MEMBERS:1. SHARIFAH NUR AINIZA BINTI KHAIDZI (16395)2. NUR AMIRAH BINTI MOHD NORDZI (16318)3. NURUL NAQILA BINTI SHAMSUDDIN (16382)4. FATIN NORLYANA BINTI MOHD ZAINI (16343)5. NURIN BINTI ABU BAKAR (16323)

ENGINEERING DESIGN

GROUND IMPROVEMENT

TECHNIQUE USED FOR PENANG SECOND

BRIDGE (LAND EXPRESSWAY)

SLIDE OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM STATEMENT

DEFINITION OF GROUND TREATMENT

PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAIN (PVD)

STONES COLUMN

METHOD OF GROUND TREATMENT

PILED EMBANKMENT

CONCLUSION

Package 1 – Main Navigation Span and Superstructure and Substructure and Foundation works of Approach Span

Package 2 – Superstructure Works of the Approach Span

Package 3 – Landside Expressway

INTRODUCTION

Increased density of underlying soil deposits –Reduced excess pore pressure build-up (maintain ru < 1.0) Increase confidence in ground improvement techniques to better

protect civil engineering infrastructure from future natural disasters related to liquefaction

DEFINITION OF GROUND TREATMENT

PENANG SECOND

BRIDGE???

To improve soft compressible of soil To accelerate the consolidation of the soil in order to enable the

soil undertake embankment when the highway constructed.

METHOD OF GROUND TREATMENT

Vibro Methods

Deep Dynamic Compaction

Stone Column

Drainage Systems

Jet Grouting

Permeation Grouting

Pile Embankment

Compaction Grouting

Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD)

Removal and Replacement

Ground Improvement techniques based on soil characterization

Prefabricated Vertical Drain

To shorten the drainage path of pore water from a low permeable layer to free water surface

To pre-install drainage layer To accelerate the rate of soil primary consolidation Used when embankment is less than 4.5 m Made of prefabricated material consists of plastic core

covered by synthetic geotextile “filter jacket” Installed vertically into soft soils to accelerate

preconstruction preloading program Performed using vibratory hammers

Two main components:

1. Core serves as longitudinal

flow path along the drain

2. Filter jacket allows water to

pass into the core while

restricting intrusion of

soil particles With surcharge loading

An embankment which is supported by piles embedded in the soft soil. Constructed by installing piles with a certain grid formation in a soft soil

up to a competent stratum such as firm soil or bedrock. Geosynthetic material is laid on top of a thin layer of embankment

material. Embankment fill is raised up to the required height and the construction

is built on top of the embankment.

PILED EMBANKMENT

Piled-supported embankment on end bearing piles

Piled-supported embankment on floating piles

Construction takes place more quickly in stage.

May lead to a substantial decrease in total and differential settlement of the embankment.

Not restricted to usage of certain pile.

More feasible in economic terms.

The initial construction cost is quite high as compared to other options.

There is not a single design process at present that is well recognized.

PROS AND CONS PILED EMBANKMENT

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Piled Embankment: Second BridgePackage 3A Jack-in pile of 300 mm dia pre-stressed spun

concrete pile (prestress 5 kN/m2) Working load - 700 kN Piles are jacked to 1.5 times the working load

Package 3B 350mm dia pre-stressed spun concrete pile (prestress 7 kN/m2) Working load - 750 kN To validate Pile design, 1 MLT and 5 PDA have been envisaged for

each location About 5 m long transition slab is also provided at the top of fill

Piled Embankment: Second Bridge

Package 3C Piled embankment for 20 m length of the approach embankment. 300 mm dia pre-stressed spun concrete pile Working load - 800 kN 5 m long transition slab at the top fill near abutment.

Piled Embankment: Second Bridge

Stone Column as foundation elements (stone piles) or as ground reinforcement.

Used for a wide range of building types from multi story buildings to oil tank foundations.

Function under multiple foundation types including strip-, pad-, slab-, and single footings.

Perform liquefaction prevention, embankment stabilisation, slope stabilisation, and ground improvement applications via reinforcement and drainage.

STONE COLUMN

STONE COLUMN

• Increased bearing capacity• Reduced total and differential

settlements• Expedites consolidation

settlement• Mitigates the risk of liquefaction

Advantages

• Up to 4 storey residential buildings

• Industrial & Commercial building• Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls• Road & Rail Embankments

Applications

Stone Columns : Second BridgePackage 3B Stone Column – for embankment fill height > 4.5 to ≤ 10m Diameter – 1000mm and Installed in Square grid pattern Depth varies from 19m to 23.5m

Package 3B - Staged Construction Details

Stone Columns : Second Bridge

Package 3C Stone column – for embankment fill > 4.5m Diameter – 1000mm and Installed in Square grid pattern Depth varies from 9m to 10m

Stone Columns : Second Bridge

Package 3C - Staged Construction Details

Stone Columns : Second Bridge

Ground treatment is the right solution in order to improve soft compressible of soil for Penang second bridge.

Thus, prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), stone column and pile embankment are the suitable methods used of ground treatment for Penang second bridge.

CONCLUSION