FAD
description
Transcript of FAD
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FAD
Simon J. KenyonRoss University
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the global context of FADs and their importance
• Recognize the clinical signs of important FADs• Know what to do if you encounter an unusual
disease that is possibly and FAD
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FAD Myths
• FADs are a problem for large animal veterinarians
• FADs look like the pictures• USDA/APHIS/VS doesn’t like false alarms• It can’t happen to me
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Jan - Jan 2010 - 2011
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IAHSolid colour = PanAsian strain present
Hashed colour = Type O present, PanAsian strain suspected
Spread of the PanAsia lineage of the Middle East-South Asian (ME-SA) topotype of FMDV-O
200019991998199719961995199419931990
First appearance
N.J. Knowles, 15 October 2001
2001
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Some recent cases
• Screwworm, Sept 2007, Mississippi • Avian Influenza HPAI, 2004 - H5N2 Texas, H7N3
British Columbia• Exotic Newcastle Disease 2003 – California,
Texas • BSE, 2003 - 2007 – imported and US bred cattle• Monkey Pox, multi-state, June 2003• Bluetongue – Montana, Wyoming 2007
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Monkey Pox
• Imported Gambian Giant Rat• Prairie Dogs• Humans
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Screwworm
Image from “The Gray Book”, University of Georgia
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Screwworm
Screwworm - Third instar larvae, Cochliomyia hominivorax
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Recent Outbreaks
Exotic Newcastle Disease – California 2002-2003
Moynihan Report on Collaborative Networks, 2005
“On average 40 new employees joined the task force daily”
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www.EDEN.lsu.edu
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Opportunities for Veterinarians
• Initial Accreditation Training Course• USDA/APHIS/VS and State Animal Health Depts.• Animal Surveillance Emergency Response Teams
(ASERT)• Purdue’s Graduate Certificate Program in Veterinary
Homeland Security
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FMD - Cattle
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Vesicles or blisters on tongue, dental pad, or teats
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FMD
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Hogs and other species – vesicles on coronary band
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Hog - Vesicle on snout
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Clinical Comparisons: Snouts • Swine Vesicular Disease
• Vesicular Stomatitis
• Foot and Mouth Disease
• Vesicular Exanthema
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FMD
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Swine Vesicular Disease
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Sheep – disease may be very mild
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Public Information
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FMD Issues• Early Diagnosis• Time from diagnosis to slaughter• Models• Vaccination• Carcass disposal• Societal change
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North Carolina Live Animal Shipments
SwineGoats
Sheep and LambsPoultry
Beef CattleDairy Cattle
CanadaMexico
South America
CanadaMexico
Live animals are shipped to a total of 27 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada and South America!
Puerto Rico
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Diff. Diagnosis of Vesicular Dis.Cattle Sheep Swine Horse
FMD S S S R
Vesicular stomatitis S S S S
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine R R S R
Swine Vesicular Disease R R S R
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Sources of Primary OutbreaksSourceSource Percent of OutbreaksPercent of Outbreaks
1870-1968 1969-1993Meat, meat products, garbage 71 23Airborne (wind) or migrating birds 24 9Livestock importations 2 36Contaminated objects, persons 3 4Vaccines 1 25Wildlife <1 3
FMD, Worldwide
Source: USDA
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Airborne Spread?
“O Lausanne 1965”
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National Animal Health Laboratories Network (NAHLN) 2003
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Proposed Biosafety Level 4 sites
• Flora, Mississippi• Athens, Georgia
• San Antonio, Texas• Butner, North Carolina
Manhattan, Kansas
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African Horse Sickness
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African Horse Sickness
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African Horse Sickness
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African Horse Sickness
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African Horse Sickness
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Low Pathogenicity (LPAI) High Pathogenicity (HPAI)
Avian influenza
• Natural Host: Waterfowl (ducks, geese etc.)• Domestic species affected
– Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant
– Some pet birds
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• 16 H (hemagglutinin antigens) and 9 N (neuraminidase antigens)
• All subtypes can be found in birds, but only subtypes H5 and H7 have caused severe outbreaks of disease in birds
Type A Influenza
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Avian Influenza
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Symptoms of HPAI• A lot of birds affected
– Dead birds– Very sick birds– Coughing and sneezing– Swollen combs and wattles– Discolored and swollen joints– Diarrhea
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Avian Influenza
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Avian Influenza
Cyanotic Comb
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Avian Influenza H5N1
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H5N1 - WHO mortality stats January 13 2011
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Avian Influenza and the U.S.
Could enter as:
A bird disease
A human disease
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VVND
Edema and hemorrhage of the head esp. eyelids
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VVND
Hemorrhages in proventriculus
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VVND
Necrosis of cecal tonsil and Peyer’s patches
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African Swine Fever
Reddening of ears and skin (non-specific)
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African Swine Fever
Enlarged dark red or black spleen. Note kidney
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African Swine Fever
Hemorrhagic gastro-hepatic lymph nodes
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African Swine Fever
Enlarged, hemorrhagic peri-renal lymph nodes
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Hog Cholera
Conjunctivitis and exudate at medial canthus
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Hog Cholera
Tonsillar necrosis
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Hog Cholera
Splenic infarcts
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Hog Cholera
Petechial hemorrhages in renal cortex
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Rinderpest
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BVD
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EHD in a cow
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Bluetongue
EHD
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Rinderpest
Necrosis of Peyer’s patches
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Rinderpest
Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa
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Peste des Petits Ruminants
Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa - goat
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Stomatitis-Enteritis Case Definition
Ocular Discharge
Nasal Discharge
And
Fever
Oral Erosions/Lesions
Salivation
Corneal Opacity
Diarrhea
Death
Outbreaks of contagious disease exhibiting discharge (ocular and nasal) and any two of the above-mentioned symptoms should be reported as stomatitis-enteritis outbreaks. Note that it is the outbreak that must meet the case definition, not individual animals.
The stomatitis-enteritis case definition is used to ensure that all case that could be Rinderpest are investigated
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How to Do the Gel Diffusion Test for Rinderpest
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Rinderpest 1980’s
Rinderpest 2003
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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
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Malignant Catarrhal Fever
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Malignant Catarrhal Fever
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Cutaneous lymphosarcoma
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Lumpy Skin Disease
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Lumpy skin disease
massive lymphadenopathy and edema of the forelimb is common
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Lumpy Skin Disease
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From: The Gray Book
Sheep pox lesions on underside of tail of a sheep
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Recovered case of lumpy skin disease. The scars are called “sitfasts”