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The Cell: An Overview Chapter 5. 5.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function Cells are small...
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Transcript of The Cell: An Overview Chapter 5. 5.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function Cells are small...
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The Cell: An Overview
Chapter 5
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5.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
Cells are small and are visualized using a microscope
Cells have a DNA-containing central region surrounded by cytoplasm
Cells occur in prokaryotic an eukaryotic forms, each with distinctive structures and organization
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Microscopes and Cells
Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Brown
Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
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Microscopes and Cells
Fig. 5-1, p. 92
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Cell Theory: Fundamental to Life
All organisms are cellular
Cell: the smallest unit of life
Cells come only from preexisting cells
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Examples of Cells
Fig. 5-2, p. 92
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Units of Measure
Fig. 5-3, p. 93
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Research Methods
Fig. 5-4, p. 94
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Cells are Small
No life is smaller than an intact cell• Diffusion and surface area to volume ratios
Cells viewed with microscopes• Light and electron
Magnification and resolution limit microscopes
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Surface to Volume Ratios
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All Cells Contain DNA
All cells have a central region with DNA• Stores hereditary information (connection to
evolution)
• Genes are located on DNA
• Proteins replicate DNA and copy information to RNA
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm • Surrounds the central region
Cytosol • Aqueous solution of cell
Organelles • Small organized structures within cytosol
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Plasma Membrane
Fig. 5-6, p. 95
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma membrane defines cytoplasm
Lipid bilayer and proteins
Hydrophobic• Selective passage hydrophilic
Internal environment of cell different from external
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes • No boundary membrane in central region
• Nucleoid
• Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
Eukaryotes • Boundary membrane in central region
• True nucleus
• Domain: Eukarya
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Components of Prokaryotic andEukaryotic Cells
Table 5-1, p. 96
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5.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells have little or no internal membrane structure
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Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Fig. 5-7, p. 97
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Prokaryotic Internal Structure
Small, little to no membrane structure• Cell wall & capsule
Plasma membrane allows metabolism• ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Evolution by endosymbiosis
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5.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles
Nucleus contains much more DNA than the prokaryotic nucleoid
Cytoplasm has endomembrane systems dividing cell into functional and structural components
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5.3 (cont.)
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell
Microbodies carry out vital reactions that link metabolic pathways
The cytoskeleton supports and moves cell structures
Flagella and cilia are the propellers of eukaryotic cells
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Eukaryotic Cell Overview
Domain Eukarya (true nucleus) • Includes protists, fungi, plants and animals
Eukaryotic plasma membrane function• Regulate/recognize substances (immune system)
• Cell-to-cell binding
Fungi, plants and many protists have cell walls
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Typical Animal Cell
Fig. 5-8a, p. 99
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Typical Plant Cell
Fig. 5-9a, p. 100
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Eukaryotic Nucleus
Nuclear envelope separates nucleus and cytoplasm• Two membranes and nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm within nuclear envelope• Chromatin and chromosomes
Nucleolus• Genes for ribosomal RNA
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Nuclear Envelope
Fig. 5-10, p. 101
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Endomembrane System
Endomembrane system • Connects all membranes
• Synthesizes/ modifies membrane proteins
• Synthesizes lipids
• Detoxification
Vesicles exchange membrane throughout endomembrane system• ER, Golgi, nuclear envelope, lysosomes,
vesicles, plasma membrane
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fig. 5-11, p. 102
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Interconnected network of membrane with
cisternae and lumen
Rough ER • Ribosomes bound to surface
• Membrane-associated protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER • No ribosomes
• Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies
Proportion rough/smooth ER reflect cell activities
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Golgi Complex
Fig. 5-12, p. 103
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes• Vesicles from Golgi complex
• Hydrolytic enzymes from ER; low pH
Autophagy removes nonfunctional organelles
Phagocytosis digests extracellular material• Major function of immune systems
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Endocytosis, Exocytosis and Lysosomes
Fig. 5-13-14, p. 104
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Vesicle Traffic
Fig. 5-15, p. 105
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Mitochondria
Cellular respiration yields ATP
Mitochondria have two membranes• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane folded (cristae)
• Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondria have own genome• Endosymbiosis
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Mitochondria
Fig. 5-16, p. 106
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Microbodies
Microbodies • Single membrane organelles
• Not part of endomembrane system
Microbody enzymes link biochemical pathways
Examples• Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes or glycosomes
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Microbodies
Fig. 5-17, p. 107
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton • Maintains shape and organization
• Interconnected protein fibers and tubes
Most prominent in animal cells• Plants and fungi also use cell walls and central
vacuole
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Cytoskeleton Examples
Fig. 5-18, p. 107
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Cytoskeleton Components
Main elements of animal cytoskeletons• Microtubules are supportive
• Intermediate fibers thinner, interconnected with microtubules
• Microfilaments thinnest
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Cytoskeleton Components
Each element assembled from proteins• Microtubules from tubulin
• Intermediate fibers from intermediate filaments
• Microfilaments from actins
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Major Components of Cytoskeleton
Fig. 5-19, p. 108
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Microtubules
Many microtubules originate from centrosome• Originate from centrioles
• Anchor major organelles
• Microtubules provide tracks for mobile organelles
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Microtubules
Organelle movement by motor proteins• Vesicle attached to motor protein “walks” along
microtubule
• Requires ATP
Cytoskeleton allows large cellular movement• Amoeboid motion, cytoplasmic streaming, cell
division
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Kinesin
Fig. 5-20a,b, p. 108
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Flagella and Cilia
Flagella and cilia for cell motion• Identical structure; cilia shorter/greater in number
Structures are 9+2• Motor proteins
• From centrioles and basal body
Prokaryotes have analogous (not homologous) flagella and cilia
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Flagellar Structure
Fig. 5-21, p. 109
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Flagellar and Ciliary Beating Patterns
Fig. 5-22, p. 110
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Centrioles
Fig. 5-23, p. 110
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5.4 Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
Chloroplasts are biochemical factories powered by sunlight
Central vacuoles have diverse roles in storage, structural support, and cell growth
Cell walls support and protect plant cells
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts have multiple membranes for photosynthesis• Outer smooth, inner folded; stroma inside both
• Thylakoids and grana inside stroma
• Endosymbiosis
Plastids are plant organelles that include chloroplasts, amlyoplasts and chromoplasts
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Plastids
Plant organelles including• Chloroplasts
• Amyloplasts
• Chromoplasts
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Chloroplast Structure
Fig. 5-24, p. 111
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Central Vacuoles
Central vacuoles • Large vesicles in plants
• 90% of many plant cell’s volume
• Turgor pressure from water
• Other functions
Tonoplast • Membrane surrounding central vacuole
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Cell Walls
Cell walls • Extracellular structures
• Provide structure and contain pressure
• Cellulose fibers for tensile strength, other organic molecules for compression resistance
Two types of cells walls • Primary
• Secondary
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Cell Walls
Middle lamella holds adjacent cell walls together
Plasmodesmata provide cellular connections• No cell wall passage
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Cell Wall Structure
Fig. 5-25, p. 112
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5.5 The Animal Cell Surface
Cell adhesion molecules organize animal cells into tissues and organs
Cell junctions reinforce cell adhesions and provide avenues of communication
The extracellular matrix organizes the cell exterior
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Cell Adhesion and Junctions
Cell adhesion molecules bind cells together nonpermanently• Glycoproteins bind to specific molecules on other
cells
Cell junctions seal spaces between cells permanently• Direct cellular communication
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Functions of Cellular Junction
Anchoring junctions “weld” cells together• Desmosomes and adherens
Tight junctions prevent small ion movement • Seal spaces and fuse membranes
Gap junctions allow passage without membrane control • Same tissue
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Animal Cell Connections
Fig. 5-26, p. 114
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Extracellular Matrix
Collagen proteins • Tensile strength and elasticity
Proteoglycans • Interlinkage
• Changes consistency (jellylike to hard and elastic)
Fibronectins • Connect cells via integrins
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Extracellular Matrix
Fig. 5-27, p. 115
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Animation: Fluid mosaic model
PLAYANIMATION