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Diseases of Poultry

Bacterial Diseases

• ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS

• SALMONELLOSES

• PARATYPHOID INFECTIONS

• FOWL CHOLERA

• RIEMERELLA ANATIPESTIFER INFECTIONS

• MYCOPLASMA

• NECROTIC ENTERITIS

• CHOLANGIOHEPATITIS IN BROILER CHICKENS

• GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS

• BOTULISM

• AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS

Viral Diseases

•

VIRAL INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS

• HAEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS OF TURKEYS

• EGG DROP SYNDROME !"#$

• ADENOVIRUS GROUP I ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

• INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE %GUMBORO&

• INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS %IB&

•LARYNGOTRACHEITIS

• SWOLLEN HEAD SYNDROME

• INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

• NEWCASTLE DISEASE

• FOWL PO'

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• REOVIRUS INFECTIONS

Ne()lastic Diseases i* P(+ltr,

• VIRUSINDUCED NEOPLASTIC DISEASES MAREK-S DISEASE

• LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS

• MYELOCYTOMATOSIS

• ERYTHROBLASTOSIS

• ADENOCARCINOMATOSIS

Parasitic Diseases

• COCCIDIOSIS

• HISTOMONOSIS

• ASCARIDIOSIS

• RAILLIETINOSIS

• KNEMIDOKOPTOSIS

M,c(ses a*. M,c(t(/ic(ses

• ASPERGILLOSIS

• ASPERGILLUS GRANULOMATOUS DERMATITIS

• AFLATO'ICOSIS

• CANDIDIASIS

• FUSARIOTO'ICOSES

De0icie*c, Diseases

• VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY

• VITAMIN Bi DEFICIENCY

• VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY

• FATTY LIVER HAEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME

• SLIPPED TENDON %PEROSIS&

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Ot2er 

• PULMONARY HYPERTENSION %ASCITIS& SYNDROME IN BROILER CHICKENS

• AMYLOIDOSIS

• DEEP PECTORAL MYOPATHY

• RUPTURE OF THE GASTROCNEMIUS TENDON IN BROILER BREEDERS

• CAGE LAYER FATIGUE

• DYSCHONDROPLASIA

• THYPERKERATOSIS

• GOUT

• HYPERANDROGENISM IN BROILER CHICKENS

• EFFECT OF STICKYWILLY %GALIUM APARINE& SEEDS ON HEALTHY STATUS AND PRODUCTION

TRAITS IN BROILER CHICKENS

• GI33ARD IMPACTION IN TURKEY POULTS

• ROUND HEART IN TURKEYS %DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY&

• ACUTE SELENIUM INTO'ICATION

• ACUTE PROPANEBUTANE INTO'ICATION

• SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE CAUDIAL RENAL ARTERY IN TURKEYS

• SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA

• GASTROINTESTINAL IMPACTION

• MALFORMATIONS

ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS

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!4 O5)2alitis %*a6el i*0ecti(*&4 It is characterized with reddening and tissue oedemain the umbilical region. 

14 Escherichia coli infections are widely distributed among poultry of all ages andcategories. They are primarily related to poor hygienic conditions, neglected

technological requirements or to respi¬ratory and immunosuppressie diseases. !common sequel of nael infections is local or diffuse peritonitis. 

74 "hen the amount of egg white is bigger #in larger eggs$, it impedes the absorptionduring hatching, resulting in subcutaneous %elly&li'e oedemas that are an e(cellentmedia for the deelopment of E. coli infections. 

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84 The delayed absorption of the yol' sac is a prerequisite for E. coli infections and

peritonitis. The most commonly identified E. coli serotypes are) *+)+ #-$ */)+ #-$ and*01)1* #2$. 

94 !t a later stage of the infection, the yol' content is a cause of putrefactie necroticprocesses in the peritoneal caity. The abdomen is bloated. The entire abdominal wall isaffected by a moist gangrene #maceration$. 

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$4 3alpingitis #inflammation of the oiduct$. 3alpingites due to E. coli infections could bealso obsered in growing birds. The oiduct is dilated, with thinned wall and filled withcaseous e(udate all along its length. 

0. 3alpingites are among the commonest causes for death in layer hens. E. coli

penetrates from the cloaca ia an ascendant route. Predisposing factors are the intenseegg laying and the associated estrogen actiity. 

. :4 3alpingitis. In older cases, the caseous masses in the oiduct hae a lamellar structure. E. coli organisms are usually found in e(creta because of their presence inaian and mammalian intestine, the birds are constantly at ris' of infection throughcontaminated water, dust, faeces and enironment. 

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"4 3alpingitis. 4etained yol's among the caseous masses in the oiduct. In some cases,when the systemic resistance is lower, places, contaminated with E. coli, such asintestine, genital tract or nasal passages, could be latent sources of infection. 

!;4 5ompression and compactedness of caseous necrotic masses after losing a part of their water content in the oiduct of a layer  

!!4 3alpingitis. !n element of 6ig. +*. -ongitudinal cross section of the oiduct. 

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!14 Egg yol' peritonitis in a layer hen consequently to E. coli salpingitis. The chic'enscould be hatched with a latent infection, when E. coli is present in oaries and theoiduct. In these instances, the infection could turn into an oert infection under theinfluence of some stress factors or lesions. 

!74 #inflamation of the oary$ consequently to a salpingitis due to ascendant E coliinfection. 

!84 5ystic degeneration of oarian follicles following an E. coli opphoritis. 

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!94 5ellulitis #inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue that affects also the oerlyings'in$. It predominates in broilers and is detected mainly in slaughter¬houses.7acroscopically, the lesions are with a yellowish&brown colour. 

!$4 5ellulitis. !ffected areas are mostly in the region of the bac' and the thighs. 

!#4 In some cases, the lesions are slightly prominating oer the ad%acent healthy s'in. 

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!:4 5ullulitis. In the subcutaneous tissue, thic' fibrinous plaques are often found out. 

!"4 In some cases with adult birds, in the region of the head, subcutaneous masses of thic' serofibrinous e(udate resulting from a local E. coli infection could be detected. 

1;4 Enterocolitis. Enteroto(igenic E. coli that produce to(ins, cause the secretion andretention of fluids in some intestinal loops and especially in the caeca. 5linically,diarrhoea and de¬hydration are obsered. The intestines are pale and distended,particularly the caeca that are oerfilled with fluid containing many gas bubbles 

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1!4 . 8eonatal E. coli septicaemia. 5hic'ens in the first /9 & 91 h after hatching areaffected. The death rate during the first ten days is higher and could reach : & ;<. Theyol' sac is unabsorbed. The spleen is enlarged. 3ome days later, the typicalserofibrinous polyserositis lesions, affecting the peritoneum, the pericardium, the air sacs and the lier capsule are manifested. 

114 !cute E. coli septicaemia in layer hens. 5linically and morphologically, the acute E.coli septicaemia could resemble fowl cholera or fowl typhoid. It is encountered in bothyoung and se(ually mature birds. The stress in the beginning of egg&laying isconsidered as an important predisposing factor. The parenchymal organs are enlargedand hyperaemic. 3ometimes, the lier has a greenish colour and is mottled with multiplesmall necrotic foci. !lso, pericarditis, peritonitis and petechial haemorrhages on serouscoats are present. 

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174 184 194 E. coli septicaemia of a respiratory origin. In such cases, the respiratorymucosa damaged by infectious and non&infections agents #8D iruses includingaccinal strains, I2, T4T, mycoplasmae, high ammonia leels$ is the entrance door of the E. coli infection. The lesions are principally obsered in the respiratory tract#trachea, lungs and air sacs$, but some ad%acent serous coats #pericardium,peritoneum$ are also affected and thus, the picture of a typical serofibrinouspolyserositis is produced. 

1$4 1#4 E. coli septicaemia secondary to enteritis. It is most commonly encountered in

tur'eys. The intestinal mucosa, damaged by the haemorrhagic enteritis irus #see !denoirus infections$, is the entrance door of E. coli infection. The most typical lesionsare the mar'ed enlargement, hyperaemia, haemorrhages and necrosis of the lier andthe spleen. 

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1:4 Panophthalmitis #inflammation of all tissues of the eyeball$. =enerally, it deelopssecondary to E. coli septicaemia and is usually unilateral. 

1"4. !rthritis, >steomyelitis and >steonecrosis #inflammation of %oints, bone marrow andbone necrosis, respectiely$. The lesions are a common sequel to E. coli septicaemia.5linically, lameness, prolonged lying down, dehydration and retarded growth rate areobsered. The co(ofemoral %oints, the femur and tibiotarsal %oints are most commonlyaffected. The bacteria colonize the physes of growing bones and proo'e aninflammatory response that is further causing osteomyelitis. Pathoanatomically,fractures of the femoral head are usually discoered. 

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7;4 7!4 some cases of E. coli septicaemia, accumulation of e(udate between thesuperficial and deep pectoral muscles is obsered. 

714 The lesions that deelop in the articular spaces of thoracolumbar ertebrae result inspondylitis #spondylosis$ and after that, in progressie paresis and paralysis. 

774 5oligranuloma #?%arre@s disease$. It is characterized by multiple granulomas in theintestinal tract, the mesentery and the lier, but not in spleen. The lesions are similar tothese obsered in tuberculosis. 

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784 794 . 2ursitis sternalis #inflammation of the sternal bursa$. The bursa is enlarged in aarious e(tent and filled with inflammatory e(udate. The diagnosis of coli & infections isbased on isolation and typization of pathogenic E. coli serotypes. 7any other bacteria#salmonellae, pasteurellae, staphylococci etc.$, iruses, chlamydiae and mycoplasmaeshould be e(cluded as possible aetiological agents. The preention should aim at

minimizing the probability of faecal contamination of eggs. This implies the maintenanceof clean nests, discarding floor eggs and remoal of eggs that are crac'ed or contaminated with faeces. 2reeder eggs should be fumigated or disinfected in the farmprior to their transportation in the storage premise. The treatment is effectie if initiatedsoon after testing the antibacterial sensitiity of isolates

Penanganan otoran !yam

94 A+<+st= 1;!9 >, A.5i* POULTRY A<+st+s 1;!9= Ti)s ? Tri@ N( c(55e*ts

>leh 4ebe'a Patricia

2eterna' ayam tida' hanya menghasil'an daging dan telur, tetapi %uga 'otoran yang dapat dimanfaat'an sebagai

penambah penghasilan peterna'. 8amun masalahnya adalah 'otoran ayam selalu men%adi 'ambing hitam dalam

pencemaran ling'ungan. Aumlah 'otoran yang dihasil'an peterna'an ayam berpotensi mencemari ling'ungan dan

dapat beru%ung menyebab'an penya'it.

Di Indonesia sendiri, peterna'an ayam mulai bang'it 'embali setelah 'risis melanda pada tahun +BB0. ?al ini dapat

dilihat dari data Dit%ena' #/**B$ melalui tabel +, menun%u''an pening'atan %umlah populasi terna' ayam di Indonesia

yang tiap tahunnya mengalami 'enai'an.

6auziah #/**B$ mengata'an 'otoran ayam sering dianggap sebagai penyebab pencemaran pada ling'ungan

se'itar usaha peterna'an ayam. !danya usaha peterna'an ayam mulai dirasa'an mengganggu warga

se'itar. ?al ini di'arena'an de'atnya usaha peterna'an ayam dengan pemu'iman masyara'at serta

rendahnya 'esadaran peterna' untu' mengolah limbah yang dihasil'an. Permasalahan yang sering di'eluh'an

oleh masyara'at adalah timbulnya bau amonia' yang menyengat dan tingginya %umlah populasi lalat.

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3e'arang peterna' ayam tida' perlu bingung lagi untu' menangani 'otoran ayam yang selalu men%adi

permasalahan. !da beberapa cara yang dapat dila'u'an, mulai dari pencegahan, penanganan, hingga pemanfaatan

'otoran ayam men%adi produ'&produ' yang bernilai e'onomis. ?asil dari pen%ualan produ' tersebut dapat men%adi

tambahan pendapatan bagi peterna' ayam.

 

K(t(ra* a,a5 .a* @(5)(sisi*,a

otoran ayam merupa'an limbah peterna'an yang selalu men%adi permasalahan 'arena dapat mencemari

ling'ungan. otoran ayam mengandung sisa pa'an dan serat selulosa yang tida' dicerna, protein, 'arbohidrat,

lema' dan senyawa organi' lainnya. Protein pada 'otoran ayam merupa'an sumber nitrogen, selain ada

pula bentu' nitrogen inorgani' lainnya #6oot et al ., +B0;$. Diper'ira'an see'or broiler menghasil'an 'otoran

setiap harinya sebanya' *,+: 'g yang mengandung +,0< nitrogen, *,+;< fosforus, dan *,:1< 'alium #umar

dan 2iswar, +B1/ 5harles dan ?ariono, +BB+$.

2ayang'an sa%a contohnya terdapat usaha peterna'an +/.*** e'or ayam ras pedaging, berapa 'andungan nitrogen,

fosforus dan 'alium yang dapat dihasil'an oleh 'otoran terna' ayam dalam wa'tu setahunC 8ah, gas&gas inilah

sebenarnya yang menyebab'an bau dan merupa'an dalang dari permasalahan 'otoran ayam unsur nitrogen dan

sulfida yang ter'andung dalam 'otoran tersebut, yang pada saat penumpu'an 'otoran atau penyimpanan

ter%adi proses de'omposisi oleh mi'roorganisme membentu' gas amonia, nitrat, dan nitrit serta gas sulfida. =as&gas

tersebut yang menyebab'an bau #3ensson, +BB* Pauzenga, +BB+$.

 

Pe*ce5ara* li*<@+*<a* (le2 @(t(ra* a,a5

3alah satu pencemaran ling'ungan yang ditimbul'an oleh 'otoran terna' dan cu'up mengganggu adalah

pencemaran udara. !danya gas ?/3 yang dihasil'an dari proses penguraian zat ma'anan sisa pencernaan dila'u'an

oleh mi'roba peromba' protein #sri, +B11$. =as tersebut to'si' bagi manusia dan hewan serta dapat mening'at'an

'erentanan penya'it dan dapat mengganggu efisiensi a'tiitas para pe'er%a yang berada di se'itar

peterna'an 'arena bau yg ditimbul'an #7artin et al ., /**9$.

2atas rataan 'onsentrasi gas ?/3 yang diperboleh'an pada peterna'an tempat be'er%a selama paparan 1 %am

adalah +* ppm dan batas rata&rata bagi senyawa berbau dalam air terdete'si adalah *,***+1 mg- #!riens et al .,

+B1;$. =as ?/3 pada 'onsentrasi yang rendah dapat menyebab'an iritasi mata, batu', sesa' nafas, iritasi

hidung, dan tenggoro'an. =as ?/3 pada 'onsentrasi yang tinggi dapat menyebab'an pusing, mual, muntah,

pingsan, 'oma bah'an 'ematian #>3?!, /**:$.

=as 8>/ #nitrogen dio'sida$ yang dihasil'an dari 'otoran ayam, dapat %uga merusa' %aringan paru&paru dan %i'a

bersama ?/> a'an membentu' nitric acid #?8>F$ yang pada gilirannya dapat menimbul'an hu%an asam yang

sangat berbahaya bagi ling'ungan #usuma, /**/$. !mbang batas 'onsentrasi harian 2a'u 7utu 8asional

berdasar'an PP 4I9++BBB untu' senyawa o'sida nitrogen adalah +:* GgmFdengan wa'tu pengu'uran /9 %am #4I,

+BBB$. Potensi dampa' terhadap 'esehatan 'arena terlampauinya ambang batas 'onsentrasi rata&rata harian

dila'u'an dengan mengamati %umlah hari 1 melampaui ambang batas 2a'u 7utu 'onsentrasi rata&rata harian

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#exceedence days$. 3ebelum analisis potensi dampa' 'esehatan dila'u'an, perlu diamati %umlah data harian

yang tersedia untu' perhitunganexceedence days  tersebut.

Debu yang berasal dari peterna'an unggas pada umumnya meliputi parti'el tanah, sisa pa'an, rambut dan

bulu, 'otoran 'ering, ba'teri, dan %amur. andungan debu di peterna'an unggas umumnya berasal dari pa'an

sedang'an 'andungan parti'el tanah tersebut menentu'an 'onsentrasi debu #5asey et al., /**;$. 2a'u mutu udaraambien untu' debu adalah /;* HgmF dengan wa'tu pengambilan /9 %am #-?, +B11$. Efe' yang dapat

ditimbul'an oleh debu antara lain gangguan 'enyamanan pada pernafasan, peradangan saluran pernafasan,

alergi, mening'at'an se'resi cairan di hidung, nafas men%adi berat, serta penurunan 'apasitas entilasi paru

#urniawan, +BB;$.

Parti'el debu yang menyebab'an penya'it paru&paru a'ibat ling'ungan 'er%a yang terpenting adalah parti'el yang

beru'uran lebih 'ecil dari *,+ H dan sifat&sifat B aerodinami' dari debu yang terdapat di udara. =e%ala yang

ter%adi pada pe'er%a biasanya meliputi gangguan restri'tif paru antara lain cepat lelah, sesa' nafas pada wa'tu

be'er%a ringan, dan ber'urangnya 'apasitas 'er%a #4ab, +BB;$.

2au 'otoran ayam selain berdampa' negatif terhadap 'esehatan manusia yang tinggal di ling'ungan se'itar

peterna'an, %uga berdampa' negatif terhadap terna' dan menyebab'an produ'tiitas terna' menurun.

Pengelolaan ling'ungan peterna'an yang 'urang bai' dapat menyebab'an 'erugian e'onomi bagi peterna'

itu sendiri 'arena gas&gas tersebut dapat menyebab'an produ'tiitas ayam menurun sedang'an biaya 'esehatan

sema'in mening'at yang menyebab'an 'euntungan peterna' menipis #Pauzenga, +BB+$.

7enurut 5harles dan ?ariono #+BB+$, senyawa yang menimbul'an bau dapat mudah terbentu' dalam 'ondisi

anaerob seperti tumpu'an 'otoran yang masih basah. 3enyawa tersebut dapat dihasil'an selama proses

de'omposisi pada 'otoran ayam. >leh 'arena itu, fa'tor ling'ungan yaitu 'elembaban udara dapat

mempengaruhi %umlah emisi yang dihasil'an.

3eleng'apnya sima' di edisi ceta' 7a%alah Poultry Indonesia Edisi !gustus /*+: