FAD

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FAD Simon J. Kenyon Ross University

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FAD. Simon J. Kenyon Ross University. Learning Objectives. Understand the global context of FADs and their importance Recognize the clinical signs of important FADs Know what to do if you encounter an unusual disease that is possibly and FAD. FAD Myths. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of FAD

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FAD

Simon J. KenyonRoss University

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Learning Objectives

• Understand the global context of FADs and their importance

• Recognize the clinical signs of important FADs• Know what to do if you encounter an unusual

disease that is possibly and FAD

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FAD Myths

• FADs are a problem for large animal veterinarians

• FADs look like the pictures• USDA/APHIS/VS doesn’t like false alarms• It can’t happen to me

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Jan - Jan 2010 - 2011

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IAHSolid colour = PanAsian strain present

Hashed colour = Type O present, PanAsian strain suspected

Spread of the PanAsia lineage of the Middle East-South Asian (ME-SA) topotype of FMDV-O

200019991998199719961995199419931990

First appearance

N.J. Knowles, 15 October 2001

2001

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Some recent cases

• Screwworm, Sept 2007, Mississippi • Avian Influenza HPAI, 2004 - H5N2 Texas, H7N3

British Columbia• Exotic Newcastle Disease 2003 – California,

Texas • BSE, 2003 - 2007 – imported and US bred cattle• Monkey Pox, multi-state, June 2003• Bluetongue – Montana, Wyoming 2007

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Monkey Pox

• Imported Gambian Giant Rat• Prairie Dogs• Humans

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Screwworm

Image from “The Gray Book”, University of Georgia

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Screwworm

Screwworm - Third instar larvae, Cochliomyia hominivorax

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Recent Outbreaks

Exotic Newcastle Disease – California 2002-2003

Moynihan Report on Collaborative Networks, 2005

“On average 40 new employees joined the task force daily”

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www.EDEN.lsu.edu

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Opportunities for Veterinarians

• Initial Accreditation Training Course• USDA/APHIS/VS and State Animal Health Depts.• Animal Surveillance Emergency Response Teams

(ASERT)• Purdue’s Graduate Certificate Program in Veterinary

Homeland Security

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FMD - Cattle

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Vesicles or blisters on tongue, dental pad, or teats

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FMD

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Hogs and other species – vesicles on coronary band

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Hog - Vesicle on snout

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Clinical Comparisons: Snouts • Swine Vesicular Disease

• Vesicular Stomatitis

• Foot and Mouth Disease

• Vesicular Exanthema

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FMD

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Swine Vesicular Disease

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Sheep – disease may be very mild

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Public Information

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FMD Issues• Early Diagnosis• Time from diagnosis to slaughter• Models• Vaccination• Carcass disposal• Societal change

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North Carolina Live Animal Shipments

SwineGoats

Sheep and LambsPoultry

Beef CattleDairy Cattle

CanadaMexico

South America

CanadaMexico

Live animals are shipped to a total of 27 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada and South America!

Puerto Rico

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Diff. Diagnosis of Vesicular Dis.Cattle Sheep Swine Horse

FMD S S S R

Vesicular stomatitis S S S S

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine R R S R

Swine Vesicular Disease R R S R

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Sources of Primary OutbreaksSourceSource Percent of OutbreaksPercent of Outbreaks

1870-1968 1969-1993Meat, meat products, garbage 71 23Airborne (wind) or migrating birds 24 9Livestock importations 2 36Contaminated objects, persons 3 4Vaccines 1 25Wildlife <1 3

FMD, Worldwide

Source: USDA

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Airborne Spread?

“O Lausanne 1965”

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National Animal Health Laboratories Network (NAHLN) 2003

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Proposed Biosafety Level 4 sites

• Flora, Mississippi• Athens, Georgia

• San Antonio, Texas• Butner, North Carolina

Manhattan, Kansas

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African Horse Sickness

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African Horse Sickness

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African Horse Sickness

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African Horse Sickness

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African Horse Sickness

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Low Pathogenicity (LPAI) High Pathogenicity (HPAI)

Avian influenza

• Natural Host: Waterfowl (ducks, geese etc.)• Domestic species affected

– Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant

– Some pet birds

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• 16 H (hemagglutinin antigens) and 9 N (neuraminidase antigens)

• All subtypes can be found in birds, but only subtypes H5 and H7 have caused severe outbreaks of disease in birds

Type A Influenza

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Avian Influenza

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Symptoms of HPAI• A lot of birds affected

– Dead birds– Very sick birds– Coughing and sneezing– Swollen combs and wattles– Discolored and swollen joints– Diarrhea

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Avian Influenza

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Avian Influenza

Cyanotic Comb

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Avian Influenza H5N1

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H5N1 - WHO mortality stats January 13 2011

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Avian Influenza and the U.S.

Could enter as:

A bird disease

A human disease

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VVND

Edema and hemorrhage of the head esp. eyelids

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VVND

Hemorrhages in proventriculus

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VVND

Necrosis of cecal tonsil and Peyer’s patches

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African Swine Fever

Reddening of ears and skin (non-specific)

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African Swine Fever

Enlarged dark red or black spleen. Note kidney

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African Swine Fever

Hemorrhagic gastro-hepatic lymph nodes

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African Swine Fever

Enlarged, hemorrhagic peri-renal lymph nodes

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Hog Cholera

Conjunctivitis and exudate at medial canthus

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Hog Cholera

Tonsillar necrosis

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Hog Cholera

Splenic infarcts

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Hog Cholera

Petechial hemorrhages in renal cortex

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Rinderpest

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BVD

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EHD in a cow

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Bluetongue

EHD

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Rinderpest

Necrosis of Peyer’s patches

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Rinderpest

Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa

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Peste des Petits Ruminants

Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa - goat

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Stomatitis-Enteritis Case Definition

Ocular Discharge

Nasal Discharge

And

Fever

Oral Erosions/Lesions

Salivation

Corneal Opacity

Diarrhea

Death

Outbreaks of contagious disease exhibiting discharge (ocular and nasal) and any two of the above-mentioned symptoms should be reported as stomatitis-enteritis outbreaks. Note that it is the outbreak that must meet the case definition, not individual animals.

The stomatitis-enteritis case definition is used to ensure that all case that could be Rinderpest are investigated

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How to Do the Gel Diffusion Test for Rinderpest

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Rinderpest 1980’s

Rinderpest 2003

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

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Malignant Catarrhal Fever

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Malignant Catarrhal Fever

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Cutaneous lymphosarcoma

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Lumpy Skin Disease

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Lumpy skin disease

massive lymphadenopathy and edema of the forelimb is common

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Lumpy Skin Disease

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From: The Gray Book

Sheep pox lesions on underside of tail of a sheep

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Recovered case of lumpy skin disease. The scars are called “sitfasts”