GC UNIT 8 PP 2

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCETHE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

The Northern Renaissance Differences: Deeply concerned with

religion (groundwork for reformation) Father of Northern Humanism

Desiderus Erasmus The Praise of Folly Called for a return to an earlier simple Christian

faith Sir Thomas More Utopia (“Nowhere”)

social reform William Shakespeare (themes of common

man) Northern Artists: work on a smaller scale

more landscapes etc…(also themes of religious upheaval) Jan Van Eyck Albrecht Durer

Albrecht Durer

Northern Renaissance Painter and engraver

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter

Famous for portraits of common people

The Arnolfini Wedding

Jan Van Eyck (Arnolfini)

Causes of the Reformation

Social and political unrest New faith seen as a way of remaining

Independent of outside control (HRE) Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired of

Church authority over them Tax money (Tithe) leaving their regions and

winding up in Rome Clerical immunity to temporal law

TENSION with the RC Church

Catalysts Wycliffe and Huss had begun the

movement by laying out the themes Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a

more egalitarian Church, vernacular bible Numerous abuses (Indulgences,

clerical ignorance and immorality, too much spending)

The Printing Press helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles) Johann Guttenberg (1455)

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

His father, Hans, was a miner Extremely strict Middle class parents

Studied liberal arts at the University of Erfurt Earned his masters, begins law school

Conversion experience Joins an Augustinian Monastery and is ordained

in 1507 1512 he earned his doctorate in Theology

and joined the theology department at University of Wittenberg

Luther’s main beliefs Justification by faith alone (not faith

and good works and ceremonies) You could never earn it through works and

ceremonies but only trust and belief in Jesus Christ

Requires the Bible to be in the Vernacular

He only believed in only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist and that lay authority more important than the Church He attacked Papal infallibility and

stressed the “priesthood of all believers” lowering the importance of the clergy (more egalitarian)

The Indulgence Problem Begun in 1343 when the Pope claimed to

possess a “treasury of merit” In 1517 Augustinian John Tetzel was

selling a special “Jubilee indulgence which prompts Luther to post his 95 thesis on October 31st 1517

Reactions Luther condemned as a Heretic and

excommunicated by Pope Leo X

Diet of Worms 1521 The new Emperor Charles V

convenes the Diet of Worms to allow Luther an opportunity to recant his beliefs He refused, was placed under Imperial ban

(Edict of Worms) and hidden by Frederick of Saxony translates New Testament (dies in 1546)

Charles V distracted by wars (with France and Turks) needed the help of the German Princes Eventually offers the Peace of Augsburg

(1555) which allowed German Princes to decide the religion of their land

John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer trained at the University of

Paris (Jean Cauvin) upper class background

Converted to Protestantism in 1534 Author of The Institutes of the

Christian Religion Inspired massive political resistance in

France where Protestants were called Huegonots

He moves to Geneva in July of 1536 to escape and became a part of their governing body

Eventually exiled and would not return until 1540

Calvinism in Practice

Predestination (However: the elect should live in a manifestly pleasing way)

Everyone should try to re-order society according to God’s plan

He ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy (refuge for protestants) Bible # 1 authority (life governed by faith) No dance, drink etc….

The English Reformation Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed

“Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X) Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess)Problems? (widow of Henry’s brother)Henry wants Anne BoyleynThe annulment controversy They had

been married 18 years, no male heir, just “Bloody Mary”)

Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the Church of England

The New Church

Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and grants the annulment

The Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament and the English King is recognized as the leader of the English Church Sir Thomas More executed for

failing to recognize the new Church No more tax money to Rome

The other wives of Henry VIII Anne Boyleyn

Mother of Elizabeth I, Beheaded for treason

Jane Seymour Mother of Edward VI

Anne of Cleaves Political marriage, eventually annuled

Catherine Howard (beheaded for adultery)

Catherine Parr (Her third marriage)

Henry’s Church

How Protestant was he? Kept the RC ban on clerical marriage Also denied Eucharistic cup to the laity Kept Confession as a sacrament

Full Protestantism Edward VI (1547-1553) Only 10 years old when he became King His regents brought England to “Full

Protestantism” The Book of Common Prayer

The Counter Reformation

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) 3 sessions over 18 years Reaffirmed many beliefs

Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity (no doctrinal changes)

Changes The Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to

train clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, Bishops supervision more active