Economics Project Prateek

8/11/2019 Economics Project Prateek

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By:

DTU/2K13/EL/072

DTU/2K13/EL/062

DTU/2K13/EL/071

DTU/2K13/EL/070

DTU/2K13/EL/061


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INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Theconditioninslums

2. BIOGAS 2

2.1.

Production

2.2.

Composition

3. SANITATION 5

4. SANITATIONTECHNIQUES 6

5. THECOMPOSTPITLATRINE 8

6. ANECONOMICALPERSPECTIVE 9

6.1. Capitalcosts

6.2. Maintenancecosts

7.

RETURN

ON

INVESTMENTS

10

8. REFERENCES 11


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INTRODUCTION

THECONDITIONINSLUMS

Urbanslumsaresettlements,neighborhoods,orcityregions

thatcannotprovidethebasiclivingconditionsnecessaryforits

inhabitants,orslumdwellers,toliveinasafeandhealthy

environment.

Generally,thephysical

conditionoftheslums

presentsapictureof

neglect,withwoefully

inadequatewater

supply,bathandtoilet

facilitiesandinfrontof

mostofthehousescesspools

arestagnating.

Theproblemisthatimproperupkeepandlackofregular

maintenanceduetolackofwaterfacilityinsideornearthe

communitylatrinehasresultedintheaccumulationoffilthand

garbage.Thishasledtodisuseoftheselatrines.

Here,wehavediscussedvariousengineeringmethodswhich

wehope,

if

utilized

properly

can

improve

hygiene

and

sanitationoftheslumdwellers.

Figure

1 :

A

Typical

Slum


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2 BIOGAS

Biogastypicallyreferstoamixtureofgasesproducedbythe

breakdownoforganicmatterintheabsenceofoxygen.Biogas

canbeproducedfromregionallyavailablerawmaterialssuch

asrecycledwaste.Itisarenewableenergysourceandinmany

casesexertsaverysmallcarbonfootprint.

Biogasisproducedbyanaerobicdigestionwithanaerobic

bacteriaorfermentationofbiodegradablematerialssuchas

manure,sewage,

municipalwaste,green

waste,plantmaterial,and

crops.Itisprimarily

methane(CH4)andcarbon

dioxide(CO2)andmay

havesmallamountsof

hydrogensulphide

(H2S),

moistureandsiloxanes.

Thegasesmethane,

hydrogen,andcarbonmonoxide(CO)canbecombustedor

oxidizedwithoxygen.Thisenergyreleaseallowsbiogastobe

usedasafuel;itcanbeusedforanyheatingpurpose,suchas

cooking.It

can

also

be

used

in

agas

engine

to

convert

the

energyinthegasintoelectricityandheat.

Figure

2:

BIOGAS

PRODUCTION


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2 PRODUCTION

Biogasispracticallyproducedaslandfillgas(LFG)ordigested

gas.Abiogasplantisthenameoftengiventoananaerobic

digesterthat

treats

farm

wastes

or

energy

crops.

It

can

be

producedusinganaerobicdigesters.Theseplantscanbefed

withenergycropssuchasmaizesilageorbiodegradablewastes

includingsewagesludgeandfoodwaste.Duringtheprocess,an

airtighttanktransformsbiomasswasteinto

methane,producingrenewableenergythatcanbeusedfor

heating,

electricity,

and

many

other

operations

that

use

an

internalcombustionengine,suchasGEJenbacherorCaterpillar

gasengines.Besidesinternalcombustionengines,alsogas

turbinesareverywellsuitablefortheconversionofbiogasinto

electricityandheat.

Figure3:BIOGASPLANT


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2 2

COMPOSITION

Thecompositionofbiogasvariesdependingupontheoriginof

theanaerobicdigestionprocess.Landfillgastypicallyhas

methaneconcentrations

around

50%.

Advanced

waste

treatmenttechnologiescanproducebiogaswith55%75%

methane,whichforreactorswithfreeliquidscanbeincreased

to80%90%methaneusinginsitugaspurificationtechniques.

Asproduced,biogascontainswatervapor.Thefractional

volumeofwatervaporisafunctionofbiogastemperature;

correctionofmeasuredgasvolumeforwatervaporcontent

andthermal

expansion

is

easily

done

via

simple

mathematics

whichyieldsthestandardizedvolumeofdrybiogas.

Insomecases,biogascontainssiloxanes.Theyareformedfrom

theanaerobicdecompositionofmaterialscommonlyfoundin

soapsanddetergents.Duringcombustionofbiogascontaining

siloxanes,siliconisreleasedandcancombinewith freeoxygen

orother

elements

in

the

combustiongas.Depositsare

formedcontainingmostlysilica

(SiO2)orsilicates(SixOy)andcan

containcalcium,sulfur,zinc,

phosphorus.Suchwhitemineral

depositsaccumulate

to

asurface

thicknessofseveralmillimetersandmustberemovedby

chemicalormechanicalmeans.


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3 SANITATION

TheWorldHealthOrganizationstatesthat:

"Sanitationgenerally

refers

to

the

provision

of

facilities

and

servicesforthesafedisposalofhumanurineandfaeces.

SanitationisanotherissuethatplaysahugeroleinIndian

slumareas.Accordingtotheresearch,peoplethatliveinthese

slumsarelivingina2/3spacewithdirtfloorsandpoor

ventilation.Thisisno

placeto

call

home.

An

issuethatsanitation

containsisthatthere

isnoaccesstobasic

facilitiessuchas

restrooms.Restrooms

aresomething

necessaryfor

every

humanbeing.Not

beingabletohavearestroomandthepropersanitationleads

themtocatchmanyharmfuldiseasesthatsometimesthereis

nocureforit.

SomeofthediseasesthatsanitationhasbroughttoIndian

slumsare:

Diarrhea,

water

diseases,

parasitic

worms/infestationandfecaloralsdiseases.InIndiaitis

extremelydirtyanditisknowntobethesecondworst

sanitationcountryintheworldaccordingtoBriefingPaper.

Figure

4:POOR

SANITATION

IN

SLUMS


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Childrenarethemostaffectedonesandbecauseofthese

epidemics,thereisahugemortalityrateonchildren.

Sanitationhasalsocausedchildrentogetparasitic

worms.In

Indian

slum

areas,

achild

is

known

to

be

carrying

1,000parasiticwormswithintheirbodies.Thisisduetothe

conditionstheyliveinarenotsogreatandtheycannotdo

anythingaboutit.

4 SANITATIONTECHNIQUES

Sanitationand

hygiene

in

slums

can

be

improved

by

proper

use

oflatrines.Adirtylatrineisnotonlyunpleasanttouse,

especiallybarefoot,butsmellsandattractflies,bringingmore

diseases.Thenumberoffliescanbereducedbyusinga

ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine.

Dependingupontheenvironmentandthenumberofusers,the

designof

alatrine

is

altered

to

suit

the

needs

of

the

users.

Belowarethemaintypesoflatrines:

Traditionalpit

latrinesWell

knownin

Africa,Asiaand Latin

America.A

simplepitcoveredwithlogs.Notusuallyroofed,

sometimestheyhavenowalls.Costzero,nospecialist

skills


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SanPlatlatrineslikethetraditionallatrinebutwitha

SanPlat,slightlyelevatedforeaseofuseinthedark.Can

belocatedclosetohousewithfittedlidtopreventsmell

andflies.

ConventionalimprovedpitlatrinesAgainsimilartothe

traditionallatrine,butbuiltwithmoresolidmaterials,i.e.

bricks,withwallsandaroof.Puttinghotashesinthe

latrinecanreducesmellandflies.

VIPlatrines

Consistingor

the

normalpitbutwith

ascreenedventpipe

fitted.Windideally

blowsoverthevent

pipe.

Pourflush

latrines

Commonin

southernAsia.Watersealfittedtodrophole,meaningno

smellandnoflies.Waterispouredintothewatersealto

flushthetoilet.Problemscouldbethewatersupplyand

fittingtheseal.

CompostLatrines

The

idea

of

this

is

to

build

apermanent

latrinewithremovablepits,tousethecontentsfor

fertiliser.60litresperpersonperyear.Shallowexcavation,

buthighcost,duetothedoublepitlining.


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ONEofthemostpromisingsolutionistheCOMPOSTPIT

latrineswhicharefurtherdiscussedindetail.

5

THE

COMPOST

PIT

LATRINE

Thistoiletisaveryadvancedandmodernwayofconstructinga

toilet.

Themainobjectiveis:

1.Toavoidcontaminationofgroundwater.

2.To

avoid

pollution

of

air,

water,

and

soil.

3.Torecovernutrientsfromhumanexcretaandsafelyrecycle

thembacktotheenvironmentasfertilizers,

Thistoiletwillbeconstructedonlyabovethegroundlevel.

Itconsistsoftwochambers,

whichareusedinturnfor

defecation,andanoutletfor

urine.Inthiswayurineand

faecesisgoingseparately.

Whenthefirstchamberis

filledupwithfaeces,itis

closedfor6months.Inthe

meantimethesecond

chamberisfilledup.


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Importantfeatures:

Theimportantfeaturesofthecompostpitlatrineare:

It

is

not

polluting

water

or

soil,

because

the

faces

are

kept

inthewatertightchambers.Evenifthegroundaroundthe

toiletisflooded,faceswillnotgetinconnectionwiththe

water.

Itisimprovingenvironmentalsanitationbyconverting

facestomanure.

It

uses

less

water

than

other

toilets.

2

3

litters

of

water

per

dayareenough.Thestandardtoiletrequires1012liters

perday.Apersoncansaveupto7000littersofwaterper

year.Thisisabigadvantagewhenwaterisbecoming

scarceatvarioustimesoftheyear.

Thereisnoodor.

The

toilet

is

easy

to

clean.

6 ANECONOMICALPERSPECTIVE

6 CAPITAL

COSTS

Thecapitalcostsoftheaforementionedinstalments(Biogas

andlatrines)

are:

Hiringofexcavationequipmentonetimecost:This

involvestheprocuringoftheequipmentrequiredto

createthepitsneededforthelatrines.


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Constructionofpitsandthebiogaschamber:This

requireslabourers.

Biogaschambercollectionandregulationequipment:

Thisinvolves

buying

the

biogas

plant

components

and

the

latrines.

6 2

MAINTANENCECOSTS

Biogasplantismadeupofreinforcedconcretecement(R.C.C);

hencenorecurringcostisincurredformaintenance.

Thelatrines,

however,

do

require

regular

cleaning

for

proper

hygiene.Forthispurposeworkersneedtobeemployed,and

cleaningequipment(soaps,broom)purchased.

7 RETURNONINVESTMENT

Anadditionalincentivefortheorganizationwhodecidesto

managethe

bio

gas

and

toilet

facility

is

that

they

can

sell

biogas

andcanalsomakemembershipplanstosellgasandatthe

sametimepromotecleansanitation.Thusitsawinwinfor

everyone.


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8 REFERENCES

1.

Dr.KrishneGowda,Dr.ChandrashekarM.N,Prof.Sridhara

M.V.,Dr.HemalathaB.N(February 2013),Solid Waste

Management in the Slums and Squatter Settlements in the

City of Bangalore ,International Journal of Scientific and

Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, 1 ISSN 2250-

3153.

2.Morgan P,(1995),Rural Water Supply and Sanitation: A

Text From Zimbabwes Blair Research Laboratory:Text andCases,MacMillan Publishers.

3.

Peter Morgan(1998),Toilets That Make Compost:Text

and Cases,Esrey S Et al. Sida, Stockholm.

4.

Reed R.A(1995),Sustainable Sewerage: Guidelines for

community schemes:Text and Cases,Practical Action

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