Closing The Western Frontier
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Transcript of Closing The Western Frontier
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KeyKey TensionsTensionsKeyKey TensionsTensions
Native Americans
Buffalo HuntersRailroadsU. S. Government
Cattlemen Sheep Herders
Ranchers Farmers
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Key TensionsKey TensionsKey TensionsKey Tensions
EthnicMinorities
Nativists
EnvironmentalistsBig Business Interests [mining, timber]Local Govt. OfficialsFarmersBuffalo Hunters
Lawlessness of the Frontier
“Civilizing” Forces
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Railroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad Construction
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Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
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Importance of the RailroadImportance of the Railroad
Coming of the machine ageComing of the machine age
Now a continental nationNow a continental nation
Atlantic and Pacific Atlantic and Pacific connectionconnection
Importance of the RailroadImportance of the Railroad
Coming of the machine ageComing of the machine age
Now a continental nationNow a continental nation
Atlantic and Pacific Atlantic and Pacific connectionconnection
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The Bronc BusterThe Bronc BusterFrederick RemingtonFrederick Remington
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Black CowboysBlack Cowboys
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CowboysCowboys
Mixed groupMixed groupFormer Confederate cavalryFormer Confederate cavalry
Immigrants Immigrants
African AmericansAfrican Americans
Mexican vaquerosMexican vaqueros
“ “ just a plain bowlegged human who smelled just a plain bowlegged human who smelled very horsey at times”very horsey at times”
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CowboysCowboys
Average age 24Average age 24
Owned their own saddleOwned their own saddle
Most only made one trail driveMost only made one trail drive
Dangerous jobDangerous job
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Colt .45 RevolverColt .45 RevolverColt .45 RevolverColt .45 Revolver
God didn’t make men equal.God didn’t make men equal.Colonel Colt did!Colonel Colt did!
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Legendary Gunslingers & Train Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersRobbers
Legendary Gunslingers & Train Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersRobbers
Jesse JamesJesse James
Billy the KidBilly the Kid
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Dodge City Peace Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Commission, 1890Dodge City Peace Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Commission, 1890
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ProspectingProspectingProspectingProspecting
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Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900
Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900
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Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns
Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns
Calico, CACalico, CACalico, CACalico, CA
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TheThe
CattleCattle
TrailsTrails
TheThe
CattleCattle
TrailsTrails
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Land Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880s
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New New AgriculturalAgriculturalTechnologyTechnology
New New AgriculturalAgriculturalTechnologyTechnology
““Prairie Fan”Prairie Fan”Water PumpWater Pump
Steel Plow [“Sod Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]Buster”]
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Barbed WireBarbed WireBarbed WireBarbed Wire
Joseph Joseph GliddenGliddenJoseph Joseph GliddenGlidden
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The Range WarsThe Range WarsThe Range WarsThe Range Wars
SheepHerders
CattleRanchers
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Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution
by Race: 1900by Race: 1900
Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution
by Race: 1900by Race: 1900
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Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution
by Race: 1900by Race: 1900
Regional Population Regional Population DistributionDistribution
by Race: 1900by Race: 1900
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BlackBlack“Exoduster”“Exoduster”HomesteadHomestead
ersers
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Blacks Moving WestBlacks Moving West
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The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsPlains
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsPlains
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A Romantic ViewA Romantic ViewA Romantic ViewA Romantic View
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The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian WarsWars
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian WarsWars
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The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”
Exclusion Act (1882)Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion - Oriental Exclusion ActAct - Chinese Exclusion - Chinese Exclusion ActAct
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African American & ChineseAfrican American & ChinesePopulations:Populations:
1880-19001880-1900
African American & ChineseAfrican American & ChinesePopulations:Populations:
1880-19001880-1900
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Homestead Act 1862
•160 acres free public land•Must pay filing fee ($10) and farm for five years
•Women could take advantage of the offer
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Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890
Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890
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Homesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public Lands
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What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?
What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?
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The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD
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Harsh conditions
• Trees were scarce
• Little rain in the summer
• Cold and windy in winter
• Grasshoppers and locusts ate crops
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Grange 1867Set up cooperatives*Set up cooperatives*
Bought seeds at wholesale rateBought seeds at wholesale rate
Built warehousesBuilt warehouses
Better shipping rates Better shipping rates
* group of farmers pool their money to buy seeds * group of farmers pool their money to buy seeds and tools at wholesale ratesand tools at wholesale rates
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Grange Voted for candidates that supported
their aims
Populist Party 1892
farmers and labor unions
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Populist PartyGovernment should raise farm prices
Regulate Railroad rates
Income tax
Eight hour work day
Limit immigration
Increase the supply of silver
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Election of 1896Election of 1896Populist/Democratic Party – Populist/Democratic Party –
William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan
Republican – William McKinleyRepublican – William McKinley
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Treaty of Ft. Laramie Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)(1851)
ColoradoColoradoGold Rush Gold Rush
(1859)(1859)
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Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big Kill and scalp all, big and little!and little!
Sandy Creek, CO Sandy Creek, CO MassacreMassacre
November 29, 1864November 29, 1864
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Capt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. Fetterman
80 soldiers massacred80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866December 21, 1866
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Treaty of Medicine Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)Lodge Creek (1867)
22ndnd Treaty of Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)Ft. Laramie (1868)
ReservationReservationPolicyPolicy
ReservationReservationPolicyPolicy
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Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black
Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota
Territory!Territory!
18741874
Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black
Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota
Territory!Territory!
18741874
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The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
Chief Sitting BullChief Sitting Bull
Gen. GeorgeGen. GeorgeArmstrong Armstrong
CusterCuster
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Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!
Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!
Nez Percé Nez Percé tribal tribal
retreat (1877)retreat (1877)
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Geronimo, Apache Chief: Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseHopeless Cause
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseHopeless Cause
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Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):
Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy
Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):
Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy
Carlisle Indian School, PACarlisle Indian School, PA
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Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890
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Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
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Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today
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Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD
Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD
Lakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota Chief
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Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorKorczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse MonumentCrazy Horse Monument
Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorKorczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse MonumentCrazy Horse Monument
His vision of the finished His vision of the finished memorial.memorial.
His vision of the finished His vision of the finished memorial.memorial.
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Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD
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The Traditional View of the The Traditional View of the WestWest
The Traditional View of the The Traditional View of the WestWest
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William “Buffalo Bill” William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Cody’s Wild West
ShowShow
William “Buffalo Bill” William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Cody’s Wild West
ShowShow
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““Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting BullBull
““Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting BullBull
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Legendary Female Western Legendary Female Western CharactersCharacters
Legendary Female Western Legendary Female Western CharactersCharacters
Calamity JaneCalamity JaneCalamity JaneCalamity Jane Annie OakleyAnnie OakleyAnnie OakleyAnnie Oakley
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The Fall of the The Fall of the CowboyCowboy
Frederick RemingtonFrederick Remington
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Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
The near extinction of the buffalo.The near extinction of the buffalo.
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Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
First national First national park established park established
in 1872.in 1872.
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National ParksNational ParksNational ParksNational Parks
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Conservation MovementConservation MovementConservation MovementConservation Movement
John MuirJohn Muir
With President With President Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt
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Sierra ClubSierra ClubSierra ClubSierra Club
Founded in 1892Founded in 1892