Organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cells
1 Cells and Organisation The microscope Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Animal cells Plant cells...
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Transcript of 1 Cells and Organisation The microscope Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Animal cells Plant cells...
1
Cells and Organisation
The microscope
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Animal cells
Plant cells
Organisation
Cell division
2
The Microscope
Mirror
Stage
Objective lens
Eyepiece
Focus
3
Diffusion
Container filled at the bottom with bromine gas
Your teacher may have shown you a container filled with bromine gas, at the bottom, in a fume cupboard.
What would you observe after several minutes?
What do we call this effect?
The bromine gas spreads out to fill the whole container.
The effect is known as diffusion.
The bromine gas spreads out because the bromine molecules move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
4
Osmosis
Water molecule Semi-permeable membrane
Solute molecule
High concentration of water molecules
Low concentration of water molecules
Water molecules diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane to even out the concentrations
5
Active Transport
Water molecule Cell membrane
Mineral ion
High concentration of mineral ions
Low concentration of mineral ions
Minerals ions move against the concentration gradient as they move from the region of low concentration to the
region of high concentration, this process requires energy
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Plant Nucleus
Nucleus
Root tip packing cells x200
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Animal Cells
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
It should be noted that some animal cells do have a small food vacuole
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Animal Cell Parts
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Nucleus Mitochondria
Where chemical reactions occur controlled by enzymes, a jelly-like
substance that is granular in nature
Controls the cell, contains the genetic information, in the form of chromosomes,
for cell replication
Organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of animal cells (and plant cells) that produce energy from food
Controls what enters and leaves the cell, it also gives the cell shape and support
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Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Chloroplast
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Plant Cell Parts
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Nucleus Cell wall
Where chemical reactions occur, a jelly-like
substance that is granular in nature
Controls the cell, contains the genetic information, in the form of chromosomes,
for cell replication
Made of cellulose, helps to support the plant
Controls what enters and leaves the cell, it also gives the cell shape and support
Vacuole
Contains cell sap, consisting of water and
mineral salts
Chloroplast
Organelle that absorbs light energy to convert
carbon dioxide and water into glucose
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Cells
Cells are the building blocks of life
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Tissue
Cells of the same type working together are known as tissue
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Several different types of tissue working together to do a specific job are called an organ
Organ
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Organ System
Several different organs working together to do a specific job are called an organ system
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Organism
An organism has several organ systems all working together to fulfil the seven life processes
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Cell Division
The type of cell division whereby cells divide and the two daughter cells have both a full set of chromosomes is known as mitosis.
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Cell DivisionHow do we grow?
It is through a process known as cell division.
Some cells, known as stem cells, have the ability to ‘become’ any specialised cell in an organism.
When a stem cell becomes a specialised cell it loses its ability to undergo cell division.
The process of cell division begins with the nucleus dividing into two.
Each of these two daughter nuclei has an identical copy of the genetic information held within the parent nucleus.
The cell membrane then divides in between the two daughter nuclei to form the two daughter cells.
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Cell Division
Stem cell
Stem cell
Stem cell
Cell that will specialise
Specialised cell
Cell that will specialise
Stem cell
Stem cell
Specialised cell
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Where Does Mitosis Occur?
Mitosis occurs throughout plants and
animals…
Red blood cells are replicated in the bone marrow of bones such
as the femur
Root hair cells are replicated at the
tips of roots
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Exercise 1: Label the Instrument
Light
4. ______
3. ____________
1. _________
2. _______
Stage
Objective lens
Eyepiece
Focus
What is the name of this optical instrument? __________Microscope
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Exercise 2: Link the Boxes
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Controls what enters and leaves the cell, it also gives the cell shape and support
Controls the cell, contains the genetic information, in the form of chromosomes,
for cell replication
Where chemical reactions occur controlled by enzymes, a jelly-like substance that is
granular in nature
Mitochondria
Organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of animal
cells (and plant cells) that produce energy from food
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Exercise 3: Link the Boxes
Cellulose
Vacuole
CytoplasmContains cell sap,
consisting of water and mineral salts
Organelle that absorbs light energy to convert
carbon dioxide and water into glucose
Made of cellulose, helps to support
the plant
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Exercise 4: Link the Boxes
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
When water molecules move across a semi-permeable
membrane from regions of high concentration to regions
of low concentration
When mineral ions move against the concentration
gradient to enter and leave cells
When gases and liquids spread out from regions of
high concentration to regions of low concentration
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Exercise 5: Short Questions
1. By what process does carbon dioxide gas enter a leaf through the stoma?
2. By what process does water enter a root hair cell from soil?
3. By what process do mineral salts enter root hair cells from soil?
4. By what process is glucose absorbed in the small intestine?
5. By what process does oxygen gas leave a leaf through the stoma?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Active transport
Diffusion
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Exercise 6: Label the Diagram
2. _____________
6. _________
3. ________
5. ___________
1. ________
4. ___________
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
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Exercise 7: Label the Diagram
2. _____________
4. _________
1. __________
3. _____________
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell membrane
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Exercise 8: Animal Cells
1. What is the function of the organelle mitochondria?
2. Where is the genetic information found in a cell?
3. What do we call the jelly-like substance found in cells where most of the chemical reactions?
4. What is the function of the cell membrane?
5. What do we call the process of cell division where each of the daughter nuclei have a full set of genetic information?
To release energy from food by respiration
The nucleus
The cytoplasm
To control what substances enter and leave the cell
Mitosis
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Exercise 9: Plant Cells
1. What is the cell wall made from?
2. Which organelles contain the green substance chlorophyll?
3. Where is cell-sap found?
4. What is the function of the cell wall?
5. Give two examples of plant cells that do not contain chloroplasts.
Cellulose
Chloroplasts
In the vacuole
To provide support for the plant
Epidermis cells (not guard cells) and root hair cells