Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under...
-
Upload
theodora-walters -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under...
![Page 1: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to CellsIntroduction to Cells
Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under microscope
Basic types of cells:
Animal Cell
Plant Cell Bacterial Cell
![Page 2: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Cell Structure and Cell Structure and FunctionFunction
Cells are a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings
![Page 3: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Every Cell Contains:Every Cell Contains:• Membrane – thin layer of material that
serves as a covering or lining• Structure containing the cells genetic
material
![Page 4: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Number of Cells
• Organisms may be:
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
![Page 5: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
![Page 6: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Prokaryotes•Genetic material is not contained in the nucleus
•Less complicated than eukaryotic cells
•Bacteria are examples of prokaryotes
![Page 7: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Eukaryotic Cell• Larger and more
complex than prokaryotes
• Plants, Animals, Fungi are eukaryotes
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
• Nucleus – contain genetic info
• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with
organelles
![Page 8: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
NucleusNucleus• Nucleus – a large membrane-enclosed
structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA– Controls many of the cells activities
![Page 9: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Cell TheoryCell Theory• All living things are composed of cells.• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.• New cells are produced from existing cells.
![Page 10: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Basic Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell
![Page 11: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
![Page 12: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
![Page 13: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
![Page 14: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Organelles – “little Organelles – “little organs”organs”
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
![Page 15: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Nucleus• “The Control Center”• Contains nearly all the
cell’s DNA with the codes for the cells proteins and other molecules
• Surrounded by the nuclear envelope– Full of nuclear pores
• Chromatin – DNA and proteins spread throughout the nucleus
![Page 16: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Nucleus• Chromosomes –
condensed form of chromatin– Passes on from
one generation to the next
• Nucleolus – place where ribosomes are assembled
![Page 17: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Ribosomes• “Protein Factories”• Small particles of RNA and protein• Located in the cytoplasm• Organelle where proteins are
assembled• Ribosomes get codes for proteins from
nucleus
![Page 18: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Endoplasmic Reticulum• “Highway System
of the cell”• Internal
membrane system
• Transports- – Proteins– Other
macromolecules Two types:SmoothRough
![Page 19: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
![Page 20: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Golgi Apparatus• “The Shippers of
the cell”• Closely stacked
membranes, resembles stacks of pancakes
• Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for storage or secretion
• Sends proteins to their final destination
![Page 21: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Lysosomes• “Clean-up Crews”• Small organelles filled with enzymes• Breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into
smaller molecules that can be reused by the cell• Also breaks down old organelles
![Page 22: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Mitochondria• Nickname: “The
Powerhouse”• Function: Energy formation• Breaks down food to make
ATP• ATP: is the major fuel for all
cell activities that require energy
• Two membranes – outer and inner
• Inherit mitochondria from mother
• Contains its own DNA
![Page 23: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Vacuole• Saclike structure• Stores materials
– Water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates
• Plants have a large central vacuole
• Single-celled organisms use a contractile vacuole to maintain homeostasis
![Page 24: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
– Living layer– Controls the
movement of materials into and out of the cell
– Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
![Page 25: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cytoplasm of a CellCytoplasm of a Cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell
membraneProvides a medium
for chemical reactions to take
place
![Page 26: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
• Supporting framework of the cell
• Cytoskeleton = cell skeleton
• Many components• Microtubules /
microfilaments made of proteins.
• Move organelles w/in the cell.
![Page 27: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cytoskeleton Continued• Microtubules / Microfilaments make up
– Cilia – Flagella
•Used in cellular locomotion
![Page 28: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Different kinds of animal Different kinds of animal cellscells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
![Page 29: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Now let’s talk about structures only found in PLANT Cells!!
![Page 30: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to Section:
Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
![Page 31: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Chloroplast• Organelles that
capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy– Photosynthesis
• Two membranes• Contains
pigment chlorophyll
![Page 32: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Cell Wall– Function: provides
support and protection to the cell membrane
– Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells
![Page 33: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Different kinds of plant Different kinds of plant cellscells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
![Page 34: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
![Page 35: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscells Animal cells Plant
cells
Relatively smaller in size
Irregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shape
Cell wall present
![Page 36: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole
Glycogen as food storage starch as food storage
Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall
![Page 37: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Endosymbiont Hypothesis• Lynn Margulis U-Mass.
• Found that mitochondria / chloroplasts did not fit the roles of organelles.
• They had unusual properties.
![Page 38: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
3 properties of Mito / Cplasts
• Contain own DNA• Both surrounded by 2 membranes
– Most organelles only surrounded by one membrane.
• Both reproduce separately from the rest of the cell
![Page 39: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Margulis’s Model• Both Mitochondria / Chloroplasts had ancestors that
were free-living organisms.• These formed endosymbiotic relationships with
other cells.• Over time offsprings of these organisms lost their
independence becoming organelles of larger cells.
![Page 40: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Further Evidence• Studies of DNA in chloroplasts show that they are
much like the DNA prokaryotic cells.• Mitochondria / chloroplasts contain their own
ribosomes and make many of their own proteins.• These ribosomes are smaller / chemically different
from those in eukaryotic cells.• More closely resemble ribosomes in prokaryotic
cells.
![Page 41: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Levels of organizationLevels of organization
•Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
• Known as “Cell Specialization”
![Page 42: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
TissueTissue•A group of similar cells to perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
![Page 43: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
OrganOrgan•Different tissues group
together to carry out specialized functions–Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels
–Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
![Page 44: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Air Space
Stoma
![Page 45: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
![Page 46: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Organ SystemOrgan System• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
![Page 47: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Human Body SystemsHuman Body SystemsExamples of systems :Digestive SystemRespiratory SystemCirculatory SystemNervous SystemReproductive System
![Page 48: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Examples of a Human Body System
![Page 49: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
![Page 50: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells) TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) SYSTEMS (circulatory system) ORGANISM (human)
![Page 51: Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant CellBacterial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649de45503460f94adacd2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
It’s You!