Asian Architecture [ARC 2234] Case Study Paper

Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234]

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY

IMPLEMENTATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE TO ‘PHASE 2’ BUILDINGS OF BELUM

RAINFOREST HOTEL

Name : Arif Zakwan Abdul Hamid

ID: 0303736

Tutor: Pn Shahrianne

Submission Date : 6/12/2014

IMPLEMENTATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE TO ‘PHASE II’ BUILDINGS OF BELUM RAINFOREST HOTEL ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture

IMPLEMENTATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE TO ‘PHASE 2’ BUILDINGS OF BELUM RAINFOREST HOTEL

Contents

Abstract Page 3

1.0 Introduction Page 3

2.0 Sustainability in Architecture Page 4

3.0 Sustainable Design Principles in the Tropics. Page 5

4.0 Passive Design Systems and its Principles….. Page7

5.0 The Relationship of Passive Design and Sustainability

Page8

6.0 Case Study: Implementation of Passive Systems on

6.1 ‘Phase II’ Buildings Page 9

6.2 Traditional Challet Units Page 12

6.3 Deluxe Suite Units Page 15

7.0 Conclusion Page 19

8.0 Summary Table 0

9.0 References Page 21

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IMPLEMENTATION OF PASSIVE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE TO ‘PHASE 2’ BUILDINGS OF BELUM RAINFOREST HOTEL- SUSTAINABILITY POINT OF VIEW

Abstract

Sustainability is an ongoing theme in the architecture of today, it has become one of the main

factors when initiating design. For a building to be sustainable, it has to be worked on from the

development stage. Careful planning of building orientation, materials and such must fulfill the

essence of the site, it is important for a building to not only be in harmony with its surroundings

but it also has to give back to the environment. This is where certain passive designs can be

implemented into the design process. This paper will be investigating the Phase 2 villas located

in Belum Rainforest Resort, these buildings will be analyzed for their passive designs and how

they can help in sustainability. Study on the spatial environment of the buildings will be done to

see how these spaces if they can, help its inhabitants achieve thermal comfort.

1.0 Introduction

Belum Rainforest Hotel is situated in Pulau Banding, Perak, Malaysia. Malaysia is

located near the Equator region of the Earth; its climate year round will be warm and humid with

substantial amount of rainfall. Hot and humid climates such as in Malaysia require buildings to

be very responsive to the weather; they have to be well protected against heavy rainfall, the

amount of fenestration should be adequate and strategically placed to help in the cooling of the

building through natural ventilation, usage of natural and mechanical shading devices and so

on. All these factors and many more are very important when working towards sustainability,

especially in a tropical climate.

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Achieving thermal comfort is one of the main aims when designing in a tropical climate,

buildings should be designed well enough to help in the thermal comfort of the inhabitants even

though such disagreeing weather can be experienced all year round.

This paper will investigate the efficiency of passive designs and the sustainability

statuses of ‘Phase’ 2 buildings by responding to the following questions

1. What are sustainability and passive design in architecture?

2. What makes a building sustainable?

3. What are the principles of passive design in tropical climates?

4. How does sustainability and passive design relate?

5. How efficient are passive designs working in Phase 2?

6. Is thermal comfort achievable in these buildings?

2.0 Sustainability in Architecture

Sustainable architecture is a new field in architecture that is described as “taking less

from the earth and giving more to the people” (Rocky Mountains Institute). The aim of

Sustainability in Architecture is to design a building that minimizes its negative impacts towards

the environment and at the same time to provide a comfortable place for people to live in.

According to Barnett and Browning (1995), homes in America account for $160 Billion worth of

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energy because houses consume resources and produce a substantial amount of waste. This

trend could apply to any country, including Malaysia.

There are different factors that contribute to a building’s sustainability status, such as

conventional methods that use efficient building materials that are preferably available and

abundant around the vicinity of the building, as manufacturing and transportation of materials to

a building site emits greenhouse gas, the gathering and transportation of resources should not

exceed eight hundred kilometers within the radius of the site or it would be not be labeled

sustainable.

The building materials should have properties that are positively and efficiently

responsive towards the climate, this can help to create an optimal environment for inhabitants in

the building. Energy consumption, such as electrical energy should be moderated to decrease

the emission of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels. Basically, the goal of

sustainable architecture is to take less from the earth whilst creating comfortable buildings that

do not create a heavy burden on the environment in the long term.

3.0 Sustainable Design Principles in the Tropics

Energy

1. Utilize passive design measures to encourage the use of natural ventilation,

lighting and cooling

2. Invest in renewable energy systems such as solar panels that can help in the

long run to produce energy.

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Indoor Environment quality

3. Use appropriate materials and fittings that do not cause a hazardous impact to

the inhabitants and the environment.

4. Utilize air-handling and temperature control systems to maintain a healthy and

comfortable indoor environment.

5. Access to natural light and external views should be available for all living

spaces.

Waste and Construction materials

6. Utilize lower embodied energy materials with minimal environmental impact

7. Reusable and recycled materials should always be an important consideration in

the material pallet.

8. Provide adequate space for recycling, waste storage and composting for

inhabitants of a building.

Local Environment

9. Restore habitats that are affected during construction of the building.

10. Surrounding trees and plants should always stay where they are, unless it really

needs to be taken down, this should be kept at a minimal.

4.0 Passive Design systems and its Principles

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Passive design in Architecture is considered one of the important strategies for

sustainability. Passive design is a design approach that uses natural elements such as sunlight

and wind to heat, cool and light the building, therefore buildings must be critically planned to

work with the characteristics of the site such as the dominant wind or sun orientation.

Passive design is used all over the world; however the use of such design systems may

vary for different parts of the world with different climates. Countries that observe a tropical

climate all year round have to have slightly different strategies for its buildings than those in

colder climate for example. The basic principles of Passive Design in the tropical climates are

as follows:

Air Ventilation

1- The external design of the building and its orientation on site should be utilized to

encourage air movement. Internal spaces are to be designed freely so that they do

not block air movement. There should be adequate amounts of openings to

encourage cross ventilation for internal spaces.

2- Use of operable windows to maximize cooling, inhabitants can open windows to cool

the inner environment. This helps greatly at night where the air outside would be

generally cooler.

3- Implementing passive ventilation systems will greatly reduce the need to use air-

conditioning for cooling. Passive ventilation systems include cross ventilation, stack

effect and the night purge ventilation.

Passive Solar System

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4- Building orientation should be done in a way where minimum solar heat will be

gained. It is better for buildings in this climate to have all walls shaded throughout the

year. The living and

5- Building orientation should also maximize airflow; dominant wind of the site will be

taken into consideration to see where the wind will usually come from. This will help

in the cooling of the building

Shading

6- Use of shading devices such as roof overhangs, louvers, egg crates (horizontal and

vertical shading) and natural ones such as trees can be used to minimize or block

direct sunlight coming into the windows. They should be sized appropriately to

maximize the system performance.

7- The use of existing trees on the site can help in the cooling of your building

environment by blocking direct sunlight, when your environment is at a cooler level

the internal spaces of your building should be the same.

5.0 The Relationship of Passive Design systems and Sustainability

Passive design and sustainability in architecture is strongly linked with each other, the

implementation of passive systems to a building can improve its sustainability. The use of

electricity when it concerns lighting and regulating the inner thermal environment of a building

can emit greenhouse gases in the process, because in order to produce electricity for the use of

AC units or lights, non-renewable energy such as fossil fuels and coal must be burnt, therefore

taking valuable resources of the environment that takes a very long time to replenish creating a

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highly unbalanced ratio. However, passive design systems can help lighten the burden of non-

renewable energy, such situations are as followed;

Utilizing the use of openings, windows and shading devices to let indirect sunlight in to

light the rooms during the day, only electrical lights have to be used during the night

which will not be considered as excessive use.

Operable windows, with the help of building orientation can be strategically placed to

encourage cross ventilation through a space, which in turn would minimize the use of AC

units. The use of fans are considered less passive, however it is more encouraged to

use as it is better compared to using energy intensive AC units to cool a space. Fan

units can also help in the circulation of air movement within a space.

6.0 Case Study: Implementation of Passive Systems on ‘Phase II’ Buildings

The climate of Pulau Banding is similar with the rest of Malaysia, warm and humid

observed all year round with substantial amount of rainfall during the early and late months of

the year. Temperatures can go as low as twenty-two degree Celsius at night and averaging

around thirty-four degree Celsius during the day. Pulau Banding, except for the Belum

Rainforest Hotel and an adjacent Research Centre is covered in thick tropical rainforest which is

stated to be one of the oldest rainforests in the world. Prevailing winds mainly come from South-

West and the North-East and during the day, there will be at least twelve hours of daylight.

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An Overview of Phase II of Belum Rainforest Hotel. The Green Blocks Indicate the Deluxe Suites and the Orange ones indicate the Traditional Challet units.

Windrose Diagram of Alor setar

The Phase two buildings are divided into two designs, the Traditional Chalet type is closely

designed to resemble and provide a tourist oriented experience of the traditional Malay

Kampung houses. The rooms feature a very clean wooden finishing for the floor, with paneled

walls similar to traditional Malay houses, with a mix of traditional and contemporary furnishing.

The other design is the Deluxe Suite room type; these blocks are more inclined towards a

modern design, boxy and very minimal in its concrete building envelope. Each block have two

rooms, one atop the other with ground floor level accessed from the front façade and the

second floor room accessed from the steel walkways at the back façade. It follows a very simple

rectangular floor plan, with the living area near the entrance and the bathroom area more

private at the back of the room; the room becomes more spacious and open towards the

bathroom. These rooms were initiated after the completion of the first phase, to provide a more

engaging experience towards nature for its visitors.

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(Top left) Delue Suite Open bath concept, (Top Right) Panoramic of Deluxe Suite Units. (Bottom

left) Panoramic of 3 Bedroom Tradition Chalet Unit and (Bottom right) Traditional Chalet porch.

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6.1 Building Types

The Traditional Chalet room type comes in three variations;

One bedroom chalet for guests of two, it features a spacious bedroom with a porch that

extends out around the room offering a close relationship with nature and the scenery.

The bathroom adjacent to the bedroom towards the inner side of the chalet.

Two bedroom chalet for families of three to four, it has a similar floor plan layout

however a second smaller wing is added opposite the master bedroom that caters for

two beds and its own bathroom. A dining hall and a small kitchen is added in-between

the two rooms.

Three bedroom chalet house is the biggest one of all and follows a similar layout to the

second type of chalet. However the second room has been extended and divided into

two master bedrooms.

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Prevailing Wind Routes

Prevailing wind routes

6.2 Traditional Chalet Units

Such considerations can be seen firsthand from the layout of ‘Phase 2’, it is important for

buildings in a tropical climate to catch the prevailing wind because it would need to cool its inner

environments without the excessive use of the AC and fan units when sustainability is

concerned.

Air Ventilation

The living spaces of the chalet houses seem to have windows and openings that face

the South-West direction, according to the wind rose diagram of Perak prevailing winds

seem to come from the same direction. The living spaces are very spacious in size, with

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no partitioned walls to block any internal air movement; operable windows are placed in

all four sides to encourage air circulation.

The rooms are placed in a way that makes air circulation very easy, the rooms are

spacious and offer a lot of openings on the walls, this does not only catch prevailing wind

but it is flexible enough to even catch wind coming from different directions. The

Traditional Chalet rooms are very effective in its use of windows and their placements.

The openings of the house encourage more of a cross ventilation system, rather than

the night purge or the stack effect.

Passive Solar System

Due to the relative one storey height of the Chalet units, they will very well protected

against the morning sun because the Deluxe Suites stand in the way. The eastern

façade (entrance and bathroom area) of the houses do not contain big windows or

openings, in fact they are covered by walls of rammed earth, these walls intercepts

direct sunlight coming from the first half of the day, where the sun is said to be the

hottest. This design consideration can greatly reduce the solar heat that is gained

throughout the day.

The western façade (porch and bedrooms) will be more exposed to the evening sun,

however surrounding the Chalet units are very big trees that can help in blocking direct

sunlight.

Shading Devices

The houses have a considerable amount of roof overhang on the western façade

covering the porch. This can help in the blocking of direct sunlight from the noon and

evening sun.

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The use of curtains over the windows can help in the filtering of direct sunlight, at the

same time encouraging air flow.

The Chalet units are surrounded by big trees, mainly covering the Northern, Western

and Southern facades of the units.

Materiality

The structural supports of the Chalet units are mainly steel; the walls are cladded with

slanted wooden panels to imitate the look of traditional Rumah Kampung. The floor is

covered in polished wood.

Wood is considered a sustainable material because it is obtained from a renewable

source and it has a low embodied energy. Wood has thermal and sound properties,

which can minimize the use of mechanical systems to cool or heat a building. Wood is

also a very durable material; its service life can go up to fifty years.

Overall the Traditional Chalet units are well designed, with passive systems that are well

thought out. From the ample amounts of operable windows all around the unit, thermal comfort

is possible to achieve especially during night time when the temperature is relatively lower.

However during the day, occupants might have to use mechanical systems; however the use of

the less energy intense Fan units should suffice to encourage air circulation inside the building.

The Deluxe Suite comes in two variations

Ground Floor Unit for guests of two, a much more linear floor plan layout compared

to the Traditional Chalet design. Ground floor unit entrances are on the Western

façade, the living spaces are placed in between the bathroom and the entraFirst

Floor Unit for guests of two, it follows a very similar floor plan with its ground floor

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counterpart, however it is much shorter in size, so occupants have a smaller living

space. A small balcony is situated on its western façade, this time the entrance to the

unit will come from a network of ramps that are situated on the eastern side of the

units, and occupants will enter from the eastern façade.

Plans of Deluxe Suite Units, (Top) is the First Floor Unit and (Bottom) is the Ground Floor

Unit.

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6.3 Deluxe Suite Units

Air Ventilation

Small operable windows placed on the Western façade of the building, however the

open bathroom concept for the ground floor unit on the opposite façade accounts for a

big opening, this may encourage cross ventilation.

The first floor unit does not have an open bathroom concept, however there are windows

on both facades where cross ventilation may work, but the windows may prove to be too

small.

Occupants might have to depend on mechanical means to cool their rooms during the

day, and also probably during the night. There is not enough openings to encourage

efficient air flow.

Passive Solar Systems

The small window openings means that very little direct sunlight can penetrate the

building, added with the aid of a Rammed earth wall in front of the Ground Floor unit

entrance, very little amounts of noon and even sunlight can penetrate. However the

open bathroom concept will let in a substantial amount of indirect sunlight into the

building, especially during the morning, creating warm glow lighting.

The first floor unit works better at receiving the evening sun, as it is one storey above

ground and the western façade is not covered by many trees, it would experience ample

day lighting through the small operable windows. With a normal concept bathroom

instead, there is only one window opening but

it is more catered towards ventilation uses.

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Shading Devices

The Western façade is flushed inwards, offsetting a mix of vertical and horizontal

concrete shading panels around the length of one and a half meters. These are very

effective shading tools to block out intense sunlight during the noon periods.

The environments surrounding these units comprised of plants that reach about two to

three meters in height, however the density of these plants are very low therefore

providing a less effective shading system.

Materiality

The building envelope is mostly built with concrete, concrete is a low embodied energy

material, meaning that it takes less energy to produce and transport the material (onsite

work). The concrete is very light coloured, this can help in the reflectivity of light which in

turn minimizes building heat gain.

Concrete has a long service life, it does not rust, rot or burn.

Concrete does not create much negative environmental impacts once it is set.

The Deluxe Suite blocks may not be designed towards a more sustainable goal, it lacks the

placement of openings and their size might not be enough to encourage natural air flow. The

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shading system would work well during the hot noon periods, but with the help of breezes it

might just make its internal environment bit more comfortable. Occupants will have to result to

mechanical AC and fan units during their stay here in order to regulate the inner temperature of

their rooms.

7.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, the Traditional Chalet units in ‘Phase 2’ of Belum Rainforest Resort are

better in the implementation of passive systems to its building; its passive systems can work

efficiently to help its occupants achieve thermal comfort. The units are considered as

sustainable because they implement passive systems very well, the spaces are very well lit and

shaded, air circulation and ventilation is highly possible because of the number of windows and

spacious floor plans, materials used do not disturb or effect the health of occupants; all which

are factors that improves the living conditions of the occupants.

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8.0 Summary Table Traditional Chalet Units Deluxe Suite Units

Occupant activity Leisure LeisureOccupant density Four and above persons Up to two personsBuilding Style Traditional Malay Kampung

House/ ContemporaryContemporary design

Building space characteristics and environment

Spacious living areas, adequate sunlight in the building, easy excess to windows

Narrower living spaces, not enough natural lighting, spacious and open bathroom area. Warm environment, limited windows and openings.

Natural Ventilation Unit has a good ventilation system, spacious living areas with ample operable windows encourages cross ventilation. Minimal partitioned walls to block air movement.

Unit might provide good natural ventilation, the use of cross ventilation. Wind current created from smaller operable windows on the entrance and a big open space on the opposite bathroom side.

Passive Solar Eastern façade is effectively covered by Rammed earth wall and minimal openings. Surrounded by big trees.

Minimal openings on western façade, with a Rammed earth wall to shade Ground level rooms.Minimal surrounding trees, use of creepers.

Shading Devices Large roof overhangs, surrounding trees and rammed earth wall.

Flushed façade creating an egg-crate effect shading.

Materiality Wooden interiors, slanted wooden paneled walls and wooden floors. Low embodied energy. Steel structural supports.

Concrete building envelope and interior. Low embodied energy

Mechanical Equipment AC and Fan units. Electrical lights.

AC and Fan units. Electrical lights.

Conclusion A better space environment, thermal comfort is very possible to achieve, especially during night time if windows are left open.

Not enough fenestration to encourage air flow, surrounding environment is barren, highly possible to use mechanical means to achieve thermal comfort, even during the night.

8.0 Summary Table

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9.0 References

– Szokolay, Steven V. (2010). Introduction to Architectural Science: The

Basis of Sustainable Design(2nd ed.). (pp. 16–22.)

– Salmon, C. (1999). Application of Design Concepts. In Architectural

Designs for Tropical Regions .(pp 129-139)

– Bainbridge, D. Haggard, K. (2011). Passive Solar Architecture: Heating,

Cooling, Ventilation, Daylighting and More Using Natural Flows.(pp 4-29).

Chelsea Green Publishing.

– Barnett, D. L. Browning, W.D (1995), A Primer in Sustainable Architecture.

(pp 4-20). Rocky Mountains Institute

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Asian Architecture [ARC 2234] Case Study Paper

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