups

Archaea

Eubacteria

Eukarya

THREE Domains…Kingdoms

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya(true bacteria) (extreme (protists

bacteria) fungi plants

animals)(Prokaryotic)No true nucleus True Nucleus

TAXONS

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

TAXONS

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

King

Phillip

Could

Order

Five

Greasy

Subs

Six Kingdoms: Get Handout

Two Domains: Prokaryotic

• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus

• INCLUDES:

• Eubacteria –true bacteria• Archaea –extreme bacteria

Kingdom: Archaea

• Prokaryotic –no nucleus

• Cell walls with no peptidoglycan

• Unicellular – one celled

• Live in most extreme environments

What is peptidoglycan?

• A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides and peptides found in the cell walls of bacteria

• (in other words:• Starch and protein)

Kingdom: Archaea

• Thermophiles –love heat

• Psychrophiles –cold-loving

• Acidophiles –love acidic environments

• Halophiles-love salty

• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)

Archaea

• Thermus aquaticus (Taq)

ArchaeaSulfur-loving

Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria)

• Prokaryotic – no nucleus

• Cell wall with peptidoglycan

• Unicellular –one-celled

• Diverse environments and metabolism

Eubacteria

• Staphyloccus

• Anthracis bacillus

Eubacteria

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• E. coli

Eukarya

HAVE A NUCLEUSAll other organisms

Protists FungiAnimalsPlants

Kingdom: Protista

• Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus

• Usually unicellular

• Amoeba nucleus

• Varied cell walls

Protista Examples

Euglena • Paramecium

Kingdom: FUNGI

• Eukaryotic

• Cell walls of chitin –stiffener

• Can be multicellular or unicellular

Fungi

•Yeast

•Can you see the budding?

Kingdom: Plantae

• Eukaryotic

• Cell wall made of cellulose

• Multicellular –more than one cell

• Autotrophic –photosynthetic – make their own food

Examples:

What is cellulose?

Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants

Kingdom: Animalia

• Eukaryotic

• No cell wall

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals)

Animalia

Animalia Phyla

• Porifera (Sponges)• Cnidaria (jellyfish)• Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)• Nematoda (Roundworms)• Mollusca (octopus, clams) • Annelida (Segmented Worms)• Arthropoda (insects)• Echinodermata (starfish)• Chordata (mammals, fish, birds, reptiles)

Phylum Porifera

• “pore bearer”

• Empty sac with pore cells on outside

• sponges

• Porifera Video

Phylum Cnidaria

• “stinging nettle”

• Jellyfish, coral, sea anemones

• Radial symmetry, tissues, prey on animals

• Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish) swimming, close-up

Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Means “flat and wide worm”

• Live in sea and fresh water

• Some are parasites

• One opening - food/wastes

• Bilaterally symmetrical

• Planaria, tapeworms

• Stock Video of A planaria on plant stems

Phylum Nematoda

• Means “thread”

• One body opening for food and one for wastes

• Trichina worm, hookworm

Phylum Mollusca

• Means “soft bodied”

• Aquatic (gills), digestive tract

• Snails, octopus, clams

• Mollusks Video

Phylum Annelida

• Means “ringed” or segmented worm

• Digestive, nervous, circulatory systems

• Earthworms and leeches

Phylum Arthropoda

• Means “jointed foot”

• Have an exoskeleton (exterior)

• Segmented body, lungs/tracheae

• Insects (flies, wasps, beetles), crustaceans (lobster, shrimp), arachnids (spiders)

Phylum Echinodermata

• Means “spiny skinned”

• Starfish, sea urchin, brittle star

• Spiny skin and radial symmetry (5 arms coming out from center)

Phylum Chordata

• Means “having a chord”

• Have a backbone

• Have 9 systems (circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive, respiratory, etc.)

• Amphibians, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Great Pictures Phyla Quiz

• Phyla Quiz

• Match organism to phylum

What kingdom are you?

Classification

• How do you organize all the 14 million species?

Approximately 1.5 million species have so far been identified and scientifically Described.

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

• Father of Taxonomy

• His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today

ClassificationLinnaeus’ Botanical Garden

Taxons (Groups for Classification)

• KingdomPhylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Humans Classification (Know)

• Kingdom Animalia

• Phylum Chordata

• Class Mammalia

• Order Primates

• Family Hominidae

• Genus Homo

• Species sapiens

Ever hear of E. coli?

• It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name ofEscherichia coli

T. rex.

• Tyrannosaurus rex

• Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.

How do you write a scientific name?

• First letter of Genus is capitalized and the rest is lower case

• Either underline the genus and species OR italicize the genus and species

• Written in Latin

Scientific Name

•Genus and species

•Homo sapiens

•Homo sapiens

“binomial nomenclature"

• Two name-name• Genus and Species

Acris crepitans Northern Cricket Frog“repititious clicking call”

Acer saccharum Common NameSugar maple

Pine Trees• Sugar pine

= Pinus lambertiana

• ponderosa pine = Pinus ponderosa

• Whitebark pine =Pinus albicaulis

Phylogeny

• Evolutionary Relationship among organisms

Derived Characters

Trait that appears in older organisms, but not in recent parts of the lineage

Using Classification Keys Labs

• 1. Make a classification key for candy– Work in lab groups of

4– Write key on large

paper– End with

identification of single pieces of candy

1.Bark on trunk smooth ...................2 Bark on trunk rough ........................3   

2.Bark mostly white ........................4 Bark other colors ............................7

Cladogram Styles

How to Build a Cladogram

• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf

Dichotomous Key

organized set of couplets

A dichotomous key

Work in couplets: pick from two choices

Keep dividing into two groups

Continue until you end with identifying each individual thing

Or you can do it this way

Cladogram

• A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Various Tree Keys

• Tree Dichotomous Key

• eNature: FieldGuides: Trees

• Dichotomous Key Outline (get handout)

• So that you will recognize how to use a Dichotomous Key the first thing to do is choose the animal you want to classify:

•

Key a Classmate

(using various human or non-human characteristics)The following key is an example: • 1. Sex female---2

1. Sex male---52. Hair color red---Susan2. Hair color brown or blond---3

3. Hair color blonde---Jane3. Hair color brown---4

4. Glasses worn---Donna4. Glasses not worn---Linda

5. Pants jeans---Caleb5. Pants slacks---6

6. Hair color black--James6. Hair color brown--Zach

Another One

LEAF Tree ID Key (CLICK Here)

I've got my leaf, let's get started! Click here

Ohio Tree Links

• What Tree Is It? HOME

Common Leaf Descriptions

LINKS

• Tree of Life Web Project (includes interactive diagram)– First click on DOMAINS: Archaea, Bacteria, or

Eukarya– Then click on KINGDOMS– Then Scroll Down and click on the PHYLUM

in the reading– Click on CLASS in the reading