Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234]

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY

ANALYSIS ON HOW CONTEXTUAL ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF THE GLASS SHED IN

SEKEPING SERENDAH

NAME: KONG REN HENG

STUDENT ID: 0316416

LECTURER: MS. SHAHRIANNE

SUBMISSION DATE: 9 JUNE 2015

Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

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Analysis of How Contextual Architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping

Serendah

Table of Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4

2.0 Contextual Architecture .............................................................................................................. 6

3.0 Introduction to Sekeping Serendah ............................................................................................ 8

4.1 Shading .................................................................................................................................. 10

4.2 Ventilation ............................................................................................................................. 10

4.3 Humidity ................................................................................................................................ 10

4.4 Poetic feeling......................................................................................................................... 11

5.0 Design of glass shed .................................................................................................................. 12

5.1 Site placing ............................................................................................................................ 12

5.2 Materiality ............................................................................................................................. 15

6.0 Other examples of contextual architecture .............................................................................. 19

6.1 East Beach Café, England (Thomas Heatherwick, 2007) ....................................................... 19

6.2 BOH Visitor Centre, Malaysia (ZLG Design, 2006) ................................................................. 21

6.3 Comparison ........................................................................................................................... 23

7.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 24

8.0 Reference .................................................................................................................................. 25

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Abstract

The purpose of studying how contexts of a site influence the building’s design is to identify the

importance and advantages of responding to surrounding contexts to achieve sustainability and

human comfort. Context in architecture can be defined as the characteristics of the site that the

building is built upon, including physical elements and non-physical elements such as climate,

vegetation, existing structures, poetic feeling, and local culture. An architecture that responds to

these characteristics respects the site context and creates a more engaging architecture with its site

to achieve various good outcomes such as sustainability. Sekeping Serendah, located near Rawang

Town, Selangor, with its rich forest contexts was chosen as the site for a case study. The glass shed

of Sekeping Serendah was the focus of this case study with its site placing and materiality analysed

to study how the contexts influenced its design. A visit to the site was conducted to better study the

characteristics of the forest contexts and the glass shed’s architecture. Literature reviews based on

various sources were also conducted to better understand contextual architecture, including

examples of contextual architecture for a comparative study between these examples to the glass

shed. It is understood that for a forest setting, due to the dense vegetation and heavy foliage

shading will be sufficient but natural wind breezes will be minimum. Sunlight that does penetrate

creates poetic feeling. The surface of the site is also uneven. The glass shed was built next to a slope

and partially elevated due to high humidity and oriented facing east to welcome warm sunlight.

Sufficient shading from the trees reduce the heat entering the shed and ensure thermal comfort and

a glass and steel design is adopted where openness and surrounding nature are embraced.

Openness in design also maximized the efficiency of natural ventilation. Although glass and steel are

conventionally not considered as sustainable materials due to high embodied energy, their usage on

the glass shed combining with the effect of the shading on site enabled them to be used without

compromising the environment too much when achieving human comfort. Moreover, they stayed

true to the concept of Sekeping Serendah, which is to embrace nature through openness and

transparency. It is concluded that the shading and poetic feeling of the site influence the glass shed’s

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design most with ventilation and humidity also plays a smaller role, resulting in a sustainable and

comfortable user experience in the glass shed.

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1.0 Introduction

Architecture has been progressing continuously since the start of human civilization until today the

21st century. As the issues in relation to environment and depletion of natural resources are being

recognized and discussed nowadays, these call for buildings to be green and sustainable and with

maximum efficiency in its usage of resources and minimum impact to the environment and human

health during its life-cycle. In another word, preserving the environment while maintaining user

comfort.

Restrictions and requirements are placed and methods of construction technology and design

have changed when designing a building to ensure a minimum level of sustainability. Contexts of the

site on which a building is built upon are imperative towards the sustainability and user comfort of

that building. To design according to site contexts is to utilize existing natural resources to its fullest

potential and this architecture is called “contextual architecture”.

To further understand contextual architecture and its importance in designing a building,

research and literature reviews based on how the contexts of Sekeping Serendah influence the

design of its glass shed are conducted. This case study paper will answer in details these following

questions regarding contextual architecture:

1. What is contextual architecture and its significance?

2. What are the contexts of Sekeping Serendah and its characteristics?

3. How does these contexts influence the design of the glass shed in Sekeping Serendah in

terms of:

(a) Site placing?

(b) Materiality?

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In addition to these questions, some examples of contextual architecture are also discussed in

this paper to have a better understanding on the benefits and advantages of designing according to

contexts.

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2.0 Contextual Architecture

Contexts can be understood as external elements or circumstances that influence an object, such as

the setting for a play or event. In the field of architecture, contexts are the characteristics of a site on

which a building is built upon. This ranges from physical to non-physical elements of the site, such as

climate condition, local culture, topography, sensory such as scent and acoustic, existing structures,

and so on.

Contextual architecture suggests an architecture that has taken in all these surrounding contexts

into consideration and has a design that is a response to them by respecting and upholding what is

already there, hence creating a more engaging and integrated architecture with its site. Its very idea

include, but not limited to, understanding the climate conditions of the site and use it for passive

design strategies or determining suitable building materials, respecting and following existing

structure and topography without demolishing them, and to understand the history and culture

behind the site and upholding and integrating them into architecture.

According to Malaysian architect Ken Yeang (2009), “From the monoculture to the ecologically

mature site it is necessary to do a thorough ecological analysis before you start putting buildings on

it.” (Eco design and planning, p. 178)

To design a building on any site, an analysis on the site contexts must be carried out first to

understand its contexts. These site contexts must and should always be considered due to the fact

that they will influence greatly on the building sustainability and practicality. When the contexts are

different, different design approaches must be taken in order to have an effective architecture that

preserves users comfort and the environment.

For example, consider the climate context of different countries or different regions. In a tropical

country considerations must be taken for the shading devices and shelter from rain water due to the

hot and humid climate, hot sunlight and heavy rainfall throughout the year. The building materials

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used on a site close to the sea must be treated properly to counter the corrosive prevailing wind

coming from the sea, which are different when comparing to a site in the forest.

When not designing in accordance with context, for instances, a curtain wall without proper

shading devices or glass lamination in a tropical country, the penetrating sunlight would bring much

heat into the building. To maintain the user comfort, mechanical ventilation such as air-conditioning

must be utilized which will increase active energy consumption and operation cost of the building.

These would render the building unsustainable and take a toll on the environment. Thus it is

imperative to consider contexts into design.

Designing according to the site contexts can give an edge to the building in terms of

sustainability and practicality. When the building is orientated to capture and utilize prevailing winds

on the site, these help to facilitate natural ventilation as a passive design strategy that cools down

the building without consuming any active energy. Solar panels can be installed according to the

angle of the sun to absorb sunlight and transfer it into electricity which helps to ease on the usage of

active energy. Respecting the history and culture behind the site gives the building a sense of place

and creates more meaningful architecture. These are the benefits and advantages of designing

according to contexts, by using these existing natural resources on site they enhance and enrich the

architecture.

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3.0 Introduction to Sekeping Serendah

Figure 3.0.1: Site plan of Sekeping Serendah. Red colour boxes highlight the location of the glass

sheds. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/layout.png)

Located in Rawang, Selangor, Sekeping Serendah is a private retreat built on a forest site with a hot

and humid climate. The concept behind the architecture is to create a camping experience in its

sheds and embrace the nature surrounding it. The idea of openness is adopted to take in nature as

the line between interior and exterior is blurred. There are different types of sheds that can be

found in Sekeping Serendah and one characteristic that distinguish themselves from each other is

the distinctive choice of materials. Some of the sheds use timber as the main materials, some are

constructed using mud and concrete, while others utilize glass and steel in design. Glass sheds which

have glass and steel as their primary materials are chosen as a focus for this case study paper.

N

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Figure 3.0.2 (left): The front entrance of Sekeping Serendah. (Photo taken during site visit)

Figure 3.0.3 (right): The winding path that leads to each shed. (Photo taken during site visit)

Figure 3.0.4 (left): The timber shed. (Photo taken during site visit)

Figure 3.0.5 (right): The glass shed surrounded by trees. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

For the site contexts, their main characteristics are shading, ventilation, humidity and poetic

feeling.

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3.1 Shading

Figure 3.1.1: Vegetation on site. (Photo taken during site visit)

The major characteristic of a forest site is the large number of trees that can be found. Due to the

site being a tropical forest area, the species of trees that can be found there has long trunk and huge

span of crown area that provide excellent shading from the sun. Surrounded by dense vegetation

and with most of the sunlight obstructed by heavy foliage, UV radiation and heat do not penetrate

into the forest and reach Sekeping Serendah, lowering the temperature compared to an exposed

site, both of which are under hot and humid climate. Therefore, the temperature in the forest is

relatively low even during daytime and lower after nightfall.

3.2 Ventilation

Despite the benefits of reduced sunlight penetration and heat gain of a dense vegetation, they

contribute to the screening effect that blocks most of the natural breezes from entering the site,

resulting in limited natural ventilation. Experience on the site verified that minimum to no natural

breezes can be felt during the site visit.

3.3 Humidity

The humidity level on site is high as there is a high concentration of water vapour in the air and

moisture can be found on the ground. Transpiration process of plants release moisture from the

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pores on the leaves into outer atmosphere (USGS, 2014) and contributes to the water vapour

concentration. Moreover, since the ventilation on site is limited, the damp air cannot be easily

replaced. These two factors result in a high humidity level.

3.4 Poetic feeling

Figure 3.4.1: The poetic feeling created by warm sunlight. (Photo taken during site visit)

Although the shading effect on site is excellent, they do not obstruct all of the natural light. What

little sunlight that does penetrate is actually welcomed as it creates a warm and poetic experience in

the forest. In addition, the sound of bugs buzzing and birds chirping can be heard clearly throughout

the experience on site, resonating with the essence of nature on the site.

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4.0 Design of glass shed

Figure 4.0.1: The front porch of glass shed. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

As one of the examples of contextual architecture, the glass shed in Sekeping Serendah responds to

the site contexts. In terms of site positioning and materiality, its glass-and-steel design is influenced

heavily by these site characteristics that contributes towards its sustainability and spatial poetic.

4.1 Site placing

Figure 4.1.1: Position of the glass shed in relation to the sun. (Site plan retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/layout.png)

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The glass shed is placed deep in the forest area. With most of the sunlight and heat that associates

with it obstructed by the excellent shading provided by the dense vegetation, the heat gain in the

interior of the shed is reduced. Therefore, only minimum mechanical ventilation such as mechanical

fans is required to achieve thermal comfort and ensure comfortable user experience. Without the

need of air-conditioning, the active energy usage is reduced and the shed becomes more

sustainable.

Figure 4.1.2: The deck that forms the floor of the glass shed is elevated above the ground. (Photo

taken during site visit)

Moreover, the moisture due to the high humidity level poses a certain degree of threat to

the structure of the shed, even though it is not as damaging as the corrosive sea breezes found on a

beach site. The glass shed is therefore built next to a slope and elevated above the ground to

prevent its floor from directly contacting the moisture on the ground.

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Figure 4.1.3: The spatial feeling inside the glass shed. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

In addition to the sufficient shading effect on site, the sheds are orientated with their

entrances facing south and away from direct sunlight coming along the east-west axis. However,

sunlight that does penetrates is still welcomed into the interior by the openness in design to create

poetic feeling of the space. The overall spatial experience of the interior created by the natural light

is warm with a sense of elegancy.

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4.2 Materiality

Figure 4.2.1: Glass and steel are used as main material for the glass shed. (Photo taken during site

visit)

The primary building materials that are used to construct the glass sheds are steel and glass. Steel is

highly durable and performs excellently either in compression or tension, as its tensile strength and

compressive strength are both very high. Steel also has a high strength-to-weight ratio, thus it is

considered as a lightweight material. Susceptible to rusting caused by moisture in the air, steel must

first be treated before it can be used to prevent any potential structural threats. In the process of

manufacturing steel, large amount of energy is needed, making it a building material with high

embodied energy, though it is able to be recycled and reused. In general, the embodied energy of a

material is higher if it is highly processed during manufacturing.

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Figure 4.2.2: A list of embodied energy for common building materials. Red colour boxes indicate

steel and glass. (Milne, G., & Reardon, C. (2013). Embodied energy. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/embodied-energy)

Glass is a transparent material that does not obstruct views exchanged between the interior

and the exterior. Unless laminated or with proper shading devices installed, it has little to no effect

on blocking incoming heat and UV radiation from entering the building that contributes to the heat

gain. The common problem of a building with curtain walls, façades that is made up entirely with

glass, is that it needs air-conditioning to maintain interior thermal comfort.

However, in the case of the glass shed of Sekeping Serendah, due to the site itself having

such heavy foliage that provides excellent shading, glass can be used to create the openness and

transparency required by the concept without compromising its sustainability, as most of the heat is

obstructed already. This is a good example of how the site context influences the design in terms of

the choice of material. This openness and transparency resonate with the concept of embracing the

nature and blurring the line between interior and exterior, in doing so creates a comfortable user

experience in terms of thermal comfort and spatial experience.

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Figure 4.2.3: The openness created by the glass façade. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

Figure 4.2.4 (left): There is no distinctive line between the interior and exterior. (Retrieved June 8,

2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

Figure 4.2.5 (right): The light and shadow created by natural lighting. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

In addition, the high strength of steel enables long span to create large opening at the

entrance. This helps to facilitate maximum natural ventilation, even though it is limited on site.

Together with the reduced heat gain and enhanced ventilation, no air-conditioning is needed to

achieve thermal comfort, only minimum mechanical ventilation such as fan, is used.

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Figure 4.2.6: The large opening at the entrance and the mechanical fan for ventilation. (Retrieved

June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

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5.0 Other examples of contextual architecture

To further understand contextualism in architecture and how the contexts influence the design, two

examples of contextual architecture are listed here for a comparison study between case studies.

5.1 East Beach Café, England (Thomas Heatherwick, 2007)

1. Figure 5.1.1: The façade of East Beach Café. (East Beach Cafe Littlehampton. Retrieved June

8, 2015, from http://www.eastbeachcafe.co.uk/design-overview)

Contrasting to the usual white-washed architecture found on the seaside, the architect Tomas

Heatherwick took a new approach to the relationship between the building and its site. Located in

Littlehampton, England, the design of East Beach Café was inspired by a piece of drift-wood washed

up on shore, though it also resembles various kind of natural shapes of sand dunes, rocks and waves

found on the coast.

The outer shell of the café is composed of steel ribbons sliced diagonally that wrap up and

over the building. The structural steel is treated in a way that a layer of rust was allowed to form first

before it is treated with an oil-based coating. While the coating prevent further rusting, the layer of

rust actually protects the coated steel from being corroded by the seaside wind. The resulting façade

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is raw and weathered and it should be noted that the method of constructing and treating the outer

shell is the same as how one would construct a ship’s hull.

The site also has a history of vandalism, thus the outer shell is designed in a way that no

large flat surface can be found by tempted graffiti artist to spray their creativities at. Therefore, it

can be concluded that the East Beach Café responds to its seaside contexts and the history of the

site and is designed according to them.

Figure 5.1.2: The outer shell of East Beach Café. (East Beach Cafe Littlehampton. Retrieved June 8,

2015, from http://www.eastbeachcafe.co.uk/design-overview)

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5.2 BOH Visitor Centre, Malaysia (ZLG Design, 2006)

Figure 5.2.1: Boh Visitor Centre overlooking the landscape. (Miraculix1951. (Photographer). (2008,

November 22). Cameron Highlands, BOH Sungei Palas Visitor Centre [digital image]. Retrieved from

https://www.flickr.com/photos/miraculix/3187838691)

The BOH Visitor Centre located on Cameron Highland, Malaysia is another example of contextual

architecture. Designed to stretch and form a simple path from the hilltop to the tea factory, the

centre creates a sense of arrival akin to the experience when climbing a hill. The stretching design

responded to the site context by avoiding and preserving existing trees. Most of the building is

elevated above the ground to minimize any impacts on the original contour.

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Figure 5.2.2: The cantilevered deck at the end of the centre. (BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design. (2008,

September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-center-zlg-

design/)

One interesting design of the BOH Visitor Centre is a cantilevered deck overlooking the

valley at the end of the centre which provides exceptionally beautiful views towards the tea

plantation. The deck is designed with sliding glass panels to maximize views and natural ventilation.

Another interesting design is the usage of recycled wood trunk on the façade. By using

natural materials as infill for the spaces between the steel frames this enhanced the natural essence

of the building and reduced its harm towards the environment. Openings for extensive daylight

penetration reduce contrast between interior and exterior lighting condition and raise awareness

towards the external views.

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Figure 5.2.3 (left): The recycled wood trunks found on the façade. (BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design.

(2008, September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-

center-zlg-design/

Figure 6.2.4 (right): The interior daylight penetration. (BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design. (2008,

September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-center-zlg-

design/)

5.3 Comparison

Each of these buildings can be considered as contextual architecture in their own rights as they all

respond to the contexts of the site they were built on respectively while staying true to their

individual design concepts. This can be seen in their design approaches, including on-site placement

and orientation, the choice of materials and the attention paid to the history behind the site.

By responding to the contexts, they become quite successful in maintaining sustainability, as

well as solving an issue faced on site, which again informed the importance and advantages of

contextual architecture.

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6.0 Conclusion

To conclude the case study paper, the contexts of Sekeping Serendah hold a certain degree of

influence over the design of the glass shed, even though some play a larger part than others. The

effect of shading is the most prominent influence as it enables the usage of glass, material that is

conventionally not considered sustainable and appropriate in a hot and humid climate to be used

without compromising sustainability of the glass shed.

The second element that plays a larger role is the poetic feeling of the forest site as it

resonates very well with the concept behind the shed. The serenity of the forest induced poetic

spatial feeling in the shed when openness and transparency are adopted to embrace the nature.

Ventilation and humidity plays a smaller role in influencing the design, with the former being

limited on site and the latter results in the elevation of the glass shed from the ground.

It is then understood that the glass shed in Sekeping Serendah is one fine example of

contextual architecture, in terms of its site placing and materiality. By studying how contexts

influence its design and the resulting architecture, the importance and benefits of contextual

architecture can be verified and understood.

Last but not least, it is imperative to consider contexts when designing a building as it is one

of the major factors that affects the architecture’s sustainability and practicality.

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7.0 Reference

2. Thomas, R., & Garnham, T. (2007). The environments of architecture: Environmental design

in context. London: Taylor & Francis.

3. Antoniades, A. C. (1992). Poetics of architecture: Theory of design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4. Mohd Firrdhaus Mohd Sahabuddin. (2011). How important is context in contemporary

architectural design?. (Academic exercise, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, England.).

Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/2040500/How_Important_Is_Context_In_Contemporary_Archit

ectural_Design

5. Yeang, K. (2004). Eco-Design and Planning. In Jodidio, P. (Eds.), Iran: Architecture for

Changing Societies. (p. 177-185). Torino: Umberto Allemandi & C.

6. Perera, L. S. R., & Wickramasinghe, N. (2001). Rational use of glass in tropical urban climate

conditions. Built environment: Sri Lanka, 02(01), 45-52.

7. Gültekin Çizgen. (2012). Rethinking the role of context and contextualism in architecture and

design. (Academic exercise, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimağusa, North Cyprus.).

Retrieved from http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11129/348/1/Cizgen.pdf

8. Simpson, J. (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press;.

9. Greenbuildingindex.org - What & Why Green Buildings?. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/why-green-buildings.html

10. East Beach Cafe Littlehampton. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.eastbeachcafe.co.uk/design-overview

11. BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design. (2008, September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-center-zlg-design/

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12. Transpiration - The Water Cycle. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html

13. Milne, G., & Reardon, C. (2013). Embodied energy. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from

http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/embodied-energy

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Turnitin

The Turnitin similarity result is 2%.